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Из истории становления словацкого литературного языка: кодификация А. Бернолака и формирование нормы в текстах бернолаковцев А. Руднаи и Ф. К. Габела

Author(s): Konstantin V. Lifanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2011

This paper deals with Bernolák’s codification in comparison with the real form of Bernolák’s literary language presented in sermons of the Hungarian Cardinal A. Rudnay and translation of the religious treatise from German by Fr. X. Habel. This comparison shows that in real practice Bernolák’s language changed its character, coming nearer to norm of traditional Slovak writing. As a result typical elements, the most widespread in a West Slovak dialect or characterizing peripheral the Záhorie dialect of West Slovakia and the Czech language, forced out the elements concentrated in the Central Slovak dialect. The found out phenomena testifies that the norm essentially different from codification was formed in Bernolák‘s language.

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Новая английская конструкция типа [N [N]] в славянских языках и причины ее отсутсвия в балтийских языках

Author(s): Cynthia M. Vakareliyska / Language(s): English Issue: -/2011

Наряду с потоком английских лексических заимствований, хлынувшим в славян¬ские языки после 1990 г., в них появилось не свойственное славянским языкам явле¬ние — атрибутивные словосочетания, в которых определяемому имени существи¬тельному предшествует определяющее имя существительное, подобное английской конструкции типа [N [N]], ср. jazz singer и action figure. В этой конструкции, заим¬ствованной независимо друг от друга всеми славянскими языками, определяемое имя представляет собой субстантив — заимствование, вошедшее в язык ранее и, как правило, не через английский язык, а определяющим существительным являет¬ся английский субстантив в нетрансформированной английской морфологической форме, без суффикса, переводящего субстантив в прилагательное, и без окончания, напр.: болг. джаз певец или екшън фигура. Такие определительные конструкции довольно частотны и продуктивны, несмотря на то, что отсутствие прилагательного и флексии в определительной конструкции со вторым определяемым словом пред¬ставляет собой значительное нарушение основных славянских морфологических и морфосинтаксических правил. В статье предлагаются объяснения (с учетом исто-рической перспективы) того факта, что болгарский (и, вероятно, македонский) язык опережает другие славянские языки по частотности и продуктивности рассматрива¬емой конструкции, а также когнитивные основания, по которым славянские языки эту конструкцию допускают, несмотря на трудности усвоения. Обращается внима¬ние на отличие в этом отношении родственных современных балтийских языков.

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SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO A SKŁADNIA W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO. CZĘŚĆ 1. WPROWADZENIE TEORETYCZNE

Author(s): Małgorzata Gębka-Wolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This paper is the first of two devoted to teaching word-formation, based on the existing correlations between derivation and syntax. This kind of knowledge has proved to be essential for building longer structures and performing stylistic operations on texts. Information on the syntactic inheritance of derived language units is scattered throughout the literature, however, making it difficult for teachers and students to grasp the actual range and regularity of this phenomenon. This article, based on formal structural grammar methods, systemises this data and shows the various degrees of syntactic inheritance, ranging from identical syntactic structures, which inherit only part of the syntactic properties of the base, to a complete change of valency. It also points to the fact that the range of syntactic analogy is, to some extent, predictable, depending on the part of speech and on the word-formation mechanism.

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O sześciu rzekomych redakcjach Mistrza i Małgorzaty w kontekście polskich przekładów

Author(s): Grzegorz Przebinda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 175/2021

The article emerged as a result of long, conducted in 2017–2020, archival research on the manuscripts and typescripts of The Master and Margarita, kept in the writer’s two Moscow archives. The author of the text concludes that not all Polish translations are based on the most canonical version of the original. However, the main goal of the above article is a partial description of the fascinating adventures of Bulgakov’s text, ending with the conclusion that the author did not manage to create a canonical version of his masterpiece. This, unfortunately, allows some translators and critics to formulate fantastic textological hypotheses about The Master and Margarita, having absolutely nothing to do with reality.

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Родовые компоненты топонимических терминов русского и чешского языков (сопоставительный аспект)

Author(s): Lukáš Plesnik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 175/2021

The article is devoted to the problems of generic components of toponymic terms of the Russian and Czech languages. The focus of attention is both on the main terms of the studied problem (toponymy, toponym, generic component), and on the issue of linguistic transfer of generic elements and generic terms. The analysis is carried out in the Russian-Czech comparative plan, the generic components of toponymic terms are investigated, related mainly to сhoronyms, oronyms and hydronyms. The language transfer is implemented in the corresponding terms of the receiving language. On the one hand, most of the generic components under study have direct equivalence in the process of transferring from one language to another; however, on the other hand, there are also generic components, which are replaced during the transfer by not completely matching translated generic components, i. e. they are translated using semantically adjacent lexical units with each other.

