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Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"

Author(s): Madalina-Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Agenda 2030, as major paper assumed within UN framework by member states, consecratesimportant parts to sustainable development topics, imposing to the states the increasingof environmental quality, to protect it and to preserve it, as a part of the human securityand of the enlarged concept of national and global security, too. More precisely, at thebeginning of the 21st century, we can accept a connection between the three types of security,due to the effects produced by aggressions on environment or by the lack of public policiesimplementation (irrespective of governances) on the local communities security, on states,on regions (regional ecosystems), on entire continents, and to the global level. Within the21st century it is necessary a new understanding of traditional concepts on security, from theperspective of environment and the challenges to which it is exposed, to a larger extent thanin other times. The dimension of protecting the forests (inclusively through methods and proactivepolicies to gather waste or through reforestation, protecting biodiversity, protectingecosystems as such) represents, in our opinion, an active dimension of implementing the 21stcentury strategies related to human and national security. The present paper presents anapproach to forest protection at European and national level, starting from the definition ofhuman security, from the perspective of connecting to the security dimension, the environmentas part of national security, briefly considering the forests issue, their quality as a part ofnational and European security.

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Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper we will try to analyse the concept of “food security” as part of national security,considering both Agenda 21, Agenda 2030 and the perspectives – already outlined in a recentUN report – on the global food crisis connected with the negative effects on environment,especially regarding the reduction of fertile surfaces and drinking water, due to the extensionof desertification, massive forest fires, chemical intensive agriculture, various aggressions,industrial exploitation or large-scale pollution with toxic or non-renewable waste of theenvironment. In the 21st century, it is possible to develop new concepts related to “power”,namely “green powers”, which are able to manage their relationship with the environment inorder to increase their political decision-making power and geopolitical importance in worlddecisions (including as “food powers”) as well as to provide increased protection and securityto their people. These “new powers” are those countries which, from now on, focus on thedevelopment of national, even regional agricultural industries, and on the protection of theirfertile areas as well as of their ownership over them, areas defined as “strategic areas”, inorder to ensure, from the surplus of food raw materials, a regional or even global influence, interms of sustainable development (post-realism).

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Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation

Author(s): Dan Colesniuc / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Decision-making in the current operational environment, characterised by complexity,dynamism and unpredictability, requires continuous adjustment and optimisation of trainingand education processes in the military training field.Romania’s affiliation to international organisations and alliances involves seamlessstrategic approach, from the conceptual point of view, to implementing common standards,as outcomes of best practices specific to the defence intelligence field. This approach requiresfuture military leaders’ training in an interdisciplinary and multicultural cognitive space.Thus, continuous innovation in the educational field has direct contribution to projecting anddeveloping early warning systems in order to avoid strategic surprise.Virtualising the battlefield replaces the hierarchic-type thinking with the network thinking, areflexive collaborative approach where working tools specific to the intelligence activity mustbe characterised by adaptability and flexibility for timely decision-making.

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Perspectives on Adapting Military Structures to the Requirements of Current and Future Operational Environments

Perspectives on Adapting Military Structures to the Requirements of Current and Future Operational Environments

Author(s): Paul Tudorache,Lucian Ispas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Approaching the current and future operational environments requires that military structures and, in particular, the tactical ones, should have the ability to conduct operations, regardless of the campaign themes (peace military engagement, peace support operations, security operations, and combat operations), which involves the simultaneous or successive use of tactical activities and core functions in order to generate the desired effects and, implicitly, to attain the end state. In this regard, an operational adaptation of the tactical military structures is required, generating, at the same time, implications at the level of the force structure, not only by reconfiguring the organic headquarters (HQ), but also by reorganising the combat (CBT), combat support (CS) and combat service support (CSS) forces. Therefore, highlighting the specific aspects of the combat power’s adaptation, by analyzing the established war fighting functions (WFF), the finality of the article will seek to identify the main adjustments of the military decision making process (MDMP), as a fundamental planning methodology used by tactical military structures, with organic staff.

