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Certification of the command of Polish as a foreign language is a phenomenon with an international reach and groundbreaking significance for the promotion and enhancement of the prestige of the Polish language across the world. The certification system for the Polish language was created in 2004 and, in the face of new challenges, reformed in 2015. At present, it is the primary instrument of the migration policy of Poland, which gives rise to difficulties in its functioning. This paper is an attempt at a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of state certification examinations. It discusses the scientific and legal grounds for the examinations, amendments introduced over years to the legislation regulating certification and their consequences, as well as describes and diagnoses the existing situation concerned with certification of the command of Polish.
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The subject matter of this paper is Polish–Portuguese bilingualism observed in one of the Brazilian villages founded by Polish rural immigrants in the second half of the 19th century in the south of the country. The primary instrument for collecting data were the interviews conducted with 48 residents of the village in 2018. The presented outcome confirms the trends noticed in the study by S. Kucharski [1996] and W. Miodunka [2003]; namely, the fairly high level of preservation of Polish in Brazil and discrepancies in the level of command of the spoken and written code by the interviewees. The analysed data permit also the ascertainment of the phenomenon that Polish is being forgotten in the bilingualisation process and that it is disappearing in the surveyed village in general.
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This paper presents the situation of the Polish language in Kazakhstan. The sketch discusses the history and present situation of and prospects for teaching Polish in this country. The author pays particular attention to the description of the situation of the Polish community in Kazakhstan, where the teaching of the Polish language is concentrated. Moreover, she presents partial results of her study of the motivations for learning Polish among inhabitants of Kazakhstan. The paper is an attempt at presenting all Kazakh centres where the Polish language is taught and outlining the prospect for the development of Polish in this country.
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The paper focuses on the importance of games in educational process in the context of modern teaching. The first part deals with the communicative way of teaching, development of communication skills and the importance of didactic games in the language teaching process, especially in teaching Slovak as a foreign language. There is a collection of efficient didactic games in the second part of this paper. Using games is essential for the learning process.
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The paper is focused on project teaching within Slovak language education abroad. The chosen method can support more effective education of SFL (Slovak as a Foreign Language) learners as well as primary and secondary learners who consider Slovak their mother tongue. We are primarily interested in the level of effectiveness of education, learner-activity during the project work, the rate of obtained experience and the level of systematic theory-practice interconnection. Since the Slovak language education is based on the communication and observation, we consider the method to offer some space for comparative linguistic recognition of some key elements of the source language (L1) and the target language (L2). On the basis of the accumulated information, the learner has an idea about the target language- he or she learns it.
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In this paper the authors present the didactical-contentual concept of the e-learning course of Slovak language for breakthrough beginners „My Slovak“, which is part of foundation of the Slovak Language Centre at California University of Pennsylvania in USA. The establishment of the course and the Centre is preconditioned by a fact that there are about 1.2 million people living in the U.S.A. acknowledging their Slovak nationality. Mostly they do not know Slovak in written neither in spoken form; nevertheless they are very interested in learning the language at least at the level of beginners. The content of the project is being prepared and managed by the Faculty of Arts at the Comenius University in Bratislava and online teaching will be managed by Studia Academica Slovaca – Centre for Slovak as Foreign Language in Bratislava. The Civic Society iLearn is responsible for preparation of infrastructure technology, the course layout, methodical preparation of lectors leading the online teaching, operation of virtual rooms and implementation of KnowledgePulse application, using the microlearning methodology.
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Review of: Marilena Felicia Luţă (Ţiprigan), Aspectul verbal. Retrospective şi perspective [Slovesný vid. Retrospektívy a perspektívy], Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti 2013, 216 s. ISBN 9786061602650 (Dagmar Maria Anoca)
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Review of: Vysokoškolské skriptá zo slovenskej morfológie (nielen) pre prekladateľov a tlmočníkov. Ladislav György: Kapitoly zo slovenskej morfológie pre prekladateľov a tlmočníkov. Banská Bystrica: Vydavateľstvo UMB – Belianum, Filozofická fakulta UMB 2014. 110 s. ISBN 978-80-557-0759-4 (Lenka Garančovská)
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Review of: Ľubomír Kralčák, Pôvod hlaholiky a Konštantínov kód. Martin: Matica slovenská 2014. 207 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-099-3 (Ianko Gubani)
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In the thematic centre of the study that originates from its title: Non‐intentional, intentional youth prose of Peter Andruška (explorations, reflections, interpretations into five prose of one jubilant) – stands the youth prose of an exclusive Slovak prose writer Peter Andruška. He is considered to be part of the contemporary Slovak literature by readers as well as literature critics. In the text I have not based deliberately on critical responses of titles of individual books by the author, but "only" on basic information of prose mentioned in the academic history of Slovak literature, respectively primary book sources. Cardinal parts of the paper are therefore his own interpretation explorations, reflections and analysis based on personal reading reception. The occasionally exaggerated presence of content component of prose alone (especially the plot) is due to (possible) less knowledge of specific (or every) presented title of books by Peter Andruška from the perspective of the percipients. I emphasise the fact that the field of children and youth literature for Peter Andruška was (and is) “only" a partial part of his own literary works, the substantial part of which is constituted by his works of prose for adult readers. In this area he has published "only" five book titles altogether, which I analyse in this exact paper. The study is the outcome of the first part of the research assignment UGA. No. IX/9/2011‐ (SOFIA Project ode: I‐08‐501‐01) titled Contemporary Slovak Literature and finally it was created (also) for the occasion of the author’s seventieth.
