Oligarchie: wymienianie, wyliczanie, obliczanie

Author(s): Jacques Derrida / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 17/2010

The following text is the first chapter of Jacques Derrida’s book Politiques de l’amitié [The Politics of Friendship], being the exemplary and standard case of deconstruction, in this particular case, of philosophical texts (Cicero, Plato and, notably, Aristotle). The starting point for the discussion is the performative contradiction inscribed in the wellknown fragment On friendship from Essays by Michel de Montaigne: “O mes amis, il n’y a nul amy” (O my friends, there is no friend). Apparently, everything here is well-known and obvious, even the very notion of friendship, but as we proceed in the argument provided by Derrida, the obvious becomes less obvious to us and takes on new shades and hues in meaning, acquires new values. What is objective mixes in this fascinating argument with what is subjective. What is friendship? What is friendship today? Is friendship limited to just private sphere of interpersonal relations? The answer to the latter question is, according to Derrida, clearly negative. In the course of his argument he states: “There is no democracy without a community of friends”. This argument provides clues to understand a particular archeology of the notion, revealing oblique senses and contexts of the word “friendship”, its history shown from the antiquity to the present day.

Osioł Kyleński

Author(s): Giordano Bruno / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 19/2016

Plótinos műveinek tanulmányozása a reneszánsz Itáliában

Author(s): Monika Frazer-Imregh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2017

This paper sums up the history of Plotinus’s return to philosophical thinking in Western Europe, which started in Italy. The manuscripts of the Enneads arrived from the Byzantine Empire to Vicenza, Venice, Florence, Bologna, and Padova in the first half of the 15th century. Plotinus’s work was spread by the students of the Florentine Manuel Chrysoloras: Giovanni Aurispa, Niccolò Niccoli and others, who built great collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts by ancient authors. The first scholars who lectured on Plotinus were members of the Greek delegation to the Council of Florence (1439): Gemistus Pletho, Basilios Bessarion, and John Argyropulos. They all stayed in, or returned to, Italy, and were teaching in Padova, Florence and Rome. In the second half of the century three good friends, Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, were in the centre of a circle of scholars and poets in Florence who studied Platonic works. Pico suggested to Ficino that he should translate Plotinus’ Enneads; the translation was subsequently published in 1492 and included an extensive commentary. Their students then spread the Latin translation and commentary across Europe.

Podrijetlo vrijednosti: Machiavelli versus Kant (i obratno)

Author(s): Ivan Milenkovic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2016

Već na prvoj stranici svog remek-djela o Nietzscheu Gilles Deleuze ubada Kanta tamo gdje se čini da je ovaj najtvrđi: Kant ≫nije proveo istinsku kritiku, jer problem nije znao postaviti u terminima vrijednosti≪. Drugim riječima, Kant nije postavio pitanje vrijednosti samih vrijednosti.

Podziemny nurt materializmu spotkania

Author(s): Louis Althusser / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 19/2016

The fragment of The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter presented below offers a draft of philosophical trajectory named „Materialism of encounter” or „aleatory materialism”. Its characteristic feature is the focus on contingency of preliminary constellation that organizes the very possibility of an event and its duration. The text takes as its goal the critique of the philosophical tradition that sees in materialism merely a negative of idealism that duplicates its structure and logic. The text starts with an analysis of philosophical consequences of Epicurean atomism and moves towards the discussion of a recurrent theme of void and contingency of the origin appearing in the works of such authors as Machiavelli, Spinoza, Rousseau, Marx or Heidegger. The Underground Current of the Materialism of the Encounter was published posthumously, and is based on materials that were supposed to become a basis of an unfinished book by Louis Althusser. The translation was possible thanks to courtesy of l’Institut Mémoires de l’édition contemporaine (IMEC).

Przedmowa tłumacza

Author(s): Jedrzej K. Brzezinski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 19/2016

Osioł kyleński, wydany w 1585 roku w Londynie, stanowi dodatek zamykający w formie miniatury główne myśli zawarte w innym z dialogów włoskich Giordana Bruna, opublikowanej tamże Cabala del cavallo Pegaseo (Kabały Pegaza). Ten ostatni tekst można natomiast czytać jako dopełnienie poprzedniego dzieła – Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante (Wypędzenia triumfującej bestii) – traktatu moralno-politycznego ujętego w alegorycznej, dramatyzowanej formie (jak twierdzi wielu badaczy, londyńskie wydania tekstów Bruna stanowić miały ważną inspirację dla samego Szekspira), w którym bogowie Panteonu projektują niezbędną reformę konstelacji niebieskich.

