Съдебните документи и GDPR

Author(s): Stanislav Stanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Referral to the court for the purposes of seeking protection of violated rights and/or for criminal prosecution for a committed crime involves producing of a significant number of documents. In order to individualize the participants (including the parties), it is necessary to indicate personal data, which are not limited to names. The organization of court proceedings includes the personal delivery of these documents in paper form by a court official (or municipal administration official) to the person to whom they relate or (if he cannot be found) to members of their household. In this way, the personal data found in these documents can be disclosed to a wide range of persons. Which is a prerequisite for abuse. This necessitates a change in the organization.

Търговскоправни аспекти на правата на работниците и служителите

Author(s): Larisa Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Abstract: The rights of workers and employees, which are realized outside the usual employment relations in the provision of labor power, are regulated by the current Commercial Law. They arise in cases of complete or partial transfer of ownership of a commercial partnership, participation in the general meeting of partners, transformation of a commercial partnership and in case of bankruptcy. They ensure the protection of the interests of employees and provide guarantees for both the staff and the employer in the process of creating consumer values for customers, financial gains for investors and well-being for society as a whole.

Държавоформиращите елементи: сравнение между конституционноправната и международноправната доктрина

Author(s): Todor Rogoshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Traditionally, constitutional law considers three elements of statehood - territory, population, and government. However, unlike it, international law recognizes at least four, with many authors identifying other necessary state-forming elements. Among them, the most important is the element of „capacity to enter into relations with other states,” recognized in the Montevideo Convention. The current development presents some of these elements and what their place could be in constitutional legal doctrine.

Отговорност на държавата за действия на частните съдебни изпълнители

Author(s): Todor Rogoshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Private enforcement agents by law are private individuals to whom the state entrusts the compulsory enforcement of private claims. But what happens when private judicial enforcement officers abuse these powers or otherwise harm creditors or debtors? This raises many questions, especially concerning the nature of human rights. This paper examines precisely these issues and to what extent the state is responsible for the actions of private judicial enforcement officers.

Правото на достъп до лекарства за хората с редки болести в Европейския съюз

Author(s): Mariya Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Access to medicines is an extremely important element of the inalienable right of every person to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The lack of this element leads to an objective impossibility for individuals to effectively realize their fundamental right to health. Ensuring access to medicines is even more important for people with rare diseases, as in most cases their life and full existence is conditioned by the availability of specific medicinal products. It is for this reason that in 2000 the European Union adopted Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 on orphan drugs, which significantly contributed to improving access to medicinal products for one of the most vulnerable groups in society.

Роля и компетентност на Европейския съюз в областта на редките болести

Author(s): Mariya Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

In the last decade, rare diseases have emerged as one of the serious challenges to health security in the European Union (EU). The specific features of this group of diseases create significant difficulties for the member states, which bear the primary responsibility for organizing and providing health services and medical concerns to their population. In the field of rare diseases, the efforts of the individual member states are insufficient, which is why the activity of the EU plays an essential role in effectively ensuring the health rights of people with rare diseases. However, he has limited competence in the health sphere, which makes it difficult to accept and implement specific activities in the fight against rare diseases.

Законодателна рамка на ЕС за редките болести

Author(s): Mariya Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

In recent decades, the EU has faced a number of serious challenges that put at risk the inalienable health rights of citizens and health security in Europe. Along with the aging of the population, the growing estimate of chronic diseases, serious cross-border health threats, rare diseases are among these challenges. The specific features of this group of diseases lead to significant difficulties in realizing the health rights of patients who suffer from them. Today, the EU and the member states realize that overcoming the problems in the field of rare diseases is possible only by applying a complex approach, including close cooperation between all interested legal entities.

