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THE BINARY LANGUAGE AND THE DIGITAL WAR OF THE SOCIAL – PREMISES AND PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Dumitru Iacob,Stefan Stanciugelu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The force of digitization comes, as we know very well, from binary language. Digital technologies and communications only work in binary language. The basic simplicity of the binary language generates the expansion of the digital world. May be this digital expansion is the result of a high compatibility of the ”1” and ”0” logic to the way our Mind was designed thousands of years ago to look for reducing complexity to its simplest variables like” Fight or flight” situations. The digital logic can influence the other languages of human culture and socio-political interaction. Bivalent logic, specific to binary language, may so become tempting in highly complex socio-political and cultural situations, hard to reduce and judge in binary languages.The binary language, used exhaustively and without discernment, generates, in a fatal way, a judgment and a bi-polar world with a huge disjunctive potential. ”I/We” vs. ”The Other/s” becomes an absolute reference in designing and operating public policies. Here, in this conflicting referential, are rooted phenomena seemingly surprising in today's world: EXITs, as a reaction to defending the globalized pressure of the digital world; populisms and nationalisms;” fake news” phenomenon - whose source or consumer social character is always” The Other/s”. It could be a new species of war – let us call it” The digital war of the Social”.

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ROMANIAN MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY

Author(s): Auraș Liviu COMAN,Ioan Crăciun / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The tendency to diversify global security actors is also accompanied by the growing importance of non-state security actors, including international security organizations, non-governmental organizations, various humanitarian, environmental and transnational groups (mass-media, ethnic-religious, scientific, terrorist, organized crime movements, etc.), which can increasingly influence the decisions of national governments, or the configuration of the regional or global security architecture.

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RESPONSIBILITIES ON BOARD THE E-3A

Author(s): Mihai Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the early 1970s, various NATO studies indicated that an airborne early warning (AEW) system would greatly enhance the Alliance’s existing airspace defense system. Around 20 multinational crews from 15 of the 29 NATO member nations are assigned to the E-3A Component’s two operational squadrons. The E-3A Component has a multinational workforce of around 1,400 military and civilian personnel. Each airborne crewmember has important responsibilities on board and the E-3A can not execute its missions properly without them.

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SHORT HISTORY REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF WORLDWIDEEARLY WARNING AIRCRAFT

Author(s): Mihai Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At strategic level, early warning and prevention of terrorist situations is a very important issue both for the states and for the interests of international organizations. Conflict prevention and crisis management are major concerns at the NATO level, particularly in the context of the current security environment marked by deep and surprising changes at geopolitical and geostrategic level. More and more states, air forces and many others develop or purchase AEW&C systems. Countries such as the U.S.A., Russia and China, which are powerful air forces, as well as countries that are smaller in size or have less powerful air forces, such as Sweden, Italy, Israel, Mexico, etc. operate these extremely important systems.

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VIABILITY OF THE MEASURES TAKEN BY NATO TO ENSURE ROMANIA'S SECURITY

Author(s): George-Bogdan Croitoru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In a cooperative security perspective, the security of one state is viewed as intrinsically linked to, and dependent on, the security of others. This interdependence of security thus motivates states to utilize multilateral forums, including formal institutions, to make cooperation easier. NATO has demonstrated a capacity to function along these lines in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Irak, and Afghanistan.

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IRAN’S POLICY TOWARDS IRAQ AND SYRIA – IDEOLOGY OR STRATEGY?

Author(s): Octavian Biclineru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The US intervention in Iraq (2003), the Arab Spring (2010) and the international actions taken against DAESH (2014) enabled Iran to strengthen its influence in the Middle East. Iran’s actions constantly spread fear among the Sunni Arab leaders, Israel and the US, because they have the power to influence governments in countries as Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. Iran’s influence over these governments would make it the ultimate leader in the region.The Iranian expansion has been called by many names – ”the Shiite crescent”, ”the Shiite full moon”, ”the Shiite belt”, ”the Shiite arch” ”the Shiite corridor” or ”the Shiite land corridor”. As far as the Shiite geopolitical area is concerned, it includes the Shiites in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, although one can find shiites in Afghanistan, Azerbaidjan, Pakistan and Turkey as well. Although the Shiite presence is viewed with both mistrust and conviction, it can be in fact a recurrent cliche present in political speeches, the press, in geopolitical debates, and among geopolitical analysts.