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Relational Approaches to the Resilience of Operational Logistics

Relational Approaches to the Resilience of Operational Logistics

Author(s): Gheorghe MINCULETE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The demands of modern warfare imposed by technological innovation and digitalisation have made operational forces prepare and act in a highly complex confrontational environment, which entails increasing resilience and flexibility. The management and execution structures of the logistic support systemically integrated in the operational devices of the joint forces are prepared and act in their turn in the conditions of increased risks, which causes them to become increasingly resilient. Knowing that during the two Gulf conflicts, the logistic losses of the responsible structures far exceeded those of the fighting and support forces, I consider that it is all the more necessary to study, design and implement the requirements to increase resilience of the operational logistical forces, for the fulfilment of future missions. In this scientific communication I address, from a relational point of view, the issue of resilience of logistics systems (subsystems) integrated with operational forces acting at the tactical and joint levels.

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Ways of Employing ISR Structures from Land Forces in Exercises Conducted on National Territory

Ways of Employing ISR Structures from Land Forces in Exercises Conducted on National Territory

Author(s): Valeriu-Adrian Jianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The ISR structures (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) of the Land Forces participate constantly in exercises on national territory, bringing a substantial contribution to intelligence support of decision-makers in all operation stages. Through their specific capabilities, ISR structures will cooperate uninterruptedly both horizontally and vertically in information gathering. Digitalising, applying information technology on ISR capabilities will provide the commander and his staff with multiple levers that will enable him to make decisions much quicker and to exploit the resulting plan much more efficiently, thus reducing the duration of operations.

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The Dispute Revival for the Superpower Status

The Dispute Revival for the Superpower Status

Author(s): Romică Cernat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The resurgence of Russia and the rapid development of China have created a new period of rivalry for superpower status. The debates of the main global actors on the relaunch of competition have led to a review of the importance of the great strategy and geopolitics as a starting point for analysing the defence funding level, strategy, plans, and programmes. The post-Cold War period of international relations, which began in the early 1990s and generally was referred to as the unipolar stage, with the United States as the sole superpower, passed into a new phase, marked by events with global consequences from 2006 until 2014. The international environment has shifted to a fundamentally different situation characterised by a resurgence of dispute by China and Russia and the challenges of these two countries to the specific mechanisms of the US-led international order, which operated even after the end of the First World War. Counter-terrorism and other military operations in the Middle East, which have been the focus of discussions on military-specific issues following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, continue, but now are a less dominant element in US military concerns, other areas related to China and Russia becoming now relevant.

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The Impact of the Security Environment on the Defence Strategies of Small and Medium States

The Impact of the Security Environment on the Defence Strategies of Small and Medium States

Author(s): Ioana Rieber / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The dynamic of regional and global changes implies the existence of strategies that allow the streamlining of the activity of defence and security structures. Depending on the risks, vulnerabilities and threats that must be approached militarily or non-militarily, the medium and small states have drafted strategic documents, taking into account the internal and external dimension of security. Their security depends on a great extent on external factors, the turbulences from the international system posing a serious challenge for a small state. If small and medium states are placed in the vicinity of a great revisionist, undemocratic power, its security can be achieved only by creative strategies. The emphasis is therefore laid on the existence of flexible and powerful military capabilities, necessary to identify and counter the threats and on membership of alliances/coalitions of alliances.

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Warfare Generations – Conventional and Unconventional in Warfare Evolution

Warfare Generations – Conventional and Unconventional in Warfare Evolution

Author(s): Cosmina-Andreea Neculcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current article highlights the evolution of warfare generations and how the conventional/ unconventional relationship has changed over time. Looking from this perspective, for the t ime being, no paradigm allows a complete comparative analysis of the armed confrontations. As the humankind has evolved, the conflict has known a continuous evolution, the nature of warfare being in a perpetual transformation and adaptation to the evolution of technology. The change consists of the fact that the quantitative dimension has decreased in importance, in relation to the qualitative dimension, and information has taken the place of firepower. The information field has become the main battlefield, and remote actions, without direct contact, have become the main means of achieving objectives. In this article, the evolution of warfare is presented in several distinct phases, also called generations. Therefore, each age corresponds to a warfare generation, grouped based on certain common features

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The Perspective of War and Modern Armed Fight

The Perspective of War and Modern Armed Fight

Author(s): Olguta-Mihaela Bodnar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article addresses the current forms of modern warfare and armed fight based on Toffler’s statement, “The world is constantly changing”. This change of the armed conflict is violent, explosive and very rapid, being like a reaction of the new to the old. The 21st century began in the spirit of this spontaneous reaction by producing structural changes in the concept of the armed fight, by adopting other forms of armed conflict than conventional ones, namely by asymmetric, irregular and hybrid conflicts in the last 10 years. Military conflicts are like a chameleon, they change their colours to adapt to the new transformations of the security environment.