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О некоторых особенностям терминов курортологии в русском и чешском языках

Author(s): Zdeňka Nedomová / Language(s): Russian Issue: 175/2021

The article is focused on the issue of spa treatment terminology — a field of clinical medicine, from the perspective of language contacts. The specialized terms of balneology, which is a part of spa treatment, are described and analyzed with respect to their specifics regarding the semantics, structure and origin. We mainly focus on the terms containing so-called analytical adjectives. The article indicates the cases of terminological synonymy and the Czech terms of different structural types are presented to equal the Russian terms. The research is performed on the basis of confrontation analysis of the balneology terms in both the languages.

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Особенности перевода русских субстандартных фразеологизмов на польский язык (на материале произведений Александры Марининой)

Author(s): Gabriela Wilk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 175/2021

The article focuses on selected aspects of the translation into Polish of Russian phraseological units that are beyond the linguistic norm. The research material has been excerpted from two Alexandra Marinina’s detective novels Requiem and Unwilling Killer and their translations by Alexandra Stronka. The research findings indicate that Stronka most often translates sub-standard phraseological units by means of idioms based on a different image, or lexemes, but these units not frequently differ from the original units in terms of expressive and stylistic colouring.

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Jeden rosyjski realonim czasownikowy w konfrontacji przekładowej

Author(s): Roman Lewicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 174/2021

The paper is situated within the stream of culture-oriented translation studies, which intend to track confrontation between the addressee and the cultural context alien to him/her. It is within the line of contemporary humanities research, which aims at focusing on cultural and behavioural differentiation of societies. The subject of the current analysis is the Russian verb govet‘ (говеть), which belongs to the group of realogisms — names of specific elements of foreign reality, in particular, referring to the sphere of Orthodox religious rituals as transferred in translations. The corpus for analysis comprises 11 literary works from the 19th and 20th century, which were used to extract contexts containing the analyzed lexeme based on the Russian National Corpus together with its renderings into Polish. The analysis demonstrates different degree of transfer of particular elements of semantic structure, a diversity of techniques of translation used in the process as well as the implementation of syntactic changes as a vehicle for avoiding searching for an equivalent for the Russian lexeme. The conclusion of the study is that Polish translations have a tendency for cultural adaptation and fail to underline the distinctive nature of the Orthodox religious tradition.

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Multimodalność przekazu medialnego a przekład (na podstawie rosyjskich tekstów publicystycznych i ich tłumaczeń na język polski)

Author(s): Alicja Pstyga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 174/2021

The article deals with the issue of multimodal media discourse in translation. It is based on Russian articles originating from different media and their Polish translations published in bi-weekly “Forum”. Analysis of selected examples revealed that graphic elements contribute to global sense of the message, however usually these are different in the translated texts.

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О проекте Русско-польского словаря разговорной речи и общего сленга

Author(s): Tadeusz Szczerbowski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 174/2021

Three bilingual corpora of literary texts are employed to compile the dictionary (the Russian National Corpus, the Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish Corpus of Warsaw University, and the Home Corpus). The latter covers texts which are not created by the two former corpora, but which will be cited in the proposed dictionary. Four entries are given in detail (1 otmorozok; 2 (uzh) chto-chto, a…; 3 travit’ anekdoty, and 4 tozhe mne …).

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„Kilka razy nad morzem…” — o polskich tłumaczeniach wiersza Igora Siewierianina

Author(s): Anna Bednarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 174/2021

The article considers three Polish translations of the Igor Severyain’s poem It passed by the sea. The analysis finds the lexical and semantic phenomena typical of this Russian ego-futurist (neologisms, the structure of the verse, the unexpectedness of images). However, it turns out, that in this case, the translator’s decisions depend primarily on the purpose of the translation and the manner of the author of the target text.

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Терминологические параллели в метаязыке славянской терминографической критики

Author(s): Tetiana Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 173/2021

The article deals with the issues related to the formation of terminographic criticism as an independent section of terminography. There are no clear boundaries in the metalanguage of terminographic criticism. We conclude that the terminological parallels in the synchronously compared Slavic metalanguages of this direction are formally identical, with absolutely the same semantic structures. It is established that Ukrainian and Belarusian meta-units more often coincide in form than Russian and Polish terms do. In the metalanguage of Slavic criticism, which is under consideration, foreign units prevail. The metalanguage of Ukrainian criticism is rich in synonyms; it is characterized by single intralinguistic homonymy. The identity of the Ukrainian metalanguage, in contrast to the Russian and Belarusian languages, tends to preserve the traditions of national term formation and to adapt borrowed units.

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Kolejka Władimira Sorokina w polskim przekładzie

Author(s): Jakub Bober / Language(s): Polish Issue: 172/2020

The article puts forward the translation issues of the linguistic phenomenon in Vladimir Sorkin’s novel The Queue. It analyzes the non-standard phenomena which constitutes a big challenge for the translator. The reasons behind this state of affairs should be sought within a selection of unconventional means of expression which revolutionized the perception of literature and its translation. Some excerpts of the novel are an attempt to provide an answer as to what degree the translator has managed to successfully portray the novel’s connotation in Polish with analogical linguistic measures.