PUŁAPKI PRACY NAUKOWEJ – REFLEKSJE METODYCZNE

Author(s): Jacek Szoltysek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

A publishing fashion to create new notions, to define such notions and to classify them without any apparent need, that is being observed nowadays (especially in the context of logistics and transportation), frequently results in generation of unnecessarily complex and inconsistent theories, which leads to numerous misunderstandings. This probably stems from intensive post-PhD efforts that are characterised by some domination of the will to develop a particular scientific domain over common sense. It often proves methodological gaps, that can also be understood to be a non-economic approach to science. The article aims at providing readers with some insights into different traps that may be encountered by individuals who follow the above-mentioned pattern.

Razgovori o Spinozi

Author(s): Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 19/2013

Bejah oduvek duboko poštovao velikog čoveka, ali je moja želja za bližim poznanstvom postala još snažnijom nakon njegovog teološkog spora i čitanja njegove Parabole. Imao sam sreće da je moj Alvil pobudio njegovo interesovanje, te da mi je poslao neke prijateljske pozdrave – isprva preko putnika, a najzad i pismom koje mi je napisao 1779. godine. Odgovorio sam da narednog proleća planiram putovanje koje će me povesti putem Volfenbitela, gde sam žudeo da kroz njega prizivam duhove nekolicine mudraca sa kojima o izvesnim stvarima ne bih mogao da započnem razgovor. [...]

Renesansa i mehanizam stagnacije

Author(s): Shahab Yar Khan / Language(s): English / Issue: 74-75/2017

The present article is an attempt to redefine the meaning of Renaissance in Europe as an artful process of seeing life as a manipulable autonomy through the eyes of those who decided to build their ‘selves’ upon the intellectual ruins of human history. All human cultures and societies go through their renaissances but the level of their impact on human mind and its development depends upon the power of ‹the mechanism of stagnancy›. The stagnancy mechanism should be kept in mind while interpreting the meaning of ‘European Renaissance’, since Renaissance did not happen simultaneously throughout Europe and Europe never existed as one integral cultural unit the stagnancy mechanism gave various participant nations different outlook and varying formative outlines. In England for instance, this stagnancy created havoc in 14th century when the issue of vernacular was raised. By the end of the 16th / beginning of 17th century, in a similar way, Shakespeare’s concept of womanhood as opposed to patriarchal system lead to Shakespeare’s early retirement from London’s theatrical life and later his sudden death. The mechanism of stagnancy remained dominant throughout high renaissance and reflected into, perhaps the greatest crime ever committed against humanity - ‘witchburning’. It is also observed in the article if Renaissance is a logically justified term to describe the movement as a Euro-wide phenomenon or does it have different scale of reception and impact for instance, in Italy and the one happening with lesser intensity in, let’s say, Croatia. Theterm ‘Genessance’ (from ‘genesis’, beginning and ‘ssance’ knowledge) introduced as a parallel movement with distinguished features to describe regions which were not part of the classical age of learning is introduced. Genessance was simply ignored by the historians in their desire to see Renaissance as the only way to observe the phenomenon of redefining identity, self and autonomy in their oversimplified understanding of Europe as ‘European life of 15th and 16th century’. Genessance, however, was not the only thing they bypassed. They also ignored that in a vast territory of East and South East Europe another set of intellectual, social, aesthetic structures prospered under the Ottomans until as late as 1860’s. Primussance (Latin, ‘primus’, first and French ‘ssance’). Primussance regions of Europe were well acquainted with the meaning of primordial wisdom and the masses with more confidence and faith in the sciences and various branches of philosophy as it was all reaching them from a long line of spiritual ancestry that they took pride in were leading a lot more balanced social and intellectual life than anywhere else in Western Europe. Regions like Bosnia and Herzegovina were not in need to have any renaissance, they had their own spiritually mature, socially deep rooted academic system and a highly evolved manner of approaching life and nature as coexisting harmony. This region though encountered its own specific kind of mechanism of stagnancy and remained locked within up to the present day.