Challenges in the Legal Lаndscape of AI in European Union

Author(s): Dragan Stankovski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into various sectors has delivered new demаnding situationsаnd risksinside the European Union (EU) legal lаndscape. To ensure accountable AI development аnd usage whilst minimizing dangers, several strategies can be adopted within the EU regulation system. Robust Regulation аnd Stаndards where the EU's proposed "AI Act" goals to set up a comprehensive regulatory framework for AI structures, categorizing them via chance stages аnd enforcing strict necessities for excessive-chance programs. This method ensures that AI developers adhere to specific requirements, lowering the threat of harm. Ethical guidelines аnd impact assessments one example: The EU's "Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI" outline key standards, such as transparency, equity, and duty.

Edukacja prawna w szkołach ponadpodstawowych

Author(s): Anna Wilk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 72/2024

The article addresses the issue of legal education in secondary schools, especially in the context ofrecent changes that drastically reduce the legal issues discussed in the core curriculum. The authorpresents the social importance of legal education and the need to raise legal awareness, compares thepast and current scope of law-related content provided in the subjects “Social Knowledge” and “Hi-story and

A Polish Reform of Judiciality: How to Demand and Bury Judicial Accountability

Author(s): Anna Młynarska-Sobaczewska,Jacek Zaleśny / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article explores the outcomes of the judicial reform in Poland after 2015, whichdiminished judicial independence; and it has also been counter-productive interms of the proclaimed need of judicial accountability. The changes made to howjudges are appointed, disciplinary procedure and the management of the courtsare discussed from this perspective, observing the capacity to give an account ofthe power entrusted to judges. The aim of the study is to show that the reformsintroduced under the banner of increasing judicial accountability have made thataccountability synonymous with the judges being held politically dependent,which is quite the opposite of accounting for the power entrusted. The researchmethods used in the text are the dogmatic method and case study

Critique of the Criminalization of Communism Dissemination in Indonesia: A Lesson from Poland

Author(s): Vidya Prahassacitta / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This study discusses the criminalization of a communism dissemination in Indone­sia. The new Penal Code regards this offence as an offence against national secu­rity. Indonesia has a horrible narrative on the communists’ atrocity and their coup attempt in 1965. However, we should reconsider the existence of this offense. This study is a documental study employing a historical legal and a micro­comparative law approaches, comparing this communism dissemination offence in Indonesia with the situation in Poland. The results show that the criminalization should be based on legal protection of the public order and should prove the presence of clear and present danger. Finally, the formulation offences must be strict to protect freedom of expression.

Cybercrime in Slovakia in the Context of European Union Legislation

Author(s): Adrián Vaško,Jaroslav Klátik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

A negative phenomenon in the form of cybercrime has become a society-wide problem addressed not only by national legislators, but also by the structures of the member states of the EU integration group, the member states of the interna-tional organization of European states of the Council of Europe, as well as the mem-ber states of the almost global United Nations. The authors decided work on this paper as in the event of cybercrime it is an extremely serious and actual topic both at the national and European and international level, which must be adequately addressed.

Estetyka jako narzędzie prawne, czyli o oddziaływaniu na adresatów prawa poprzez ostrzeżenie mieszane na wyrobach tytoniowych

Author(s): Adrian Zaorski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The article undertakes a consideration of the aesthetics of law. The aim of thepublication is to extend the research field of this strand by referring to the conceptof everyday aesthetics. In this respect, the issue of health warnings on tobaccopackages is used. After introducing the assumptions of legal aesthetics, an attemptis made to clarify this issue on the basis of previous aesthetic-legal postulates. Thisis followed by an introduction to the main demands of the aesthetics of everydaylife, focusing in particular on Yuriko Saito’s formulation of the aesthetics of everyday life. Finally, the comments made were related once again to the issue of healthwarnings and conclusions were drawn concerning the aesthetics of law. In particular, an extension of the three approaches to the aesthetics of law by Kamil Zeidlerwas postulated, with a fourth approach called ‘aesthetics as a legal tool’.

