Originile Școlii de Belle Arte – Tradițiile Școlii academice europene (V. Okușko, A. Plămădeală și A. Baillayre)

Author(s): Alexandra Clapatiuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2021

The article addresses the phenomenon of institutional education in fine arts in Bessarabia against the background of general European issues, in the context of assimilating the traditions of the Academic School of Fine Arts at the intersection of the XIX-th and XX-th centuries. In the same order of ideas, the article elucidates this cultural phenomenon through the prism of three prominent personalities who were at the origins of artistic education in Bessarabia such as V. Okușko, A. Plămădeală and A. Baillayre, following their formation and mainly relevant aspects of organization, functioning and vision of education in fine arts.

ISTORIA UNUI EXAMEN DE CAPACITATE DIN ROMÂNIA - CONTESTAT ÎN 1929

Author(s): Elena Constantin - Preda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

In the middle of the 20th century, we discover a scandal of great proportions caused by such a capacity exam, more precisely, the exam from 1929, using as research sources two publications related to this subject: an evaluation report of some theses, signed by professor Giorge Pascu, with the title the Romanian Language Aptitude Exam as the main specialty held in Bucharest from April 19 - June 4, 1929, published in Iași, at the Viața Romînească Publishing House, in 1930, in the collection of the Biblioteca Revistei Critice, no. 6. and a memorandum with the title Examination of capacity for the Romanian language: 1929 Ineligible proceedings of the commission - Many unqualified candidates - edifying documents, appeared in Bucharest, printed at Atelierele SOCEC & Co., S. A# in 1929. The two publications, carefully studied, give a gloomy picture of the organization of exams of this type - from interwar Romania - the present article proposes the presentation of the two perspectives: evaluators versus candidates. The mixture of interests, acts of corruption, biased decisions and serious accusations manage to turn a capacity exam, addressed to teachers, into a national scandal.

CONTRIBUȚII DOCUMENTARE LA ISTORIA ȘCOLILOR ROMÂNEȘTI DIN DISTRICTUL ȘCOLAR ORADEA-MARE (ANUL 1840)

Author(s): Cristian Apati / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The present study is based on a series of 11 school documents issued in 1840 regarding the Orthodox primary schools in the Oradea School District. The documents reveal information related to: semester examinations, school records, school inspections, and the reality of some schools, teacher training and tenure, presenting a book, paying a debt, and last but not least, rearing silkworms in schools and planting the nozzles. The image of the Romanian school in the Oradea-Mare School District described in these documents is not one in vivid colors. On the contrary, some touches are even dark. We see teacher’s heedless, regulations over 10 years old that have not become a habit, lack of interest in education.

Motivace k popularizaci jazyka a lingvistiky

Author(s): Hana Dufková,Ondřej Dufek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4-5/2024

Popularization is often seen as an integral part of scientific work, but from our experience, in Czech linguistics, it is not an obligatory part, required for a scientist’s activities to be viewed as of high-quality or complete. Therefore, one can assume that the content, the manner and the level/quality of popularization activities depend strongly on the motivation of particular scientists, their teams or their superiors. The paper aims to map what motivates people who popularize language and/or linguistics to do so. We asses that qualitatively, using the method of semi-structured interview with both linguists and non-linguists involved in popularization. Our respondents described as their motivations the feelings of personal gratification, satisfaction, contentment, joy or pleasure of the popularization, the feeling of meaningfulness, added value, self-realization, and ego. Based on these results, we conclude that both groups of popularizers like to popularize language and/or linguistics, but for linguists, meaningfulness and little or no feedback are characteristic, while non-linguists are more focused on building social media communities that are able to digest only very simplifiedcontent.