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GEORGIAN ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT AS A SUBJECT OF CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE USA AND RUSSIA

Author(s): Ekaterine Lomia,Loid Karchava / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Since 2009 Russia has increased its military forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia and pursued the policy of ‘creeping annexation in the occupied territories of Georgia. Today, 20% of Georgian territories are occupied by the Russian Federation. The Russian-baked separatists continuously erect barbed-wire border posts in one of the occupied regions of Georgia-South Ossetia and detain Georgian people, under the pretext of ‘illegally crossing the border’. Fundamental rights of the local population are violated daily since the occupants install barbers through people’s houses, gardens, and cultivated lands. Innocent citizens are forced to leave their homes, belongings, and cultivated lands that are left beyond the occupants’ demarcation line. The paper argues that along with other global challenges of the world, the USA-Russia clashes of interests are also found with the Georgian conflicts. While Washington hugely supports Georgia’s territorial integrity and welcomes its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, the Russian Federation, on the contrary, prevents the aforementioned process and directly opposes Georgia’s integration into NATO. The USA condemns Russia’s creeping annexation of Georgian territories and continuously calls on Russia to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of an independent country. Furthermore, the USA-Russia relations have considerably deteriorated following Russia’s military intervention in Georgia and the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states.

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INDIA@75: ASSESSING INDIA’S USE OF SOFT POWER AS A FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENT

Author(s): Mohammad Reyaz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The term soft power has become a catch-all-phrase for public and cultural diplomacy since Joseph Nye introduced it in 1990. India has had several historical and cultural advantages regarding its influence in foreign countries. While India and Indians enjoyed goodwill in most countries, the sudden interests in India among the policymakers, businesses, and politicians were mainly after the 1992 economic liberalization that had opened the Indian markets to foreign investments. Besides the nation-branding exercises globally, New Delhi employed soft power instruments in countries it deemed to have more significant interests, from traditional allies like Bhutan and Afghanistan to the countries in the West in the last three decades. Nevertheless, how successful has India been in exploiting its cultural linkages and using its soft power in its branding? This question becomes pertinent as, in recent years, India has often received negative press coverage in international media, and on several freedom/democratic indices, its rankings have gone down. As India celebrates 75 years of independence as Azadi ka Mahotsav (a grand celebration of independence), this paper assesses the scope of its soft power as a foreign policy instrument, points out its shortcomings, and recommends the possibilities.

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THE EXPLOSIVE UKRAINIAN MIGRATION DUE TO THE RUSSIAN ARMED CONFLICT IN 2022: THE CASE OF BULGARIA

Author(s): Rossen Koroutchev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In this work, we have studied the evolution of the Ukrainian refugee crisis in Europe during the first several months after the beginning of the armed conflict on 24 February 2022. We have also talked about the influx of Ukrainians into Bulgaria, where there has reportedly been the biggest wave of refugees in recorded history. By using official statistics and structured interviews with Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria, we have analyzed the specific evolution of the immigrants, their profile, and the governmental policies for better integration of them into the labor market and within the society. Our key arguments are mainly related to the fact that such policies must be successful for most Ukrainian immigrants and refugees due to the similarities between Ukraine and Bulgaria regarding traditions, education, and historical ties. Our conclusion confirms these arguments but also mentions several problems related to the low wages, the limited childcare, and the heavy bureaucracy.

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OPEN BALKAN INITIATIVE: A CONTESTED ISSUE IN THE EU MEMBERSHIP PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Elton Tota,Gjon Culaj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The Open Balkan is the latest regional initiative in the Western Balkans (WB), firstly named as Mini-Schengen and then changed to Open Balkan Initiative (OBI), which aims to increase the regional economic cooperation among the WBs by going beyond the mere objective of creating a Common Regional Market (CRM). This paper using an analytical approach, taking into account data and information, has identified and highlighted the openly declared objectives of the OBI while comparing it with the previous Berlin Process. Also, the paper has shown that the disputes among the WB countries most inherited from the unresolved issues of the past are still present and hinder the progress towards a common future and EU membership perspective. The reactions to the OBI proved that even the creation of mere economic cooperation is hardly achieved in the case of other existing unresolved issues of the past and continues to remain open. This paper has highlighted the existence of mistrust among the WBs, the importance of increasing regional cooperation, and the role that the EU should inevitably play. The paper has concluded that to achieve the targets defined in the OBI, the WBs should enhance regional cooperation and overcome the challenges they have been facing.