Renesansna poetika: Podražavanje i imaginacija

Author(s): Una Popovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 26/2016

Renaissance conception of poetics is discussed in this paper with respect to emphasized importance of imagination and innovation in the process of creation of the work of art. The importance of imagination is directly opposed to the Aristotelian concept of imitation, and its primacy shows the Aristotle’s influence on Renaissance understanding of poetics, as well as its specific character made possible through the rejection of Aristotle. The development of an understanding of imagination as the origin of poetry in this paper is, in addition to the consideration of the concept of imitation, discussed with respect to the question of aesthetic pleasure, and to the issues of truth and morality.

Rozprawa o przypływach i odpływach morza Galileusza

Author(s): Tadeusz Sierotowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 55/2014

The paper presents the first polish translation of Galileo’s letter on tides written in the begining of the year 1616 to cardinal Alessandro Orsini. The text of translation is organized in a new way, and integrated with the index of matters.

Rozważania na temat recepcji Peri heimarmenes Aleksandra z Afrodyzji w filozofii Renesansu

Author(s): Danilo Facca / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 53/2008

This article is dedicated to the reception of Alexander of Aphrodisias’ treatise On fate (Peri heimarmenes) in the 16th and 17th century, as a part of the Renaissance ‘return” to the ancient literature and philosophy. Despite of several editions and Latin translations (and despite the fact that the problem of fate and predestination was largely debated at the epoch), Alexander’s work was generally rejected by representatives of university philosophy as theoretically inadequate. The article refers the case of P. Pomponazzi, G. Cardano and S. Porzio and shows the reasons of their negative attitude towards Alexander’s theories of contingency and „free will”. Nonetheless the On fate lived a second life outside universities and outside peripatetic philosophy, as it had a noteworthy success among the humanists, especially among those who were engaged in - confessional and religious pole mics.

Social Histrionism: a Historical- Materialist Explanation of Theatricality

Author(s): Maja Breznik / Language(s): English / Issue: 08/2015

The article examines theatricality which ‘escaped’ from the theatrical institution: what Octave Mannoni referred to as histrionism, with the focus on collective histrionism. Thorough research into festivals in Early Modern Europe, the ideal place for such an undertaking, has led to several conclusions. 1. The festival is a “formative whole” of the theatre. 2. Festivals were much more than entertaining idleness with no purpose in itself – they figured as an ordal (i.e. God’s verdict) or the enactment of otherwise suppressed social issues which habitually could not be addressed and were to be normalized through “social histrionism”. 3. Contrary to common beliefs, due to works by Bakhtin and Bataille, the study shows that the carnival transgression was an enjoyment for the popular classes as much as it was for the affluent classes, but on a strictly divided basis. 4. The historical examination indicates the progressive evolution of festivals from bloodshed to the culturalization of festivals, although in terms of content the former may display as much class violence as the latter.

Spinoza kao anti-Hobs

Author(s): Maja Solar / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 19/2013

This paper traces several lines by which Spinoza emerges primarily as an anti-Hobbes, in the theoretical-political sense. Crucial lines which proves so are: level of the immanence and transcendence, level of the relationship between affect of fear and freedom, level of relation between individuality and collectivity and, in particular, level which relates concepts of the people and multitude. While Hobbes’s thought demonstrates itself as crucial for ideas of individualism and liberal traditions, Spinoza emerges as a thinker of the collectivity, of multitude, and thus as inspiration for materialistic readings.

Spinozin geometrijski metod

Author(s): Una Popovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 19/2013

In this paper Spinoza’s geometrical method is examined in comparison with methods of Descartes and Euclid, with intention to accentuate the unique character of this method, as it was given with Ethics. Analysis is focused on geometrical method as the method of demonstration; the geometrical method is problematized as the method for cognition and discovery, as well as the method immanent to Spinoza’s philosophy. Finally, analysis accentuates Spinoza’s relationship towards his reader, thus further revealing the meaning of the geometrical method.

Stoicizam i epikureizam u renesansi

Author(s): Ágnes Heller / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 7/2007

Svaka filozofija je jedinstvo pogleda na svet i držanja koje je u skladu sa tim pogledom. Biti filozof znači pre svega dve stvari: stvoriti takvu sliku sveta koja dublje i šire od dotadašnjih rasvetljava objektivne sadržaje svarnosti i, istovremeno, društvenim i etičkim držanjem ostvariti praktične posledice koje proizilaze iz novog pogleda na svet. Što se ličnosti filozofa tiče, ova veza je bezuslovna. Ali, nezavisno od sadržaja određene filozofije, od sadržinskog štastva izrečene stvarnosti zavisi da li će obični ljudi koji je prihvataju morati (ili bi, bar, morali) da u svakodnevnoj praksi primenjuju ono što proizilazi iz njene imanentne sadržine. Tako je, na primer, uobičajena pojava u praksi svesno ili nesvesno karikiranje zahteva ponašanja koji proizilaze iz prihvatanja prevaziđene, slike sveta koja više ne zadovoljava potrebe vremena. [...]