C. CUZA ŞI ACUZAŢIA DE PLAGIAT

Author(s): Corneliu Ciucanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

Controversial personality of the Romanian cultural, publishing and political space from the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, professor A. C. Cuza attracts, above all, the attention of historians interested in deciphering the premises and causes of the outbreak of the interwar nationalist, extremist, anti-Semitic trend. Recognized as the "father of anti-Semitism", mentor of nationalist students and, at the same time, responsible for the radical slide of the "1922 generation", A. C. Cuza captured, equally, irreconcilable adversities or respect and loyalty among university youth. At the end of my intervention, I feel obliged to admit that I tried to analyze a classic case of plagiarism, which would have triggered - in those times - direct restrictive and reparative consequences in accordance with scientific and academic practice and ethics. Along the way I understood that this case did not have a concrete purpose and did not produce effects. Opinions regarding the work of Prof. A. C. Cuza were divided and, more than once, affected by partisan spirit. The "plagiarism case" of Prof. A. C. Cuza, which we tried to approach from the strictly defined angle of professional deontology, ethics and academic integrity, it fits and can be interpreted/deciphered, rather, in the key of the conflictual-political and ideological realities that tumulted, until exhaustion and collapse, interwar Romania.

TEODOR BĂLAN ȘI COLECȚIILE SPECIALE ALE UNIVERSITĂȚII „ȘTEFAN CEL MARE” DIN SUCEAVA (II)

Author(s): Roxana-Melania Cornilă (Leuciuc) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

Teodor Bălan (1985-1972) needs no introduction. Although his name and activity are always repeated through different studies, articles, books, each time the words used by the authors leave a completely different imprint on our memory. Teodor Bălan thought and worked in the "domain of Bucovina" until the last moment of his life, without interruption, with a faithful passion. His devotion to this corner of Romania, Bucovina, led him to somehow forget the bitterness of everyday life, in the service of a noble cause, that of leaving us archival, historical bibliophile "values", as a legacy. The major fields in which Teodor Bălan carried out his activity, archival and history, were "the map of his soul". Archiving and history, two instances of the "Bălan phenomenon" transpose us into representations of a reality that today turns out to be a scientific one. The library of the "Ștefan cel Mare" University in Suceava houses the donation of Professor Teodor Bălan, where there are also books with autograph dedication addressed to the Bucovinian erudite.

Polityka oświatowa władz polskich wobec mniejszości żydowskiej w II Rzeczpospolitej

Author(s): Roman Romantsov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

Polityka rządu polskiego w latach 1918-1939 wobec szkół żydowskich była zróżnicowana. Opisując politykę wobec szkół żydowskich, można ją podzielić na trzy okresy. W pierwszym okresie – od 1918 do 1926 roku – władze polskie prowadziły lojalną politykę wobec trzech typów szkół żydowskich – polsko-żydowskich, religijnych i z nauczaniem w języku hebrajskim. Nielojalna polityka dotyczyła szkół z językiem jidysz jako językiem nauczania. W latach 1926-1932 rząd polski aktywnie wspierał ruch syjonistyczny i partię "Agudat Israel". Na uwagę zasługuje rozwój sieci szkół "Tarbut" w języku hebrajskim, która była podporządkowana ruchowi syjonistycznemu. Rozwijały się też szkoły religijne. W tym samym czasie wzrosła liczba szkół w języku jidysz, które były ostro ścigane przez władze lokalne i były nielegalne. W drugim okresie wzrasta liczba szkół dwujęzycznych z językiem polskim i hebrajskim, polskim i jidysz, hebrajskim i jidysz jako językami nauczania. Lata 1932-1939 charakteryzują się dalszą polityką lojalności wobec szkół hebrajskich, wyznaniowych i dwujęzycznych. Polityka rządu polskiego wobec szkół żydowskich była zdeterminowana ogólną polityką wobec różnych partii i ruchów politycznych żydowskich.

FOUNDATIONS AND PROGRESSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN KOSOVO (1960-1970)

Author(s): Sefedin RAHIMI / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2024