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE DECOMMUNIZATION POLICY ON THE FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

Author(s): Oleh Poshedin,Kateryna Kashchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article examined the impact of the decommunization policy in Ukraine on national identity formation. The objectives of the article were to determine the main reasons and consequences of decommunization in Ukraine. A historical approach to determine the causes of decommunization and justify its necessity is applied in the article. Sociological studies and expert opinions on decommunization are analyzed. Based on synthesis, analogy, and abstraction methods, the elaborated material is summarised, and the article’s conclusions are formulated. As a result, the conclusion has been drawn that decommunization could not contribute to the formation of national identity in Ukraine. The outcomes of decommunization had a positive effect only in combination with other efforts (educational process, dialogue with society, language policy). However, given Ukraine’s regional characteristics, it took time to unite the population around a shared historical memory, common symbols, and traditions. The policy of decommunization primarily contributed to the strengthening of regional identity. Moreover, improving the material well-being of Ukrainians and creating favorable conditions for living and working in Ukraine will unite the residents of all regions of Ukraine. These actions will significantly enhance the effect of decommunization in forming national identity.

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RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL ORDER AND US INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR CHINA’S BRI?

Author(s): M Jashim Uddin,Raymond Kwun-Sun Lau / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The third decade of the 21st century has witnessed more tensions, instabilities, and new alliances in the Indo-Pacific/Asia-Pacific region due to intensifying rivalry and strategic competition between the US Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), two grand strategies of the US and China respectively. This article aims to assess the Rules-Based International Order (RBIO) and comprehend Biden’s IPS, particularly exploring how the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) may impact China’s BRI. This paper argues that RBIO is debatable and not universal. It is also argued that while the IPEF unveiled by President Biden represents a strategically important step forward, a long-term US genuine commitment to its implementation to counter China’s BRI is essential. The methodology of this research is primarily based on secondary literature and official documents. This study concludes that although China is reluctant to pay too much attention to the US IPEF in its official statements, China is concerned about this economic initiative. The paper also concludes that because of the intense US-China rivalry, new alliances will emerge in the region leading to a new cold war or new world order.

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THE IMPACT OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY ON THAILAND’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE

Author(s): Sanyarat Meesuwan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This study uses the theory of collective memory in international politics to examine the connection between collective memory and foreign policy to investigate why the Belt and Road Initiative has witnessed slow progress in Thailand. Qualitative data were gathered from various sources, including books, newspapers, journals, policy documents, and textbooks. The study concludes that cooperation between states is essential for achieving shared objectives but is contingent upon establishing mutual trust. Collective memories that one country maintains concerning another country can influence mutual understanding and trust, becoming ingrained even if the situation responsible for the memories changes or no longer exists. In the case of Thailand and China, the Thai government’s push for the high-speed rail project faced criticism and concerns due to the public’s deep-seated fears and distrust of China, the result of historical events and past experiences. This paper’s findings highlight the state’s role in creating collective memory and otherness, recognizing that external variables such as major power activities play a significant role.

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THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT ON ARMENIA’S FOREIGN TRADE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Diana Galoyan,Diana Matevosyan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article aimed to provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on Armenia’s foreign trade. The research problem was to analyze how the conflict influenced Armenia’s export and import patterns regarding geographical directions and product structure. The objectives were to examine the changes in trade turnover and identify shifts in geographical trade directions and trade structure. The study employed various statistical analysis tools, including dynamic series indicators, structural analysis, time series modeling, trend and moving average approximation, and extrapolation. Through these methods, the study evaluated the effects of the conflict on Armenia’s foreign trade. The key results indicated a positive impact of the conflict on trade turnover, with increased trade activity in various geographical directions. Export diversification was also observed as a result of the conflict. Notably, re-export played a significant role in the unprecedented growth of Armenia’s trade turnover during this period. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict had a discernible influence on Armenia’s foreign trade, leading to changes in trade patterns and increased trade activity. The study highlights the importance of the re-exports role in analyzing trade dynamics.

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Категорията „смесен брак“ и държавната администрация в контекст на етническо прочистване: немците в България в края на Втората световна война

Author(s): Lyubomira Valcheva-Nundloll / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

The German population living in the Eastern European territories reached by the Red Army in 1944 was subjected to systematic cleansing. In Bulgaria, this process took place within an institutional framework and generated a substantial dialogue between the Soviet Control Commission, the Bulgarian State, and its German inhabitants. The study of this administrative dialogue reveals movements in the categorical repertoire created on institutional level in order to identify potential foreign enemies. Belonging of the so-called Germans to the national community was assessed through their religious, historical, social, or family affiliations. The heterogeneity of this population grouped from above reveals a strong social reality: the anti-German measures mainly affected individuals from mixed families, legally or ethnically related to the German world. This mixity appears to have been a problematic attribute for the ongoing administrative classification. The specificity of the category of intermarriage and its function multiplied the facets of this population and encompassed through the family institution the existing perceptions of what was an ‘enemy’ or a ‘friend’ of the new order. The classification of undesirable persons from mixed families generated unequal relations with the state, between locals and foreigners, between citizens and non-citizens, but also between women and men. By looking at the diversity of the studied group through the lens of identity representation analysis numerous questions related to the aspects of the complex social reality of the Bulgarian population at the end of World War II arise.