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Dimensions of Hybrid Conflict and Coordinates for Countering Its Effects

Dimensions of Hybrid Conflict and Coordinates for Countering Its Effects

Author(s): Aurelian Raţiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The fields of war have changed in time, which has caused transformations, both in the approach to confrontation and in the physiognomy and typology of actions. The military conflict has been characterised by irregularity: traditional and non-traditional actors acting directly or indirectly, with their own forces or through intermediaries (proxy forces), creating their own conventional or paramilitary military structures, and carrying out conventional actions concurrently with terrorist activities specific to insurgency or organised crime. The solutions for countering the hybrid conflict must be understood in terms of summing up the known (conventional) and the less known characteristics of the conflict, as well as of developing new, unexpected, surprising (irregular) ones, determined by the evolution in the operational field.

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Cyberspace in the Operations Planning Process

Cyberspace in the Operations Planning Process

Author(s): Nicolae Macovei / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ensuring cyber security has become increasingly important and culminated in the recognition of cyberspace as an operational environment, along with land, water, air and space. Operations in the cyber environment must be planned, integrated and synchronised with operations in other operational environments. The armed forces carry out cyberspace operations and support activities in this field as part of the joint operation. In the modern war, the superiority in the cyber environment ensures a decisive advantage to the commanders from all echelons. This is achieved through a human, technological and procedural combination. The military is accustomed to seeing the effect of their actions on the battlefield, in a physical environment. However, cyber operations take place in a virtual environment, and their effects are sometimes difficult to identify.

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The Military Leader Competencies and Attributes in a Military Organisational Context

The Military Leader Competencies and Attributes in a Military Organisational Context

Author(s): Alexandru Baboş,Paul Tudorache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The military requires that leaders should make the right choices, often in critical situations, and establish a unique and inclusive vision for the organisation. Military leaders must always take responsibility for the conduct and management of missions, provide the purpose, direction and motivation needed to carry them out and improve the organisation. In order to succeed in fulfilling these desiderata, a series of correlated actions are necessary, the amount of which is transposed in the competences of the military leader, so necessary in the totality of the military actions.

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Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Military Expenditure: New Perspectives on European Defence Cooperation

Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Military Expenditure: New Perspectives on European Defence Cooperation

Author(s): Felicia Maria Şinca,Toma Pleşanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The global economic crisis of 2008 has had a negative impact on defence budgets in most European countries. After 12 years of efforts taken for the economic recovery, the member states of the European Union are once again facing financial challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Defence budgets are once again in danger of being reduced, but at the same time the European Union needs more than ever to show unity and cooperation. In the wake of the 2008 crisis, defence cooperation was one of the solutions adopted by EU member states to protect and strengthen their military capabilities. The development of multinational capabilities has proven to be more cost-effective than nationally sustained efforts. The current situation, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, reminded us that cooperation initiatives need continuous adaptation to the evolution of new types of crises. The planning, development, procurement, operation and support of joint defence equipment should be complemented by efforts to innovate and prepare for new risks and threats.

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Risks to National Security in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Risks to National Security in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Carmen Moise / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it not only the risk of infection with a new virus but also the possibility of attacks on national security by affecting national critical infrastructure. Maintaining a greater focus on national security is a necessity in any situation. During this pandemic period, the most affected critical infrastructure sector is health. We hope that the measures taken will lead us to a stabilisation of the situation and not to witness a more pronounced affectation of this sector. We must also pay special attention to the trust in the public administration in order not to be undermined by state or non-state actors with various economic and geostrategic interests on the Romanian territory.

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Considerations regarding the Role of Human Resources in Ensuring National Security

Considerations regarding the Role of Human Resources in Ensuring National Security

Author(s): Elena-Alexandra Mazilu,Mircea-Dănuț Chiriac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A considerable contribution to ensuring national security goes to the military system. Within this system, more than ever, the human resources management represents an essential field, with deep implications, we can say determining in ensuring and guaranteeing the security state of our country. According to the continuous process of change, like in all the domains, also in the military domain it is necessary to develop new strategies, especially in the recruiting and training areas, because these two areas are very important in building a solid and professional team, a strong human resources system which contributes to achieving the strategic goals of national security. Regardless of the level of military equipment, the quality of human resources remains an essential factor in the process of training and the efficiency of military action.