Studia humanitatis i dostojanstvo čoveka

Author(s): Iva Draškic Vicanovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 28/2017

The paper calls for redefinition of the relationship between humanities and science. Author analyzes the concept of studia humanitatis in the Renaissance philosophy, more precisely in two main streams of the Renaissance thought, humanism and neoplatonism, represented in this text by thesis of Francesco Petrarca, Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Their arguments concerning the importance and validity of humanities, which focus on dignity of man, human freedom, free will and power of creation are more relevant and vital than ever.

Studia humanitatis: Da li je okretanje antičkoj Grčkoj renesansi donijelo elemente za uspostavljanje nove filozofije čovjeka?

Author(s): Željko Škuljevic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1-2/2017

Nesporno je da je okretanje antičkoj Grčkoj dalo renesansi “humanistička krila”, ali ne tako brzo i ne tako jednoznačno. Naime, osim što postoje najrazličitiji autori i njihove interpretacije, koje, nerijetko, idu do antitetičnosti, pitanje koje filozofski intrigira nosi u sebi neku vrst dvoznačnosti: puko oponašanje ili je to, bez obzira na formalno prizivanje antičkog, autohton pronalazak renesansnog doba? Možda upravo onako da se, sudeći da “naš razum meri nebo, prosuđuje o rađanju zvezda, obuhvata celu zemlju...”, najbolja škola čovječnosti resp. humanizma po Giovanniju da Pratu ustanovljava ljudskim doprinosom prošlosti i ljudskim namjerama za budućnost. Ili, pak, nešto treće. U svakom slučaju, krećući od humanističkih početaka, nadamo se da naša pokušajnost neće biti deja vu.

Suárezova teorie vzniku species sensibilis a kognitivního aktu vnějších smyslů v kontextu středověké a renesanční filosofie

Author(s): Daniel Heider / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

The study presents F. Suárez’s theory of the principles of sensation in the context of medieval (Averroes, John of Jandun) and renaissance philosophy (Nifo, Cajetan). It proceeds in five steps. First, it considers Suárez’s ontology of sensory cognitive act. Second, it treats Suárez’s theory of the formation of sensible species. Third, it presents Suárez’s ontology of sensible species. Fourth, it exposes Suárez’s theory of the efficient causes of the sensory cognitive act. In conclusion, the author states that Suárez’s theory, compared to the doctrines of Aquinas and Thomists, constitutes the significant historical shift from cognitive passivism to cognitive activism mirroring the Zeitgeist of the Renaissance philosophy without abandoning the basic tenets of the traditional Aristotelian – scholastic philosophy.

The hiding Humanist — Ioannes, the good fellow

Author(s): Péter Koszeghy / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2012

The letter of Marsilio Ficino was published under the title Dubitatio utrum opera philosophica regantur fato an providentia and summarised his tenets of Platonist-Humanist philosophy as it were. Based on his book of letters, this writing is part of a correspondence in which Ficino responds to Ioannes Pannonius of Buda, who, in his letter to Ficino – also published by the book of letters – criticised Ficino’s views. Literary criticism has been trying to identify the persona of Ioannes Pannonius for long. In the highly influential study of Florio Bánfi, Joannes de Varadino (Giovanni Unghero, Giovanni Varadino), that is, John of Várad, Augustine monk is identified as the supposed person. Bánfi’s views were reconsidered by Klára Pajorin in 1999, who reckoned that Ioannes Pannonius is John Vitéz the Younger. The author of the present study wishes to enhance the idea of Valery Rees (1999) who thinks that Ioannes Pannonius was created as a fictitious character by Ficino, and thus, the author reckons that the letter came in handy primarily against Savonarola and his followers because the correspondent from Buda raises those very topics on the bases of which Ficino can elaborate the sole decorous model of behavior, the path that should be followed by the fictitious addressee as well.