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Research on the relationship between antepreterite (AnteP) and the text focuses on the following questions: (a) To what extent is an antepreterite a living form in Slovak? (b) Does antepreterite function as a grapheme with a temporal function or is it a stylistic variant of the preterite (past tense)? (c) How do the functions of antepreterite correlate with the oral/written realization of the text and its stylistic differentiation (scientific/ journalistic style)? The research is carried out on the extensive material of the corresponding sub-corpora of the Slovak National Corpus and the Slovak Spoken Corpus. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) AnteP is a marginal form, its frequency in the written text has significantly decreased since the mid- 1990s; in orally realized communication, its speakers are mainly in the 70-90 age range. At the same time, however, it is a living form in some specific functions: in spoken text, as a means of social and personal deixis, it characterizes a person using what he or she has had. In memoir narrative, it signals the experience of spatial, temporal, and generational distance. In the scientific style, the AnteP of communicative verbs dominates. It specifically functions as a means of intertextuality. In the 1st person singular (as I had told/ ako som bol povedal; as I had written/ ako som bol napísal) it refers to a communicative act from the quite recent past. From a temporal identifier, it becomes a pragmatic comment. In the journalistic style, the rate of representation of AnteP is the lowest, but the rate of innovation of its form and function is the highest. Antepreterite is most prominent in journalistic texts as a stylistic variant of preterite and a part of the individual personal style of an author.
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The study deals with the problem of error annotation when assessing written texts of students learning Slovak as a foreign/second language (L2). The concept of word order error is discussed against the framework of error analysis and the notion of grammaticality/acceptability of language structure. The problems of identifying word order errors are manifested by enclitics´ placement in the sentence structures. Slovak belongs to languages that follow the Wackernagel´s Rule and its clitic elements belong to the category of second-position clitics (2P), however, Wackernagel´s Rule is more a tendency than an exceptionless, strict law. Erroneous usage of enclitic components in L2 can be projected against reconstructed learner´s utterance, i.e., explicit statement of target language structure, called target hypothesis. To determine target structure, profound and sometimes even expertise knowledge about investigated language phenomenon in L1 is necessary, including both the knowledge of rule (ideal norm) as well as the distribution patterns of language structure (real norm) which can be stipulated through corpus data. The study examines the disputable cases of enclitics placement against the norms described in the work by J. Mistrík (1966) and verifies them by corpus data.
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Review of: Alžbeta Uhrinová, Súčasná slovenská jazyková situácia v Maďarsku [Situaţia actuală a limbii slovace în Ungaria], Nădlac, Editura Ivan Krasko, 2011.160 p. (Dagmar Maria Anoca)
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Review of: Anca Irina Ionescu, Cele mai frecvente verbe cehe în propoziţii. Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2012, 300 p., ISBN 9786061601509. (Dagmar Maria Anoca)
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The objective of this article is to stress the problem of honorific motivation, its classification and application in onomastics as one of linguistic and social sciences. The article deals primarily with the glorification of the personalities of Ss. Cyril and Methodius based on a Slovak onomastic corpus. Employing concrete examples, we illustrate the implementation of the names of these significant personalities into propria of different onymic classes and subclasses. This paper came into existence in commemoration of the 1150th anniversary of the arrival of Thessalonian brothers, Ss. Cyril and Methodius, to Great Moravia.
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In this paper, the author illustrates the different types of humor by means of the names of characters taken from representative works written in Slovak, starting from classicism and ending in the interwar period. In conclusion, humor and names-related irony are found out to change their substance because of the literary, extraliterary, linguistic and extralinguistic space. The tension between these spheres, but also changes that occur in the real world with changing ideologies, social and political context are converted in aesthetic values. Characters΄ names are therefore a source of humor and also characterize their age. In fact, the kind, the quality of humor has its roots in the outdoors and is symptomatic. Thus, characters΄ names may be simultaneously a source of humor and knowledge of their age.
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The author of this study focuses mainly on development trends of pragmatonyms from the viewpoint of their extralinguistic aspect, i.e. the aim of the research is an attempt to outline the development of motivational stimuli which provided the background for the formation of individual product names. In the article we do not pay special attention to development trends from the viewpoint of the linguistic (formal) aspect of pragmatonyms.
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