Dative of external possession in Croatian

From an areal-typological perspective

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

External possession constructions are defined as constructions in which a semantic possessor-possessum relation is expressed by coding the possessor as a core grammatical relation of the verb and in a constituent separate from that which contains the possessum. One construction representative of this phenomenon is that with the dative case as a marker of the possessor, which is known as the dative of possession (DP) and is widely attested in European languages as an areal feature. In this article, I analyze the DP in Croatian, both its standard variety and dialects, particularly from a (micro-)areal-typological perspective, to locate the place of Croatian among Slavic, paying special attention to the correlation between the use of DP and its areal tendency. My analysis led me to conclude that Croatian occupies a place between West Slavic and Slovene, which tend to have a narrower sphere of the use of DP, and Balkanized Slavic, which has a wider sphere of it. This finding can be explained by the fact that West Slavic and Slovene are more habere-type languages than Croatian, which still preserves more esse-type language features that can be also found in the Balkanized Slavic languages.

Dawne nazwy astrologii i astrologów

Author(s): Zuzanna Krótki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

The article is trying to analyse in a semantic way the former names of astrology and the star gazers. The material gathered from all available wells of information; lexicographical sources containing the texts from the fourteen century to the eighteen one. It is manifested in a way that the astrological vocabulary of the old Polish differed from the contemporary lexicology. The changes which occurred on this level of language had an additional „character of quantity” – from the ample collection of 18 units were left barely 2 lexems – astrologia and astrolog. Beside the point there was another character – “the quality character” (the semantic one). At the beginning “the investigated terrain” was affiliated with the category of ASTRONOMY. That is why a lot of names of astrology and the “star watchers” swerved back and forth for long at the stitch of two lexical fields similar semantically. Overall changes which took place in the investigated word-group are reflections of moving trends in societal and cultural spheres of the years gone by.

Dělá nám YMCA jazykové problémy?

Author(s): Michaela Laštovicková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the pronunciation, spelling variants and declension of the abbreviation YMCA and related expressions in spoken and written Czech.

Demon pojednania. Dyskurs o współczesnych Sprawiedliwych w powieści popularnej

Author(s): Marta Tomczok / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 12/2016

The author analyzes depictions of the Righteous in several Polish popular novels and the accompanying discourse on rescuing. She proves that in popular fiction such depictions dominate over the reckoning discourse, connected with the Polish shared responsibility for the Holocaust. Tomczok analyzes the reasons for that dominance, referring to the Philo-Semitic violence category described by Elżbieta Janicka and Tomasz Żukowski. She devotes special attention to Maja Wolny’s novel Czarne liście and the controversy over the presentation of the pogrom in Kielce, and, first and foremost, this book’s dependence on the scholarly achievements of the scholars affiliated with the Center for Holocaust Research.

Der Instrumental des Ortes und der Zeit in den slavischen Sprachen. Kasusmarkierung und präpositionale Kodierung lokaler und temporaler Relationen im Russischen, Polnischen und Serbeischen / Kroatischen

Author(s): A.V. Koroleva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 60/2015

Review of: The instrumental of place and time in the Slavic languages. Case marking and prepositional coding of local and temporal relations in Russian, Polish and Serbian / Croatian. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag, 2014.

Der slawische Landschaftsname Schollene und seine Verwandten unter den Ortsnamen

Author(s): Walter Wenzel / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2016

It has been established in many instances that there is a large degree of correspondence with regard to the origin, formation and meaning of landscape and tribal names on the one hand, and place names on the other. This also applies to the landscape name, Schol- lene, discussed here, as well as to a number of identical or similar sounding place names. It was deduced that the term *Skolěne was the original form for the landscape name, as well as for the settlement name Schollene, formed in the same way and situ- ated north east of Magdeburg near the Havel. This form probably also provides the basis for the place name Scholen, south of Magdeburg, as well as Schkölen, south west of Leipzig, while Schkölen, north east of Jena, can be seen as coming from *Skoľane. An old locative plural, ending in -as, coming from *Skoľane, is hidden beneath Scholas, north east of Plauen, possibly also beneath Scholitz, north east of Leipzig, as well as Scholis, south east of Wittenberg. The landscape name Schollene is further reproduced by the migration of the Old West Sorbs down the Elbe right up into the north, into what later became the Polabian language area.