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Mogarycz i inni. Dramatyczne losy kanonu tekstowego Mistrza i Małgorzaty

Author(s): Grzegorz Przebinda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 167/2019

The starting point for my reflections, which ultimately aim to bring researchers and readers closer to the issue of the textual canon of The Master and Margarita, is the problem of the presence or absence of the famous passage about Mogarych in Chapter Thirteen of the novel. I have tried to demonstrate that the presence of this passage in the first Polish translation by Irena Lewandowska and Witold Dąbrowski, as well as its omission in the second translation by Andrzej Drawicz, are textologically justified. This is due to the fact that translators used different original editions as the basis of their work. My study, which is the first of the planned longer cycle, ends with a discussion of the most recent version of the text of The Master and Margarita, put forward in 2014–2015 by the indefatigable researcher of Bulgakov archives — Elena Kolysheva.

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Bułhakow zmanipulowany, czyli o „fachowym i wybitnym” przekładzie Mistrza i Małgorzaty

Author(s): Aleksander Wawrzyńczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 167/2019

The main aim of this article is the analysis of the new translation into Polish the Mikhail Bulgakov’s masterpiece, The Master and Margarita made by Barbara Dochnalik and published in 2018. This edition also includes two interpreter’s afterwards. Both texts are full of controversial facts about the writer’s biography, even more, the majority of them are not proved with the documents about Bulgakov’s life and the story of the creation of his novel. Some interpretations of several motifs of The Master and Margarita, made by Dochnalik, are questionable, too. But the main doubts are caused by the way of translation and its quality. The translation made by Dochnalik includes some fragments, which were not written by Bulgakov and highly likely were put into the Polish text of the novel by the translator, probably to prove her own interpretation of The Master and Margarita. This article shows the most ridiculous samples of the translator’s manipulations with the Bulgakov’s novel, which could be called scandalous.

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КЪМ ЕТИМОЛОГИЯТА НА НЯКОЛКО БЪЛГАРСКИ ДИАЛЕКТНИ ДУМИ

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2021

Abstract: The text offers one possible etymology of some Bulgarian dialect nouns. Some of them have not been etymologized till now, which is one of the contributions of the study.

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„Sierp”, „Młot”, „Trybuna Radziecka”: tytuły polskojęzycznej prasy wydawanej w międzywojennym ZSRR

Author(s): Ewa Dzięgiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2021

This study is devoted to the titles of newspapers and magazines published in Polish in the USSR in 1918–1939. These periodicals are a reflection of a unique period – they were issued during the first decades after the 1917 revolution, under the conditions of state monopoly on information. The titles of newspapers and magazines had to conform to the single party line and ideology enforced in the USSR. The vocabulary used in the titles under scrutiny is discussed in the context of the features of Russian political propaganda at the time, as well as those of the Polish-language propaganda created on its basis.

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O nowych ręcznie zrównoleglonych i znakowanych dwujęzycznych korpusach równoległych oraz ich zastosowaniach

Author(s): Roman Roszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2021

This article is devoted to the manually aligned and tagged bilingual parallel CLARIN-PL-BIZ corpora of the Baltic and Slavic languages which are currently being developed. The study discusses the essential features of these corpora that make their applications go far beyond typical corpus analysis. Applications of these corpora include the design of cross-language models for the development of machine translation and artificial intelligence. The article also draws attention to the high potential of these resources as a model training base for testing natural language processing tools.

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Nowe zachowania językowe u najstarszego pokolenia mieszkańców wsi

Author(s): Beata Ziajka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The objective of the paper is analysis of the eldest village inhabitants’ linguistic behaviors which result from the universalizing influence of general culture on folk language. The contemporary globalizing tendencies which are strongly reflected in rural environments result in the fact that the eldest generation is forced to include new words in their own dialectal vocabulary that refer to modern realities that often do not fall within the scope of the cultural, social and customary sphere of rural communities. The materials, which include verbal behaviors collected in 2015–2020 in the rural commune of Babice in Chrzanów district, indicate the villagers’ lack of linguistic competence in terms of knowledge of the newest layer of general Polish. This is because, in the verbal behaviors of the members of the eldest age group, we can find numerous forms of deviation, and new words are often pronounced using traditional dialectal phonetics. Morphological transformations also occur. The reasons for these transformations include articulation difficulties combined with etymological unclearness.

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Jak polscy kaktusiarze „mówią” o swoich roślinach

Author(s): Tomasz Kurdyła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The hobby cultivation of cacti in Poland dates back to the 19th century, but it flourished most in the 1930s and 1960s. The language of cactus growers has developed in two official and colloquial varieties, in both of which official botanical terminology predominates. In the colloquial variety, jargon synonyms often appear. They are created by morphological derivation (decomposition and suffixation); less often, they are usually created by semantic derivation. Imagery and collocations are carriers of the linguistic image of cacti, which appear to cactus growers as being immature and requiring care, like children (there is a similar image of plants in Polish dialects). Women are mainly responsible for the evolution of this emotional sociolect variant.

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