Can Common Heritage of Mankind Principle be Applied to Marine Genetic Resources

Author(s): Dhiana Puspitawati,Fransiska Susanto,Dwie Imroatus,Rangga Wardana,Airin LIEMANTO / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article aims to analyse whether the common heritage of mankind (CHM) principle can be applied to marine genetic resources (MGRs) found in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). While there are many supports in applying CHM principle over the MGRs, some argues that MGRs are more specific than merely marine biodiversity. As this turns out, agreement under the LOSC on the Conser-vation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) adopts the regime of the common heritage of humankind (CHH) for marine biodiversity found in ABNJ. However, it is argued that such regime requires the certain mechanism of the application of access of benefit sharing (ABS). Thus, it requires further guidelines, especially for states in applying it nationally, in particular relating to the mechanism for access of benefit sharing. Different capacity of states should also be considered in this matter.

Protection of Trade Secrets: Selected Private Law Problems

Author(s): Julia W. Tocicka,Sylwia Gwoździewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Trade secret constitutes one of the most common forms of intellectual property protection, comprising a special category of confidential information of vital impor-tance for achieving competitive advantage, including of economic nature, and the undisturbed operation of an enterprise.It is the purpose of this paper is to specify the European and domestic legal conditions for the protection of trade secrets, the conditions and consequences of violating trade secrets (in the legal environment as of 28 February 2023), and to indi-cate the policy of protecting trade secrets.For the purposes of achieving the presented goal, the thesis is assumed that the subject of protection, which is a trade secret, is consistent with the need to apply in practice the public law solutions adopted in this area, provided that the entrepreneur is able to use the tools available in this area. The implementation of the assumptions will also be possible by verifying the subject of protection in the analysis of selected judgments on various controversial issues and criminal acts in connection with the violation of trade secrets, as well as by verifying the legal tools provided for in the Act of April 16, 1993 on combating unfair competition.

Słowo wstępne redaktora naukowego

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The Supreme Court of the United States under John Marshall and the competence of federal authorities (McCulloch v. Maryland)

Author(s): Edyta Sokalska / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2024

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych w dobie pierwszej fazy amerykańskiego federalizmu dualnego (1789-1865) ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem okresu pod przewodnictwem Johna Marshalla. Szczególny nacisk położono na uprawnienia władz federalnych i władz stanowych oraz ich ograniczenia. Sąd Najwyższy pod przewodnictwem Prezesa Johna Marshalla jasno określił swoją rolę jako interpretatora kwestii konstytucyjnych (Marbury v. Madison). Następnie umacniał on swoją rolę głównego arbitra dzięki sprawie McCulloch v. Maryland, w której poruszono kwestię wyższości władz federalnych nad władzami stanowymi. Sąd Najwyższy przyjął implied powers doctrine zakładając, że wiele uprawnień władz federalnych wynika z elastycznego języka art. I i VI Konstytucji. Sąd pod przewodnictwem Johna Marshalla we wczesnych latach republiki ustanowił dwa standardy, a mianowicie judicial review i silny rząd krajowy.

Zagadnienie przemocy na przykładzie wybranych orzeczeń Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawach przeciwko Polsce

Author(s): Justyna Wawrzecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2024