Derywaty z interfiksem -i- / -i/y- oraz pierwszym członem czasownikowym w języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskim

Author(s): Dragana Ratkovic / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 51/2016

The paper gives a comparative historical analysis of derivative words with the i / i/y- interfix and a verb as the first component in Serbian, Russian and Polish from the standpoint of contemporary Slavic morphology (derivatology). The aim is to provide their description in terms of semantic variation. The author ascertains that all the three languages feature a derivational model of forming expressive lexis by means of the i / i/y- interfix, predominantly nouns, of mostly humorous and pejorative meaning. A special group is formed by onyms (nicknames turned surnames, but also toponyms, oronyms, hydronyms etc). This type of words first occurred in Serbian and Russian in the thirteenth century (possibly in Serbian in the eleventh century), and in Polish in the fifteenth century. Judging by the available sources, derivatives with the i- interfix appear frequently in historical as well as modern Serbian, Polish and Russian (much more in Serbian and Polish than in Russian). In Serbian and Russian pre-nineteenth-century sources chiefly given names and nicknames-turnedsurnames were noted (in Russian, also some animal and plant names as well as abstract nouns). In Old Polish, words of the discussed kind are zoological and botanical lexemes; from Middle Polish on, the lexemes encompass all semantic categories characteristic of modern Serbian and Russian. It should, however, be stressed that the inaccessibility of the spoken language as well as the limited number of sources introduce considerable uncertainty to observations regarding the time of origin and vocabulary of the first centuries of Slavic languages. This applies especially to expressively marked lexemes, a considerable portion of which is constituted by common nouns of the “A (verb) + -i- / -i/y- + B” model. In contemporary Serbian, Polish and Russian, the lexis formed by means of this derivational model is almost equally developed conceptually and relates predominantly to the same phenomena. Expressive words in all three languages are formed in the processes of metonymisation, metaphorisation, personification, hyperbolization and grotesque, and are characterized by numerous derivational and semantic equivalents.

DIctionnaire Synchronique des FAmilles dÉrivationnelles de mots français (DISFA ) jako faza ewolucji słowotwórstwa gniazdowego

Author(s): Wanda Fijalkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21/2016

The lexicography of the Slavonic nations, especially the branch of nest lexicography, has seen an impetuous development since the sixties, producing at least fifty publications, but it remains effectively unknown to French lexicography. Updated terminology, the symbols of successive parts of speech in the word-formative chain from the centre of the nest to the specific derivative, remain an achievement of researchers solely on this side of the Rhône. The DISFA dictionary (Claude Gruaz et al., published *""‰) neither does refer to the Slavonic tradition, nor even to the native, French tradition (p.ex. an unfinished project from the nineties that was initiated by Danielle Corbin), and remains despite the announcements only a morphological and etymological dictionary.

Die slavischen Bezeichnungen für den ‘Streik’

Author(s): Johannes Reinhart / Language(s): German / Issue: 1(2)/2007

The languages of the world present either native designations for the notion of ‘strike (= ‘the organized refusal to work’)’ (e. g. Arab. iđra:b, Chin. bà gōng, Indon. pemogokan, Ivrit švita) or they have borrowed the term in question (Japan. sutoraiku < English, Turk. grev < French, Malag. grevy < French). In European languages a similar situation can be observed, although the English word strike has been borrowed in relatively numerous languages (Danish, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish). Some European languages, however, preferred the French word grève (Albanian, Portuguese, Rumanian). The Slavic languages are no exception to the general European tendency: some borrowed the Anglicism—directly or via German—(Croatian/Serbian, Macedonian, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Upper Sorbian), others resorted to native terms (Czech stávka, Russ. stačka). Altogether the Slavic languages have five different groups for the designation of the notion of ‘strike’. It is a peculiarity of Slavic languages that some of them have borrowed the designation of ‘strike’ from other Slavic languages (Bulgarian < Russian; Belorussian, Ukrainian < Russian; Slovene, Upper Sorbian < Czech).

