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Corruption and Citizen Economic Capacity: the Equation

Author(s): Mahmud Hassan Talukdar,Al-Amin Mia,Zakar Hossain / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Relation of Corruption and Citizen Economic Capacity is a long global debate in the society. Though, theoretically, policy makers, scholars and researchers argue that there is a close relation between these two variables, but the quantitative relation and any global model is yet unrevealed. So, the main aim of this paper is to ascertain the nature, dimension and extent of the relationship between Citizen Economic Capacity and Corruption as well as to invent a globally accepted model. This paper will be useful for researchers, planners, policy makers and scholars who are directly or indirectly involved or willing to involve in the thrust for quantitative relation of these two variables. Literature review is the main source of information of this study. In introductory section, this paper briefly describes theoretical relationship of Citizen Economic Capacity and Corruption as well as describes the proxy variables. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, Atlas method of 2013 estimated by World Bank of different countries are used as proxy of Citizen Economic Capacity and Corruption Perception Index (CPI) scores (2014) of different countries are used as proxy of Corruption. In methodology section this paper describes the sampling procedure and level of analysis. Due to the unavailability of per capita GNI and CPI data of all countries, this study includes 152 countries around the globe in the analysis. In the third section, this research presents the correlation value which divulge that there is a correlation (p=.000) with 99% confidence level. That reveals, if the level of Corruption of any country change, the Citizens Economic Capacity also revolutionize accordingly. Then in this section two quantitative models are developed using linear regression analysis. First invented model is: GNI per capita of a country (in US$) = (797*Level of Corruption of that country)-20967. This model calibrates that one unit improvement of CPI or one unit decrease of corruption leads 797 US$ improvement of Citizen Economic Capacity (GNI per capita). Then taking this unit change proportion, this research concoct second model for prediction purpose. The second invented model is: Predicted per capita GNI of a country (US$) =Present per capita GNI of that country+797*Targeted level of CPI improvement. This model is applicable for any country around the globe for prediction of Citizens Economic Capacity (per capita GNI) according to the targeted reduction of Corruption level (targeted improvement of CPI level). In the last section, this paper briefly describes the application of the “Model-2” taking Bangladesh and Togo as two case countries.

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Експортний потенціал Німеччини у високих технологіях

Author(s): Yuriy Prysiazhniuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2014

In the article, author analyzed the state and development trends of engineering in international scientific and technological exchange system. The basic forms of technology transfer were identified, top leading engineering companies and universities in the global technology market were detected. The main approaches to Ukraine involvement in the international scientific and technological exchange system were defined

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Budućnost istočnog partnerstva europske unije

Author(s): Marijana Musladin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2015

the enlargement process is one of the key foreign policy instruments of the european union. expansion of the european union helped respond to major changes resulting from the collapse of the socialist system in europe, and consolidate democracy, human rights and stability in the Central and eastern european countries that became members of the european union. European union included the rest of the eastern neighborhoods within the policy of the eastern Partnership with whom, without the promise of the membership perspective, planned a similar scenario. However, after six years, this initiative neither hproved to be adequate in solving the problems of the eastern neighborhood, nor brough closer the countries of the eastern Partnership to the european values; as it was conceived within the european union. In addition, the failure of the implementation of the political goals of the eastern Partnership once again pointed to the lack of unity within the european union and the existence of different interests regards eastern neighbors. At the same time, new developments in the eastern neighborhoods – changing geopolitical context, russia’s foreign policy, ukrainian crisis, the emergence of alternative forms of integration in the eurasian economic Community – calling for a specific role of the european union towards its neighbors to the east and to redefine the eastern Partnership policy. this paper addresses the question of the future of the eastern Partnership policy with emphasis on the possibility of including the eastern neighborhood in the wider context of eu enlargement policy. although new enlargement quite certain will not be seen be in the foreseeable future, the european union should at least propose some new solutions in order to continue the process of rapprochement of the countries of the eastern Partnership to the eu. Given the current economic and political situation in the european union, the real changes can be expected only through reform of existing initiatives – eastern Partnership and the european neighbourhood Policy.

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Pravni status i ustrojstvo Burze roba u slovačkoj Republici

Author(s): Nalanda Kantor,Viktor Palić,Nada Petričević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

Commodities exchange is an important element of market economy of a country. Being an organized commodities and capital market, it goes beyond the trade in a trade fair and particular trade in real commodities. It includes trading in exchangeable goods by standard label. As foundation of commodities exchange is expected in Croatia, the paper will explicate its status and operation in Slovakia, an EU member state that is similar to our country. The paper will focus on the legal status and organizational structure of consumer goods market in Bratislava. Although it has existed for just over 15 years, it is important to note that it actually goes back to the pre-Second World War Czechoslovakia. Also, to provide better understanding of its functioning, regulations defining the foundation and functioning of the commodities market will also be presented as well as the profile, method and types of operations, together with its positive effects.