With a particular focus on higher education between 1960 and 1970, this theoretical research aims to elaborate and shed light on the educational developments in Kosovo over the XXth century. The study aims to address every issue raised by the subject without neglecting its chronological aspect. The development of higher education in Kosovo has been examined, debated, and discussed in light of the political, economic, and social changes that occurred in Kosovo during this time period, as well as how those changes affected the development of higher education. The current study deals with two main issues in the history of higher education in Kosovo: the first, “Pedagogical and professional schools in Kosovo, 1960-1970”; and the second, “The opening of faculties in Prishtina, as a branch of the University of Belgrade, 1960-1970”. It deals with the factors and reasons for the opening of the first faculties in Prishtina; the development and consolidation of the Faculty of Philosophy in 1960; the Faculty of Law and Economics in 1961; the Faculty of Technology in 1965; and the Faculty of Medicine in 1969. This study was prepared and written using a scientific methodology, largely employing archive sources, the historical press in Albanian and other languages, as well as selected historiographical and pedagogical literature, etc. During the scientific research, based on numerous sources, an effort was made to research, elaborate, analyze, and reach the most accurate conclusions about the development and role of higher education in Kosovo during the 1960¬ 1970 period. This scientific effort stands out from others since I was able to bring together these innovations from all of the authors and the research that has been conducted thus far. As it stands, first of all, it is the first research that examines the entire issue of Kosovo's educational development and its journey inside the Yugoslav Federation for the years 1960-1970 in the field of higher education in Kosovo. Second, it refers to the periodization of the development of higher education, namely the early stages of that growth that are influenced by societal, political, economic, and educational developments. Thirdly, it highlights the reasons and influences that have shaped Kosovo's educational advancement and general growth by contrasting them with those of the Federation. Fourth, I have reflected the political and ideological effects of state institutions on the curricula by using historical archival sources. I have also prepared statistical data in order to compare its development over a ten-year period to that of other institutions in the Yugoslav Federation.

Prilog istraživanju ratne škole u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992-1995.

Author(s): Melisa Forić Plasto / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 53/2024

The paper presents a picture of the transformation of the school system during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 on the basis of available sources and literature, as well as personal experiences of the teaching staff processed through the method of oral history. During the war, the education system of Bosnia and Herzegovina underwent a transformation from a unified and centralized system to a form of decentralized systems based on the ethno-national principles promoting divisions. The process of creating educational systems that are fundamentally uninational in character and in which, through new legal regulations, values are particularized to one dominant nation, during the war years created the basis of education policies that will remain in the post-war Bosnian society as well. In the conditions of war and complete destruction, schooling was organized as a way of survival and contributing to the socialization of children, and the bearers of these processes were teachers. Thanks to their experiences, it is possible to get to know the human dimension of schooling, the one that happened every day in local environments, school buildings or improvised facilities, which is the focus of this paper.

Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa „Historia szkolnictwa polskiego 1945-1989” – sprawozdanie

Author(s): Arnold Kłonczyński,Anna Siekierska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (102)/2023

Joseph II’s Reforms of the Piarist Order with Particular Regard to the Hungarian Province

Author(s): János Balla / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The aim of the study is to show the consequences for the Hungarian Piarist Order stemming from the ecclesiastical reforms of Joseph II. (r. 1765–1790). Both Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780) and her son, Joseph II wanted to restructure and re-regulate the relationship between church and state. The wide-ranging reforms introduced during their reigns affected social, economic, cultural, judicial and legal life, as well as education. The Church and its different branches like the religious orders (ordo regularis) were the cohesive elements of this program: as a kind of supranational institution, it was the responsibility of the ecclesiastical administration to introduce, operate and control it. Without the state-church structure, the system as a whole would have remained dysfunctional. In fact, in relation to the objectives of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, we should not speak primarily of church reform, but of the modernization or centralization program of the multi-ethnic Habsburg monarchy. The Piarists are considered the most committed supporters of the 18th-century reform spirit, who, as a teaching order, also incorporated the new scientific achievements of the time into the education of the youth. The activities of the Piarists received great support from Maria Theresa and Joseph II, who entrusted them with the creation of many new educational institutions. Paradoxically, this relationship of trust almost led to the dissolution of the Order in the Josephine decade, when the Emperor sought to exploit the Piarists by dissolving the Order and employing its members in the state. This was ultimately hampered by scarce financial resources, but the existential fear of dissolution and the loosening of the order’s ties led many religious (lat. religiousus) to leave the community and continue their careers as diocesan priests or lay teachers.

Citlivé a kontroverzné témy v aktuálnych premenách dejepisného vyučovania na príklade sporov o Slovenskej republike (1939 – 1945).

