Adaptarea structurii Armatei Române la cerințele prezentului și ale viitorului apropiat

Author(s): Miklos Andras Lovasz / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: II/2008

The author clearly states that the present geopolitical and geo-strategic situation is different if compared with realities of past decades. The basic idea is that Romanian Armed Forces Might adopt and implement a new concept - that of Expeditionary Force. Such a change – when and if accepted – might generate important consequences, including the need to re-organize the Romanian armed forces, but it might also generate better chances for the Romanian military structures to accomplish basic goals: to fight, whenever necessary, mainly on distant theaters, traditional military operations, but also to be able to contribute in an effective way to peace-keeping and nation-building missions. The author also describes and evaluates the present structure of the Romanian armed forces and a potential future on, based on the concept of Expeditionary Force and on national tradition.

Afganistan w polityce zagranicznej prezydenta USA Ronalda Reagana w latach 1981–1989

Author(s): Piotr Daniel Markowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

The article presents issues related to motives, methods of Ronald Reagan’s foreign policytowards Afghanistan. The U.S. President Ronald Reagan administration granted millionsof dollars of aid, largely in the form of weapons and military training, to famous guerrillasin Afghanistan, known as the mujahadeen. Their enemy was the Soviet Army, which was aninstrument of foreign policy of the USSR.

Afghanistan: Mission impossible?

Author(s): François Heisbourg ,Julian Lindley-French,Andrei Zagorski,Peter Bergen,Hekmat Karzai,Ismael Khan / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Chairman’s Summing-up (by François Heisbourg) | ‘Afghanistan-lite’: The Crunch (by Julian Lindley-French) | Lessons from Soviet Experiences of Socialist Modernisation in Afghanistan (1978–89) (by Andrei Zagorski) | Afghanistan 2007: Problems, Opportunities and Possible Solutions (by Peter Bergen) | Strategic and Operational Measures to Curb the Growing Threat of Suicide Terrorism in Afghanistan (by Hekmat Karzai) | Afghanistan: Mission impossible? The Pakistani Perspective (by Ismail Khan)

AFRICA’S REGIONAL APPROACH TO CONFLICT PREVENTION, SECURITY MANAGEMENT: „ECOWAS VISION 2020 – PEACE”, HUMAN RIGHT AND SECURITY

Author(s): Andrews Ayambire / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

This paper reviews the role of ECOWAS in promoting peace, human right and security inWest Africa through the established vision 2020. The function of ECOWAS has always beencreating a peaceful and enabling environment for cooperation and regional integration as a toolto enhanced development of the West African economy. Regional integration remains the mostviable and appropriate tool for achieving and accelerating peace, human right and securityamong West African countries. With regard to the above function, the group in June 2007adopted the transformational vision 2020 focused on the free movement of the population,greater access to efficient education and health, engaging in economic activities, raising thestandard of living. This paper examines ECOWAS quest for peace, human right and stabilityon the continent within the conventional vision 2020. It highlights areas that require review tomake peace and security more effective.

AIR DEFENCE RESPONSE IN THE LAND FORCES PERATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TECHNICAL UPGRADE OF GIS IN THE MODERN BATTLE SPACE

Author(s): Daniel Roman / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

The complexity of the contemporary operational environment specific to military actions is one of the major challenges of the decision-making factor. This fact is mainly determined by the mutations that occur in the field of military technologies with direct implications on the multidimensionality of the modern battlefield. In this context, the aerial area of responsibility corresponding to an area of operations represents the acting dimension of the missile and antiaircraft artillery structures of the land forces. Due to the speed, range and capabilities of the modern aircraft’s munitions, air defence response in the land forces operations is on the list of priorities for solving the issue of air threat and aggression. The solution of such a problem consists in the joint approach of four courses of action: knowing the air defence artillery and missiles equipment, preparing and executing air defence fire, planning and applying the specialized tactics and general tactics elements. In this article we shall mainly refer to the issues related to the two dimensions of the air defence response: the operational environment and the air operational framework, in the context of GIS (Geographical Information Systems). The physical peculiarities of the land and aerial area of responsibility are directly conditioned by the technical and tactical capabilities of the aircraft, which implies a series of conceptual transformations based on the technical upgrading of the modern battle space.