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Central Banks and Democracy. A Comparative Case Study

Author(s): Anamaria Avădanei / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2013

The financial crisis has highlighted the role and the position of central banks in terms of responsibility and actions. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of democracy of four central banks (the Federal Reserve (the FED), the European Central Bank (the ECB), the National Bank of Romania (the NBR) and the Bank of Japan (the BOJ)). Structured in three parts, the paper focuses on the existing literature in order to define central bank democracy; establishes the link between central bank independence and democracy and finally, the analysis includes the construction and interpretation of a democracy index for each central bank. To conclude, we appreciate that the European Central Bank is the most democratic, but pure democracy is an ideal concept.

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THE EFFECTS OF FALLING CRUDE OIL PRICES ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND POLITICAL STABILITIES IN THE FIRST SEVEN NET OIL EXPORTERS’ COUNTRIES

Author(s): İsmet Göçer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The fluctuations in oil prices have potentially significant effect on macroeconomic money meters of countries. At the present time, production and economic growth ease off especially in China and in the world, the USA started to produce oil shale, a substitute for conventional crude oil. In the meantime, OPEC decided to keep production quotas intact and consequently crude oil prices declined to 33 USD in January 2016 with respect to 147 USD in June 2008. In this case, Russian Ruble significantly weakened against U.S. dollar and Euro; then, Saudi Arabia has declared a huge deficit in its budget. Therefore changes in oil prices should be monitored closely as an important macroeconomic variable. In this study, the effects of oil prices in first seven net oil exporters’ countries (Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, Nigeria, Kuwait, Kazakhstan and Venezuela) on national income, export and political risk structure were analyzed with a new generation of panel data analysis for the period 1998-2015. At the end, it was found that change of oil prices impacts macroeconomic variables of countries simultaneously but it impacts political stability of countries in different directions.

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O cechach życia w nowym kapitalizmie. Richard Sennett i inspiracja dla antropologii neoliberalizmu

Author(s): Magdalena Ozimek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Binding economic relations are always related with specific cultural practices. This practices provides a framework for experience status quo. The modern capitalism seems to be a form of capitalism, which is especially attached to cultural practices, in essence ideological, which hide the relationship of power, constraint, structural dependencies, also these economical. They are difficult to recognize. Richard Sennett these type of capitalism called a new capitalism. His analysis of institutional changes, but albo personal, social cost, provide critical descriptions, which are may be a inspiration for anthropology of neoliberalism. And this – anthropology of neoliberalism – it appears necessary in the context of title issue.

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Politička ekonomija prijelaznog društva

Author(s): Ivan Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/1993

Review of: Adolf Dragičević „Politička ekonomija prijelaznog društva“; Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1991., 314 p by: Ivan Vuković

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New politics of governing global capitalism: Sovereign governments and living law

Author(s): Huri Islamoglu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Since the crisis of 2007–2009, sovereignty, government and politics are on the agenda of social sciences and of international policy platforms, most recently in Davos. This is a departure from anti-statist, free-tradist visions of global market development in the 1980s and 1990s when sovereignty was simply associated with freedom of action of economic actors (most significantly, global corporations and banks) and governance simply referred to technical rules serving the ends of these actors posed in terms of dictates of the market. This paper points to societal dislocations (e.g. income discrepancies, unemployment) incumbent on global market development and to a time lag in which these made themselves felt in the developed and developing world. It argues that the developing world experienced the disillusionment with markets in the latter part of 1990s and early 2000s and sought solutions in effective governments, putting them in the service of reaping the benefits of global market expansion for individual regions. It meant non-liberal ways of governing markets, distancing from abstract formulations of individual rights, turning the ‘rule of law’ into living law deeply rooted in societal concerns not limited to commercial actors but including those of both blue-collar and white collar workers, of migrant populations, and women. At issue is an introduction of politics, of political agency and initiatives. The developed world rejected what is labeled as an ‘autocratic turn’; and is lost for a solution to market woes, except for further measures to maximize gains by major commercial actors, as in the case of the Greek crisis.