Author(s): Michal Veselei / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The article discusses the determinants of history teaching dedicated to sensitive and controversial topics. These determinants include pedagogical constructivism, group discussions, plurality of opinions and sources and secondary sources, and last but not least, their critical analysis and evaluation. The article further discusses the importance of value issues and student attitudes. Based on this analysis, we have established four recommendations for teaching sensitive and controversial topics in history. Among these recommendations are the establishment of adequate educational goals and learning tasks, the establishment of the initial perspective of the controversy and the subsequent course of the lesson, being prepared that the topic may arise outside the classroom, training students to formulate opinions and accept the opinions of others. All of these are modern trends that correspond to the ongoing curricular reform in the Slovak Republic. We illustrated the article on the subject of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945), which belongs to the dark periods of our history. Modern approaches to teaching history contribute to the formation of pro-democratic and civic attitudes of pupils. At the same time, they help teachers to effectively prepare for the lesson. Such analysis and recommendations have been missing in our pedagogical environment until now.

Pokušaj organiziranja analfabetskog tečaja za muslimanke u Puračiću (1940–1941): slučaj učiteljice Borke Dobanovački

Author(s): Ajdin Muhedinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2024

(Ne)vidljivost žena u arhivskim fondovima i zbirkama Arhiva Bosne i Hercegovine (1878–1941) / This paper publishes several documents that discuss teacher Borka Dobanovački’s attempt to organize a literacy course for Muslim women in the winter of 1940/1941 in the village of Puračić, near Tuzla. Her efforts to utilize the available opportunities were met with disapproval from local religious officials, who obstructed the organization of the course. From the presented documents, considering that teacher Dobanovački sent a protest to the Ulema-Medžlis, it is possible to trace the development of the entire case and observe how the Islamic Community operated according to the strictly conservative views of certain imams. The presented documents can be useful in researching social processes in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the mid-20th century, especially for research related to the education of Muslim women and the attitude of religious institutions towards it.

Рубриката „Хоризонти“ през годините

Author(s): Bulgarica Editorial Board / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 49/2024

Bohemikální část šternbersko-manderscheidské rukopisné sbírky v zaniklé palácové knihovně na Malé Straně

Author(s): Milada Svobodová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 54/1-2/2024

The study deals with a collection of approximately fifty manuscripts Bohemica from the defunct library in the Sternberg Palace in the Lesser Town of Prague. Most of the volumes were acquired by the last owner of the library, Franz Josef von Sternberg-Manderscheid (1763–1830). The manuscripts from the 14th–18th centuries come not only from the libraries of the first owners of the Lesser-Town palace but also from the Sternberg Palace at Hradčany, from the property of dissolved monasteries and literati brotherhoods, and from the literary estates of contemporary bibliophiles. Only less than twenty books can be linked to individual Sternbergs, with the largest group consisting of eleven volumes containing ex libris by the builder of the Hradčany Palace, Wenzel Adalbert von Sternberg (1643–1708). Some of the manuscripts of the Lesser-Town palace library are a valuable source for the history of Czech Baroque and Enlightenment historiography.

V Maistrovem letu (tudi) 110 let celjskega dijaškega lista Savinja

Author(s): Alenka Juvan / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

Rudolf Maister is best known to Slovenians for holding on to a large part of the country's territory after World War I in 1918, when new borders and countries were being created. But Maister was not only a soldier and a general – he was also an important humanist at the start of the century. This paper covers a short period of Maister's life in Celje (from 1 November 1913 to 7 December 1914). During this period, the Austro-Hungarian captain and Slovenian poet passionately led the students of the Celje Grammar School on their way into the world of literature. He was the editor of their new journal, one that published student fiction and scientific exercises, entitled Savinja. It became clear during this work that he also had a talent for teaching. The first issue of the journal appeared at the end of January 1914

Foreign Students in Croatia during the Second Half of the 20th Century - the Example of the Faculty of Metallurgy in Sisak

Author(s): Bruno Raguž / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2024

The migration and the arrival of foreign workers or students in Croatia, as well as in most of the EU, remains a controversial issue. According to the author's opinion, the consideration of the impact of the local environment into which such individuals arrive is often still lacking, while on the other hand, the discussion often centres on the impact they have on the local community and space. Therefore, this paper, which adopts a historical perspective and examines students who came to the Metallurgical Faculty in Sisak from Non-Aligned Movement countries in the second half of the 20th century aims to draw attention to this and related issues. After a brief introduction and historical context, the paper presents foreign students using archival material, with a special emphasis on the challenges and problems faced by the students of that time. To at least approximately gain insight into the public perception of foreign students, the paper analyses the periodicals of the researched period, specifically the daily newspaper Jedinstvo, and briefly reflects on the local community's memories of foreign students.