Doktor Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa

Author(s): Stanislaw Dubisz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2016

Dukawka, gulgot, sepioł…, czyli jak w gwarach małopolsko-mazowieckiego pogranicza językowego nazywa się człowieka, który się jąka, bełkocze czy sepleni

Author(s): Renata Marciniak-Firadza / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 64/2017

Unless in literary language, in local dialects there are more linguistic measures which are used to form expressive names, mainly marked negatively. These expressive derivatives with the negative connotations are created at the participation of semantic and morphological means. The purpose of the article is to show some semantic elements building the expressive value (pejorative) of derivatives, included in root words and formal exponents forming these derivatives. This article revolves around the lexical bases which are etymologically different and derivational diversity.Apart from that the creation of the chosen names associated with pathology of speech stayed was discussed.Analysed material was gathered with questionnaire method during the exploration of the area of the borderland. The abundance of synonyms described in the article is proving the sensitivity of the society to the phenomena of the pathological speech, as well as great power and diversity of emotional experiences, caused by disorders of speech and the perception of speech.

Dwa kryteria empiryczności w językoznawstwie

Author(s): Hubert Kowalewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

In cognitive linguistics the term „empirical” tends to be associated with the useof quantitative methodology. According to the popular view, the „empiricness” of research iswarranted by the use numerically represented data processed by means of statistical methods.This kind of procedures are most readily associated with corpus studies and research involvingquestionnaires. Outside humanities, philosophers of science associate „empiricness” withthe procedure of hypothesis testing and they emphasize that testing requires a hypothesisof a certain logical form (falsifiability). The article explores the application of the two criteriaof „empiricness” (the criterion of quantitative methods and the criterion of falsifiability) inlinguistics with special emphasis on the cognitive paradigm.

Dydaktyka kultury a podejście ukierunkowane na działanie w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Marzena Baran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

The aim of the article is to discuss the possibilities of using the concept of task-based teaching and its methodology to improve intercultural competencies of people learning Polish as a foreign language. The author of the article claims that such methods and strategies within CERF can be extremely effective in improving intercultural competencies. The article concludes with a list of tasks suggested by the author as suitable to achieve this goal.

Dynamika utrzymania języka polskiego w Australii

Author(s): Robert Debski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The Polish language keeps losing its position in comparison with other community languages. This is a result of new waves of immigrants arriving from China, Vietnam and Arabic countries. The article presents the current situation of Polish language in Australia referring first to the data gathered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, then discussing factors that are crucial for language maintenance/shifting using the already existing models. The author divides the factors into ‘permanent’ and ‘dynamic,’ and then, in the second group he distinguishes between the factors that can or cannot be profiled. Such an approach reveals the areas where initiatives aimed at Polish language maintenance in Australia are most needed and can be the most effective.

Dyskurs upersonifikowanej Śmierci w wybranych przykładach literatury i sztuki europejskiej od XII do XVII wieku

Author(s): Anna Gostomska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2016

The aim of this article is to describe the discourse of personified Death in the selected works of European art and literature from the 12th to the 17th century. The article deals with five discursive situations: questioning Death by a man in verse and prosaic disputations and in dialogues in the paintings and woodcuts of the danse macabre, sending Death to man in Helinand of Froidmont’s poems and in morality plays based on the Everyman theme, dispraising Death by the dolce stil nuovo authors, Dante, Petrarch, Johannes von Tepl, as well as Polish Renaissance and Baroque poets, summoning Death in Polish sermons of the 17th century, and finally ridiculing Death in a number of Old Polish dramatic works reflecting the carnival tradition. The analysis proved that the discourse of personified Death functioned in various contexts, had diverse forms and performed many functions. It primarily functioned in the context of Christian eschatology as the doctrine about the last things. The interaction between Death and man also employed satire and farce to mock the representatives of all social strata. On the other hand, addressing personified Death in love and funeral poetry was an emotional contemplation on the loss of a loved one.