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The effects of increased VAT rates applied in the EU member states in 2014

Author(s): Petr David / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The European Union countries tend to strongly prefer indirect taxes. This tendency results in the increase of the value added tax rate. In the economic reality, the legal burden of the consumption tax is distorted and it consequently leads to distribution and shift to other entities participating in market transactions. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, to determine the primary value of the relative distribution of the burden on the seller and the buyer. Second, to adjust it for those values which suggest that the increase in the tax burden may result in a reduction in sales prices. Furthermore, the paper aims to follow the conservative approach for determining the minimum values of the shift of the tax burden onto the consumer. The strict determination of the limits of burden distribution is presented within the limits of the actual tax burden. Finally, the partial shift of the increased tax burden onto consumers in the minimum amount of 1/3 is identified together with a significant negative correlation between the size of change of the tax burden and the rate of shift of the tax burden.

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From anti-equilibrium to the socialist system and beyond

Author(s): Péter Gedeon / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

This essay attempts to understand János Kornai’s works from a political economy perspective. It argues that Kornai has significantly contributed to the formation of a new paradigm of political economy. The main endeavor of Kornai has been the combination of analytical concepts of economics with the empirical description of real economies. After a certain period of theoretical experimentation János Kornai formulated his research program that can be called the shortage economy explanation of the socialist system. The Economics of Shortage and The Socialist System have created a new theoretical paradigm in a framework in which it has become possible to establish a connection between the analytical and empirical, universal and historical aspects of the theory studying the socialist system as a real economic entity. János Kornai has built his analysis of the socialist system on the primary role of politics in the creation of economic institutions. In his present work on capitalism he has extended this thesis to the capitalist system. This seems to be an important contribution of his to a new political economy paradigm that is just in the process of formation.

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The impact of black economic empowerment (BEE) on the macro-environments of South Africa: time to stop the rot, deterioration, distrust and dysfunctionality

Author(s): Louis P. Krüger / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Since the introduction of black economic empowerment (BEE) in South Africa by the African National Congress (ANC) in 2003, the impact of the legislation and its accompanying policies on the six major “PESTIS” (political, economic, social, technological, institutional and structural-physical) macro-environments in which businesses in the private sector and government in the public sector operate, has largely gone unnoticed or has been ignored. In an exploratory study using the “5 Star” research methodology, and with the aid of specially developed qualitative research adjudication matrix (QRAM), the impact of the ANC’s BEE policies on these macro-environments was investigated. Unfortunately, it appears that these policies have negatively affected South Africa’s political, economic, social/cultural and institutional macro-environments. Allegations of state capture and nefarious influences on government and ministerial appointments, poor economic performance and possible further credit downgrade to “junk” status by the international ratings agencies, increased prevalence of racism, hate speech and discrimination, and violation of the Constitution of South Africa and inter¬national treaties by the ANC government, paint a dismal picture. In addition, the country is facing unseen high levels of corruption, graft, fraud, looting, bribery, nepotism and self-enrichment in government, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and businesses. BEE can be regarded as the ANC’s “Achilles heel” in South Africa, and the political party should rather abandon this policy in order to stop the rot, and further deterioration, distrust and decay in the country’s most important macro-environments.

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Politička ekonomija medija: Slučaj Vjesnik

Author(s): Karolina Leaković,Helena Popović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2017

Reflecting on the modern public role of the media, this paper will review the institutional framework for their operation, with special emphasis on the role of the state. Using the political economy framework, the analysis will show that the shift of the social system, from socialism with its models of public ownership and planned economy to a liberal democracy with a capitalist market economy, influenced the functioning of the media, using the example of Vjesnik as a highly successful company during socialism that was ruined and extinguished in capitalism. This is a part of a wider phenomenon resulting from the disruptive effects of capitalist economies, where an increasing number of social relationships is reduced to economic relationships and the state as an institution, rather than protecting the interests of its citizens, acts in the interest of big capital.

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Commoning in the Digital Era: Platform Cooperativism as a Counter to Cognitive Capitalism

Author(s): Jan J. Zygmuntowski / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2018

With the widespread adoption of ICT technologies, platforms, social media and sharing economy businesses have emerged as models of economic organization. This paper examines their functioning on a micro level to provide a thorough critique. The theory of cognitive capitalism and opposing arguments are explored in order to bring a holistic understanding and observe how value is captured and accumulated with the use of technological apparatuses. Cognitive capitalism is not uniform, however, and recognition of the special properties displayed by networks makes it possible to identify the challenge posed by the rising array of netarchist platforms. Platform cooperativism is the proposed egalitarian and long-term sustainable counter, as it aims to design new tools in line with the commons paradigm. Finally, the paper provides key insights into the specifications, difficulties, and next steps required to lead to better platform co-ops and a better future.