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METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING A SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Oleh Borovyk,Dmytro Kupriienko,Artem Bratko,Anatolii Mysyk,Oleksandr Andrushko,Serhii Burbela / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The research conducted in this article is a substantiation of the method for strategic management of the development of the Ukrainian border security environment. The essence of the method is to determine the phases for the current state and the projected period for particular sectors of the state border, depending on their inherent characteristics, further selecting the concept of border security on this basis, establishing the type of barriers and criteria for ensuring border security that are appropriate for use. Further application of the methodology involves conducting a SWOT analysis for particular sectors of the state border, which identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment, opportunities and threats inherent in the external environment, and the formation of possible strategies for ensuring border security in three variants of organizing activities (in the conditions of day-to-day activities, a complication of the situation and martial law). Based on the results of the analysis and the illustrative example, it can be concluded that the proposed method for strategic management of the development of Ukraine’s border security environment is one of the possible effective mechanisms in the activities of the subjects ensuring Ukraine’s border security.

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Military Recruiting: Determining Minority Representation Across Air Force Occupational Specialties

Author(s): Reuben Rodriguez,Diana Garza,Adam Guerrero / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The United States Air Force aims to inspire, engage, and recruit the next generation of Airmen with an annual goal of over 30,000 recruits across 130 career fields. The Air Force Recruiting Service and its recruiters stationed around the globe are tasked with recruiting, screening, and placing applicants into their assigned Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSC) or occupational specialties. As the military services experience challenges in recruiting, it is crucial to recruit and retain personnel in essential roles within the service. Career placement and career progression are important factors regarding recruiting and retention goals. This study examines applicant data to include race, gender, and occupational specialty information from fiscal year 2019 and outlines applicants that were recruited and successfully sent to basic military training. This study aims to evaluate occupational specialties for applicants across South Texas and Eastern Louisiana and determine if minority groups are equally represented in their Air Force career field allocations. The study addresses gaps in the literature by focusing on a segmented portion of the United States and outlining minority representation in Air Force Specialties. Gaining a better understanding of demographic in recruiting can provide an avenue to reallocate resources to meet accessions objectives.

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Блог адаптацията на рускоговорещите жени имигрантки в България: специфики на процеса, онлайн поведението и идентичността

Author(s): Mina Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The article proposes to refine the periodisation of Russian and Russian-speaking immigration in Bulgaria. It examines the necessary context, describing changes in motivations and identity projects of these groups from (relatively) 2013 to 2023. The text outlines the specific tool - the blog, reinvented in a modern context – the text highlights the differences between it within the visual platform Instagram and its classical visual version. Thus, some of the main features of Russian-speaking users’ own online representations are brought to the fore through the implicit and (counterintuitively) explicit discourses of Russian-speaking users. They focus the analysis on their identifications and the specifics of adaptation and its dynamics, maintaining a sense of community but also accumulating social capital that directly reflects their plans and strategies for the present and future.

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NATO od sigurnosnog saveza do savremenih Izazova

Author(s): Bisera Turković / Language(s): Bosnian

Activities of Bosnia and Herzegovina related to Euro-Atlantic security structures, with the ultimate goal of institutionalizing relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, officially began in 2001 with the expression of the intention of the highest officials of our country to join this organization and activities primarily aimed at the inclusion of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the NATO Partnership for Peace program. This publication presents NATO and its policy in partner countries in order to offer the interested audience more detailed information about NATO with the aim of faster and easier integration into this defense structure. One of the motives for publishing this publication is the chronic lack of information on this matter available in the languages of the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Kragujevac as a case study: co-operation in the defence economy between Serbia and NATO

Author(s): Katarina Đokić / Language(s): English

BCSP researcher Katarina Djokic analyzes the possible benefits for Serbia from international cooperation in the field of defense economy on the case of demilitarization of surplus weapons and improvement of the capacities of the Technical Repair Institute Kragujevac. This paper analyses the potential benefits for Serbia of co-operation with NATO in the field of defence economy. Although the Republic of Serbia has formally envisaged a series of mechanisms for co-operation with NATO in this area, practical co-operation is currently limited. One of the most tangible forms of co-operation is the use of funding from the Trust Fund for the Demilitarization of Surplus Ammunition to improve the capacities of the Kragujevac Technical Overhaul Facility (TRZ). This project is therefore taken as a case study.

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