Ajateenijatest Juhtide Hoiakute Kujundamine

Author(s): Marko Pungar / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 19/2014

The role of small-unit leaders has now become more important than ever. The Estonian Defense Force is a reserve army which educates its squad and platoon commanders through conscription. To achieve better results the Estonian Defense Forces need commanders who possess not only the required knowledge and skills, but also the right attitudes that enable them to complete tasks in a combat situation. If attention is not paid to the attitudes of the commanders during conscription, then the risk arises that they will not respond to call-outs for mobilization or reservist training. And even if they do turn up, there is also the possibility that they will be unable to promptly fulfill their tasks according to their positions. The aim of the present article is to examine how the attitudes of conscript leaders are shaped, and whether they can be shaped. To this end, the author raised four research questions: 1) In which direction and in what way should the attitudes of the conscript leaders be shaped? 2) Are the attitudes of conscript leaders refl ected in the regulations? If yes, how? 3) How are leadership qualities understood and valued? 4) How are the attitudes of concript leaders shaped in practice?

Akdeniz’de Meçhul Denizaltı Saldırıları ve Nyon Konferansı (1937)

Author(s): Tugba Belenli / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 24/2019

Towards to World War II, unidentified submarines, ships and planes attacked the merchant ships in the Mediterranean. These attacks, which were the reflection of the Spanish Civil War on the international arena, were disturbed by all the states that were neighboring the Mediterranean or that had ships in this sea in May-September 1937. The Nyon Conference, led by Britain and France, was gathered to end these attacks and the attacks ended immediately after the conference. In this study, the ships that were attacked by unidentified submarines in the Mediterranean, the debates about the state who performed these attacks, the Nyon Conference and the status of the Republic of Turkey in this process are discussed.

Aktivní záloha České republiky

Současnost a perspektivy

Author(s): Tomáš Hruška / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

This text sets its aim in analyzing the current state of active reserve in the Czech republic. The function, current state along with future plans as envisioned in the Concept of Active Reserve from 2012 and relevant public anouncements of certain military and ministry officials will be described first. The ammendment to the conscription act will be briefly introduced along with its effects on the function of Active Reserve, its perspectives and on the requirements on the recruits. Then the possible issues that may arise during the implementation of reforms will be analyzed. These lay mainly in the personal level and training. Several possible solutions for these issues will be put forward.

AKTUALNE KONFLIKTY NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE I ICH WPŁYW NA SYTUACJĘ W EUROPIE

Author(s): Piotr L. Wilczynski,Viktor Verba,Anton Fogaš / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 17/2016

The Middle East is a region that significantly affects world events. A relatively hopeful period in the form of revolutionary wave of the Arab Spring, from North Africa to Gulf countries has been “drowned” in a return to “business as usual”. The political situation has escalated to the extent possible in many countries of the region and has grown up into open military conflicts and terrorist activities of individuals or smaller groups. A number of hotbeds of tension is present in the region now - Syria, Iraq, Palestine and Afghanistan in a broader context. The most complicated situation is on the border between Syria and Iraq, where followers of radical Islamist terrorist organization of Islamic State has created a state of the same name on its conquered territories. Events that take place in this space greatly affect not only immediate contact regions of Europe but also more distant areas. Central Europe and Slovakia is no exception. “Export” of Islamic fundamentalism in Europe and extension of activities of Islamic state in the form of terrorist attacks and the recruitment of volunteers left no doubt that Europe and the world are facing very tough opponent. Conflicts taking place in this region have an impact on Europe in the secondary form too. Tens of thousands of migrants who come mainly from Syria and Iraq are trying to leave their homes due to military events and persecution and to save their lives by fleeing and a subsequent immigration in the developed countries of Central and Western Europe. This rampant process has caused conflicts within the EU and “stripped” different positions of individual countries diametrically.

Ali je bila II. Celjska četa?

Author(s): Stane Tercak / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/1957

На основании сообшения жандармской станции Шторе (1. 10. 1941), заявления Хер-мины Сеничар и Альберта Церковника на суде в 1946 г. автор доказывает, что II цельский отряд формально уже существовал, но что он был предан врагу раньше, чем он смог связаться с II штайерским батальоном в Добровльях.

AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA –PROFILE, HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS

Author(s): Alexandru Stoica / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

AQAP, whose original purpose was to overthrow the Saudi monarchy,resulted from the merger with Yemen's Al-Qaeda, in 2009, whose stability was well anchored at national level. Since that period, which corresponds to the weakening of Al-Qaeda's terrorist projects in Pakistan, AQAP has seen an increase in its power and influence. The ability to organize international attacks, to capture Yemeni cities and regions through local groups, or to train foreign fighters, the South-Arab branch of the Al-Qaeda network gets an aura among terrorist organizations at a time when there is an increasing lack of certainty regarding the future of the parent organization.

Alternative Military Keynesianism as a Tool of Civil-Military Cooperation in the Framework of the EU Defence Policy

Author(s): Šavrina Baiba,Tiltinš Alekss / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

During the last year the security threads to the European Union have increased dramatically under the influence of military crisis in eastern Ukraine and Islamic terrorist activities in Europe. Consequently the demand for defence in the member states of the European Union has become greater than in previous years. This situation leads to the dilemma when the high level of defence expenditure can hamper the financial support of other sectors of national economy. Therefore it is necessary to increase the efficiency of available financial resources that have been allocated for the defence without a significant increase in defence expenditure. In order to achieve this efficiency the concept of closer cooperation between military and civil sector can be the base for complex defence support measures the use the potential of national economy.

Alternativní změny výstrojních náležitostí

Author(s): Michal Zelenák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2013

The article presents some prospective variants of accoutrements supply for professional soldiers. The system might operate like that: the soldiers will receive cash money to buy equipment, outfits, even clothing by themselves, in civilian outfit distribution network. There are three possible variants in question, first equivalent items, identical with military categories of components, second sports items, and third field outfits that do not affect the functionality of uniform, its completeness, as well as external appearance.

Ambivalentiška karininko profesinė tapatybė

Author(s): Paulius Balsys / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2019

After the Second World War, Western European societies had seen some changes in cultural values associated with liberalization, individualism, and hedonism. Value change in society becomes more and more relevant because it means the decreasing level of traditionalism and individual commitment to the group whereas self-realization becomes more and more relevant. After the war, the peace time was established and as a result the importance of modern state armies started to diminish. Nowadays modern armies are affected by organizational changes and adapt the characteristics of civilian organizations. According to some authors, in postindustrial society the professional identity of a military officer is similar to the one of a manager or an ordinary bureaucrat. For a long time, the profession of a military officer was associated with heroism, idealism, honor and prestige. The officers’ corps was regarded as a military elite manifesting leadership and high standards of a military ethics. These values remain relevant in the normative documents of armies. As an army representative, military officer is also a member of a civil society. Therefore, a military officer faces the challenge of having to adapt to culturally different values of both modern society and traditional military. His professional identity has to combine culturally diverse landmarks of both society and the army. Ambivalent values determine the conflict of different values in officer’s professional identity. The conducted research demonstrates that ambivalence points to the military officers’ dissatisfaction with self-realization in military service, horizontal relationships with subordinates and compatibility of family and service time.

American and Chinese perceptions and calculations regarding the North Korea’s nuclear and missile crisis

Author(s): ?erban Filip Cioculescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2018

There is a worldwide strong preoccupation with the scenario of a regional East-Asian war starting with a military confrontation between North Korea and USA. Washington has been the main adversary of DPRK since the beginning of the communist republic and the recent evolution in the peninsula, especially the frequent military exercises involving log-range missiles and nuclear loads tested by Pyongyang in spite of US’, South Korea’s and Japan’s protests and UN resolutions, could eventually produce a war if the USA decides to use a pre-emptive strike against DPRK. People’s Republic of China is the main political and economic backer of DPRK but Beijing agreed to contribute to US-led sanctions regime against most of Northern goods in order to make Northern leader Kim Jong Un comply with UN resolutions. It seems almost sure that at the end of May/beginning of June 2018 a presidential summit between USA and DPRK will be held, and this could be a great chance for peace and confidence-building, for a gradual disarmement. China must support this trend and discourage Kim to try to do another military provocative steps.