Pisanje šolskih kronik včeraj, danes in jutri

Author(s): Matic Intihar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

School chronicles are a valuable source of information for the study of the history of education. They are particularly important for understanding events in areas where there is a lack of other sources at certain times in history. The keeping of chronicles in general flourished especially in the Middle Ages, but the first school chronicles in Slovenia can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. They were the result of the efforts of teachers and others who were somehow connected with individual schools or the places where they were located. The introduction of primary education at the national level in the Habsburg Monarchy under the leadership of Empress Maria Theresa had a decisive influence on the gradual standardisation of all related activities. The adoption of the Third Austrian Primary School Act in 1869 also made it compulsory for the first time for all primary schools to keep a school chronicle. In the decades and centuries that followed, the form of school chronicles and the instructions for writing them varied, but their content always depended on the commitment of the writer and the historical context in which each chronicle was produced.

Pouk zgodovine in kolektivne identitete skozi politične spremembe v prvi polovici 20. stoletja

Author(s): Simon Malmenvall / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

This study is dedicated to the transmission of collective identities and social values in the context of teaching history in elementary and secondary schools on the Slovenian territory during the first half of the twentieth century which was characterized by the changing of cultural-ideological and state formations. Scholastic history was the field towards which every political regime acted with great care in order to educate the youth into model citizens. This text is based on an important segment of the collections of the Slovenian School Museum (SŠM) represented by scholastic syllabi, history textbooks and pedagogical periodicals from the late Austro-Hungary, royal and early socialist Yugoslavia. Through all three periods, the integration of Slovenian history into wider frames of collective identities is noticeable; Slovenians or their ancestors were perceived as a part of the Austrian or Yugoslav ethnic-state communities.

Studenti iz Srijemske županije na Pravnom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 1874. do 1918.

Author(s): Tihana Luetić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2024

The main goal of this paper is to shed light on composition of educated elite in Srijem County since the foundation of the modern university in Zagreb in 1874 until the end of the Monarchy in 1918. It is limited on students at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb and based on the databases made from student registration forms (nacijonali) while enrolling the university. The total number of students who were born or declared that they come from Srijem County enrolled at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb in the period 1874- 1918 was 716, and they were the second largest in the faculty, with a strong growth of enrolled students at the turn of the century. The obtained results of the analysis detect various correlations between academic education and the social, confessional and mother tongue origin of law students from the area of Srijem County. The religious image of the students pointed out the dominance of the Catholic and Orthodox groups, while among members of other confessions, there is an example of Jewish students, represented with four times more percentage than it was a share of Jews in the total population of Srijem County. This issue reveals the attitude of that community towards higher education and also coincides with certain trends within Jewish population in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The mother tongue, or relatively speaking, ethnic composition of students from Srijem County at the Faculty of Law shows that the proportion of students whose mother tongue was not Croatian or Serbian is significantly lower within the student population at the Faculty of Law than the proportion of residents with these mother tongues in the entire population of Srijem County. It is noticeable that there is not a single student from Srijemska County studying law in Zagreb whose mother tongue is Hungarian, while in the total population there was slightly more than 6% of the population who spoke Hungarian. It is also noticeable that the proportion of students with a German mother tongue at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb is more than five times smaller than the total proportion of the German mother tongue population in Srijem County. In both cases, it can be assumed that Hungarian and German speakers, if they decided to study at the higher education level, chose to study in other university centres of the Monarchy. The social image of students from Srijem County reflected the general social image of the university population in Zagreb, where the sons of public servants were in the lead, but with high shares of new social groups. The interpretation of these correlations is a contribution to putting together a complete mosaic of the educated elite in Croatia in the last quarter of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century and a part of fundamental research devotedto the formation of the domestic intelligentsia in Croatia and Slavonia untill the end of the Monarchy.