Dziedzictwo kulinarne w przysłowiach śląskich

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszala,Dorota Switala-Trybek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 78/2016

The aim of the article is to present and discuss the selected Silesian paroemias where the component is an expression that belongs to the category of cuisine, understood as ready meals, which are a product of culinary art or as everything that is associated with preparing and cooking food. The article aims to portray the image of a certain slice of reality that is preserved in the Silesian paroemias, as well as the functions that they have in the language. It is also intended to draw attention to the meanings devolved through them and to present the relation with the culture of the region.

Dzieje tłumaczeń, czyli o historii, której nie ma

Author(s): Jerzy Swiech / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

Translations have been an interesting part of the history of literature. What has been their function and meaning in different literary epochs? Did they promote new tendencies or influence the creativity of the writers? What has been underestimated so far is the art of translation itself, that is, the development of techniques and styles of translation according to changes in the translator’s work conditions, especially the emancipation, secularization and professionalization of the profession, so that they have been seen as equal in importance to the writers themselves. What should be analyzed are the procedures and practices of translation, which can be interpreted according to contemporary textology. The history of the art of translation is also inspired by contemporary cultural studies, because it regards translation as an institution and focuses on translation discourse, that is, the complex of images, ideas and metaphors that each translator must respect when considering their readers. The tradition of translation is partly different from literary tradition in that the rules of ‘good translation’ promoted at certain times create a codex of a translator’s work.

Ekspresywne nazwy osobowe w gwarze warszawskiej i ich obecność we współczesnej polszczyźnie potocznej

Author(s): Katarzyna Urbaniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2015

This paper is dedicated to an analysis of contemporary colloquial Polish in terms of presence of personal names in Warsaw dialect as well as to a comparison of the meanings of the examined lexemes over time. The study consisted in selecting personal names from Słownik gwary warszawskiej XIX w. (Dictionary of the 19th-century Warsaw dialect) by Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz, grouping them into semantic fields and which of them are present in selected contemporary lexicographic sources. Definitions of the examined words from SGW were compared to their meanings in contemporary sources in order to assess which semantic changes had occurred over time. The analysed lexical material was used also for outlining the linguistic worldview characteristic of speakers of Warsaw dialect. What follows from the analysis of the material is that more than half of the lexemes selected from SGW have been used in colloquial Polish to date, with the majority of them having an unchanged or insignificantly changed meaning.

Elementy gwarowe w antroponimach (na materiale z forów internetowych)

Author(s): Renata Kucharzyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

In their basic form proper names are neutral, unmarked units. After modification, theylose this neutrality and are successfully used to fulfil particular communication strategies.The objective of this article is to discuss the occurrence of dialectal features in the groupof anthroponyms that includes the first names and surnames of the most recognizablepoliticians. Such proper names very often undergo various modifications due to theconnotations related to their holders. The research material being the basis of this analysishas been excerpted from the Internet forums. It turns out that for the purpose of stylizationpeople reach for the most expressive dialectal features that are unequivocally associated withthe language of the village. Apart from the purpose of identification, dialectalized first namesand surnames are introduced into the utterance for the purpose of expression and persuasion.

E-mailová komunikace pacientů s lékaři aneb Korťáky se mažou na noc

Author(s): Radka Holanová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2018

The study focuses on e-mail communication of patients addressed to paediatric doctors. Thetexts are often emotional, emphatic, and include a lot of diminutives and informal vocabularyused in spoken language, but also terminology, abbreviations, archaic words and forms, condensationsand nominalizations typical for professional language. We also concentrate onpoliteness, mainly in addressing the doctors, as well as politeness formulas at the beginningand at the end of the e-mails.