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Coherence, Synergy and Sustainability in the Development of the Romanian Naval Forces in the Medium and Long Term

Coherence, Synergy and Sustainability in the Development of the Romanian Naval Forces in the Medium and Long Term

Author(s): Ovidiu Portase / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Changes in the environment where the Romanian Naval Forces operate determine the need for continuous adaptation and transformation to meet these conditions. The drafting of an institutional development strategy is a necessary, opportune action that ensures the imperative framework for coherent, synergistic, and sustainable development. In this article, the author presents some considerations related to the structure and content, but also the drawing up and implementation process for a medium- and long-term development strategy, along with its applicability and impact on the Romanian Naval Forces. The drafting of a medium- and long-term development strategy would ensure the single vision and synergy needed in the inititation and efficient implementation of all FNR initiatives, programmes, and development projects, useful elements not only to the FNR constituent members, but also to its collaborators, partners, and allies, elements that could pave the way for the convergence of efforts beyond the area of defence for the entire naval domain.

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Short Analysis of the Beginning and Use of Biological Means

Short Analysis of the Beginning and Use of Biological Means

Author(s): Gabriela Sarbu,Vasile Bogdan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since immemorial time, armed confrontations made use of elements with biological potential for damage, which were already present in nature. The naturally occurring high-risk diseases were skilfully used to bring decisive operational advantages, thus tilting the victory to those who intelligently used the already existing possibilities in the environment. Gradually, with the development of technology and the impact of scientific research, biological factors of high impact on the living force were identified, developed and used in the operational space. The triggers of biological attacks are able to quickly cause serious illness and death of contaminated persons, as well as the decommissioning of targets and land. The action mode is generated by the ability to spread rapidly, achieved by dissemination in air, water or on the ground or by personal contact between individuals. Diseases that can be triggered by using them at critical moments or in carefully selected spaces allow reaching the specific objectives of the aggressor entity. During a turbulent 20th century, deeply involved in a fierce competition for world domination, the great powers noticed the major destructive potential as well as the surprising operational innovations offered by the biological weapon. As a result, they switched to discreet and careful research, followed by testing of the advantages that can be obtained in armed conflicts, through the offensive use of the new weapon into the belligerent area. If, during the First World War, the significant concerns belonged to Germany and Great Britain, during the Second World War, the case of Japan must be given priority.

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Ranking of Replacing Medical Equipment – An Element of the Rational Use of Resources

Ranking of Replacing Medical Equipment – An Element of the Rational Use of Resources

Author(s): George Udroiu,Ghiţă BÂRSAN,Toma Pleşanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Maximising the value of medical equipment, in the context of financial constraints in the health system and the ongoing demands of clinical staff for new acquisitions, as an effect of the accelerated pace of technological development, requires the implementation of prudent management of the replacement process of existing medical technology, by aligning with the strategic objectives of the medical organisation and the epidemiological context of the moment. The development of replacement lists for healthcare equipment and the prioritisation of replacement should be done by employing a system of scores/marks given to medical equipment following the evaluation of clinical and non-clinical factors, both quantitative and qualitative, considering health care unit benefit, social impact and the costs associated with operational support. This estimated planning process, augmented on the basis of data from the medical equipment inventory programme and the expertise of clinical engineering structures of the hospitals, is a dynamic tool for substantiating needs and optimising capital expenditures.

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The Generation and Role of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons

The Generation and Role of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons

Author(s): Gabriela Sarbu,Vasile Bogdan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the first half of the twentieth century, the humankind experienced two devastating global conflagrations that caused millions of victims. The killer vectors were the destructive effects of f irearms and, to a lesser extent, death was brought by terrifying actions utilising combat gases and biological agents. During the Cold War, the great military powers of the world continued their efforts to produce, develop, and store biological means meant to secure their victory in future wars. As a result, the spectrum of biological threats had to be reduced, and relaxation measures were taken. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Biological Weapons and Toxins and on their Destruction, a document signed in 1972, has the undeniable merit in this respect. However, it must be acknowledged that this Convention was not the first step taken. Previously, in 1925, the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous and Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare was signed. Although the effectiveness of this Protocol was low, the importance of such initial agreement is huge, as it opened the road to biological disarmament, and to increasing trust among nations. Arguably, following the severe Covid 19 pandemic, the 1972 Convention needs measures, policies, and actions to substantiate the desire of powerful states to gradually and totally eliminate biological arsenals worldwide.

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