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NIEZRÓWNOWAŻENIE W KRYZYSIE

Author(s): Wojciech Szymański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

In the time of the European crisis, I find actions motivated by excessive attention paid to the financial and economic matters in analysing its reasons and the search for ways of amending it largely insufficient. Moreover, I believe it is dangerous to neglect the well-being of citizens understood more broadly than just a deficit of financial resources. In this paper, basing on research into finding correlates of subjective well-being of individuals, believing that they are the most effective measure of the quality of policies of any given government, I want to show an alternative approach to the current mainstream theories of happiness. I present a comparison of two dominant indexes used for measuring the quality of governance (IEF - Index of Economic Freedom and GCI, Global Competitiveness Index) and juxtapose them with the relatively recently created third index (SDGI, Sustainable Development Goals Index), citing results suggesting a higher explanatory power of the latter in predicting the well-being of individuals. If those results are correct, it seem that the contemporary, deemed by some to be overly reductionist, approach to improving the well-being of individuals is wrong and a different attitude should at least be considered. One of the „different attitudes” is presented in short in the form of a list of goals within the paradigm of sustainable development.

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Bezpieczeństwo a biurokracja. Organizacja biurokratyczna jako organizacja idealna wg Maxa Webbera, czyli „armia pokoju” oraz dysfunkcje organizacji biurokratycznej wg Roberta Kinga Mertona, czyli „armia misyjna”

Author(s): Adam Świętochowski,Joanna Kuźba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2017

In the article, on the grounds of a perfect type of bureaucracy by Max Weber, is represented description of the bureaucratic organization and list of features connected with military organization in peacetime. In the following sections, dysfunctions of bureaucratic organization based on Robert Merton’s view, were presented and compared with military organization realizing assignments outside the country. The aim of this article is to compare two countenances of military organizations in peacetime and time of war during accomplishing tasks outside of the fatherland.

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Presumptions of Decentralisation in the Context of Institutional and Political Economy

Author(s): Gerda Žigienė / Language(s): English Issue: 80/2018

The aim of the article is to discuss and distinguish the notion of decentralisation within time, institutional economics and political organisation of States, as well as the role of decentralisation in the context of those political organisations. The differences between the notions of decentralisation and federalism are differentiated in order to avoid misinterpretations of the notions.

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Od Hegela k Marxu

Author(s): Nikolaus Lobkowicz / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02+03/1983

The main issue of the controversy that has been going on for several decades under the title From Hegel to Marx is whether Hegel and his followers had been able to complete Western philosophy to such an extent as to require merely subsequent supplementations and corrections of that philosophy in certain particulars. Hegel’s philosophy made, among other things, three claims: first, to be the complete self-comprehension of the entire history of human thought hitherto; secondly, to be the final intellectual articulation of Christian religion; thirdly, to be the complete presentation of the possibilities of the political and social organisation of men. These claims determined to a considerable degree the activity of Hegel’s disciples and followers. The author gives an account of the debates on Hegel's philosophy after the death of its founder, the divisions among his disciples and supporters, and Marx's participation in this philosophical debate, his confrontation with Hegel’s philosophy as well as with the ideas of other Hegelians.

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Трансформація інституту господарських комунікацій у цифровій економіці

Author(s): О. V. Melentsova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 35/2018

Abstract. The author has ascertained that considerable changes of the techno-economic paradigm facilitate transformations of components of a communication process, a system of rules underlying its function, and a mechanism of its influence on development of economic systems of all levels. Changes of social forms of space and time stipulate new realities of economic practices. The author has substantiated that mass self-communication becomes forcing power for contemporary economic communications and ambiguously influences constituent norms of a market: empathy, depersonalized trust, complicated utilitarianism, and purposeful rational behaviour.

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BELEDİYE HİZMETLERİNİN ÖZELLEŞTİRİLMESİ: ŞİRKETLEŞEN BELEDİYE UYGULAMASI

Author(s): Konur Alp Demir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 02/2019

Privatization is a means used to create the market economy with its conventional meaning. It is the spirit of privatization that private enterprises operate in a number of areas where the state is obliged to provide services. On this basis, the state can allocate more time to its primary tasks, allow the capital to spread to the local level, and evaluate the movable or immovable assets that are waiting in an ineffective state. In addition to the economic dimension of the privatization, contributions to localization need to be evaluated in a separate context. The main objective of the municipalities is to provide local services to the local community. They can obtain funding from the central government with borrowing method they need, along with their own incomes. In this study, it was tried to shed light on the qualitative change of the municipality, which is a local government unit, integrated with localization and not only the economic dimension of privatization. In this context, a fictitious analysis has been made on the corporation of the municipalities. The final result expected from this study is the clarification of the localizing dimension of privatization through the example of the municipalized municipality. Thus, it has been tried to be emphasized that privatization is, in fact, a means of localization.

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