American-Romanian Relations and the Consolidation and Enlargement of NATO

Author(s): Eliza Rodica Gheorghe / Language(s): English / Issue: I/2008

Amerika kao imperij

Author(s): Božo Kovacevic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 01/2016

Discussions on American Great Strategy and position of America in the contemporary world take place mostly within the general confrontation between neo-conservatism and liberal internationalism. In this article I present positions of the authors who are discussing the same topics, but are not opting for any of the two dominant conceptions. Those who think that America should not become an empire consider, like those who think that America already is an empire, that unilateralism and preoccupation only with the exercise of selfinterest are dangerous. Instead of convincing itself and the world that numerous American interventions are the results of its altruism and good intentions, America needs to accept the fact that it is an empire and needs to face the price of its maintenance.

AMERİKA’NIN ARAP BAHARI SIRASINDA SURİYE’DE Kİ ÇEVRELEME POLİTİKASINI KIRMAK İÇİN RUSYA VE ÇİN ELELE VERDİLER

Author(s): Hanefi Yazici / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2015

Russian and Chinese leaders fear that the Western-backed revolts against the authoritarian governments of the Middle East might encourage similar resistance among their own people. Particularly, Russia and China worry about any military intervention of the Western countries in Syria although there has been no preparation for a military intervention and the USA has not decided on a military operation. Nevertheless, both Russia and China emphasize such a probability, alleging that Syria is to be a second Libya as result thereof. In this context, they have drawn two lessons from the military intervention in Libya: that the political transformation took an early start brought along chaos and calamity. In fact, the armed military interventions of the West in the Middle East have only induced destructive consequences.

Amerikas beste Freunde in Europa

Die USA von Ostmitteleuropa aus gesehen

Author(s): Jacques Rupnik / Language(s): German / Issue: 27/2004

Am Vorabend seiner seit langem angekündigten Vereinigung ging ein tiefer Riss durch Europa, ein Riss, der seinen Grund weniger in der Frage des Engagements im Irak selbst als vielmehr in .der Einschätzung und im politischen Handeln der Länder Europas gegenüber der Supermacht USA hatte. Die transatlantische Entzweiung wurde zugleich eine der europäischen Länder untereinander, wobei jene Mittel- und Osteuropas mit ihrer Anerkennung der amerikanischen Führungsrolle ausschlaggebend waren. Der auf Initiative Englands und Spaniens verfasste Offene Brief mit der Überschrift »United We Stand«!, den die Regierungen Polens, Ungarns und der Tschechischen Republik mitunterzeichneten, brachte diese Spaltung symbolisch zum Ausdruck. Er hob ab auf die »transatlantischen Bande als Garant unserer Freiheit«. Auf ihn folgte am 5. Februar der Offene Brief der »Zehn von Vilnius«, in dem Länder von Albanien bis Estland ihre Bereitschaft erklärten, sich einer internationalen Koalition zur Entwaffnung des Irak anzuschließen.

Amerykańska Gwardia Narodowa jako służba cywilno-militarna

Author(s): Aleksandra Gruszczyk,Jaroslaw Rokicki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

This article is aimed at the presentation of the origins, structure and functions, as well as the dynamics of the United States National Guard as an element of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces, a vital part of the country’s military system on all levels: federal, state and local. The National Guard’s identity can be traced back to the traditions of the colonial militia, i.e. locally organized armed units of colonists, established in the first thirteen colonies prior to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence to keep peace within the settlements and to protect them from the outside threats. The dual character of the National Guard stems from two opposite processes: the grassroots initiative of the citizens and the controlling urges of the federal government. The dual, state-federal nature of the National Guard is a consequence of the 1933 National Guard Mobilization Act which introduced the rule of double belonging: the soldiers financed from federal funds were to be signed up both on the National Guard lists of a given state as well as the lists of the United States National Guard. The dual nature of the National Guard is apparent in its functions and actions, in the competence disputes, social opinions and the various political modes of use, not always condoned by the nation’s majority. It also affects the National Guard members’ identity as well as the evolution of the formation’s social status, dependent on the perception of the ever-changingidea of patriotism.