Przemoc stanowi niepożądane zjawisko będące przedmiotem zainteresowania nauk społecznych, w tym również nauk prawnych, a w pewnych sytuacjach może stanowić naruszenie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności. Przedmiotem badań w niniejszym artykule uczyniono działania lub zaniechania organów państwa powiązane z występowaniem zjawiska przemocy, mogące stanowić naruszenie zobowiązań ciążących na Polsce w zakresie ochrony praw człowieka. Celem artykułu uczyniono natomiast relacje pomiędzy występowaniem przemocy, obowiązkiem przestrzegania przez Państwo zobowiązań międzynarodowych z zakresu praw człowieka a konsekwencjami bierności lub nieprawidłowego stosowania prawa przez państwo, które może przerodzić się w naruszenie zobowiązań wynikających z Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności. W artykule analizie poddano dwa orzeczenia Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, wydane w sprawie P. i S. przeciwko Polsce oraz w sprawie M.C. przeciwko Polsce. W orzeczeniach tych wobec Skarżących – Ofiar przemocy fizycznej, seksualnej oraz psychicznej, organy państwowe dopuściły się wielu naruszeń praw człowieka. Do naruszeń tych należy zaliczyć naruszenie zakazu tortur, naruszenie prawa do prywatności czy też naruszenie zakazu pozbawiania wolności. Z zaprezentowanego opracowania można wywnioskować, iż zjawisko przemocy stanowi przedmiot zainteresowania praw człowieka, a działania lub zaniechania, które można przypisać organom państwowym mogą wpływać na niewykonywanie zobowiązań wynikających z umów międzynarodowych przez Polskę, naruszając tym samym postanowienia Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności. Należy podkreślić, iż wprawdzie zaprezentowane orzeczenia ETPC są orzeczeniami wydanymi dość dawno to zaprezentowane w nich tezy nie straciły na aktualności. Zjawisko przemocy występuje nadal i nadal mamy do czynienia z zaniechaniami lub działaniem organów stanowiącymi naruszenie praw człowieka. Z pewnością pożądane byłoby uchwalenie norm prawnych wyznaczających standardy postępowania w sprawach, w których występuje przemoc tak aby były one zgodne z wiążącymi Państwo umowami międzynarodowymi z zakresu praw człowieka.

Utjecaj članstava u međunarodnim organizacijama na razvoj unutrašnjih i vanjskopolitičkih kapaciteta Bosne i Hercegovine: članstvo u Vijeću Europe

Author(s): Nedžma Džananović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2024

The membership of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the Council of Europe, in a broader theoretical sense, is an example of a somewhat neglected aspect in the relations between states and international organizations — the effect that international memberships, with a company in rights and obligations, have on achieving internal political consensus and building additional state capacities. This is particularly important for small, vulnerable, and highly decentralized states like Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the concept of membership is neither demanding nor exclusive like that of the European Union, BiH waged a fierce diplomatic and political battle for this membership – by fulfilling pre-accession conditions (adopting the Election Law of BiH) and through intensive diplomatic lobbying, along with the obligation to meet a whole series of post-admission conditions. More than two decades of membership have provided examples of building additional state capacities – the imperative for constitutional changes, the upgrading of judicial and diplomatic-bureaucratic infrastructure through the formation of inter-ministerial groups, innovative institutional solutions, introduction of new functions or institutions; projecting one's political values in the context of current problems and issues that the international organization and its membership address, and opening new opportunities for international careers for officials, diplomats, or citizens of BiH.

Investiciona arbitraža: model rješavanja imovinskopravnih sporova na primjeru Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Hrvatske?

Author(s): Larisa Velić,Aida Mulalić,Enis Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2024

Property disputes between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia are a reality that burdens the entirety of international diplomatic relations between two neighboring countries of the same subregion. After the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), numerous issues arose, of which property rights are among the most important. The republics of the former SFRY, as well as natural and legal persons, had their property in the entire territory of Yugoslavia, so it was necessary to adequately protect the existing rights. In this regard, in 2001, the Successor States of the SFRY concluded the Agreement on Succession, in which they agreed on movable and immovable property through seven Annexes. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) started from the view that the comprehensive implementation of the Succession Agreement is the basis of permanent, stable, and friendly relations between the Contracting States and took all that was necessary to return the property claimed by the Successor States. However, the Republic of Croatia did not return the property in the way that Bosnia and Herzegovina did, and the first country started to violate the aforementioned multilateral international agreement. Given that the Agreement on Succession does not offer adequate solutions for the peaceful settlement of international disputes between the Contracting Parties, the paper analyzes the possibility of settlement of said disputes based on investment arbitration, which as a model for the settlement of international disputes is not an instrument used by individuals and legal entities from BiH into a sufficient extent. Equally, in this light, we explore the legal possibilities of the concluded Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investments between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia (bilateral investment treaty) and present the future of investment arbitration from the perspective of the European Union.