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Stylistyka listów Bolesława Prusa do żony

Stylistyka listów Bolesława Prusa do żony

Author(s): Magdalena Czachorowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The linguistic shape of the letters depends on the role that the writer plays when writing them to his wife. When he writes from distant Germany, Switzerland, and France, he is a traveler who wants to bring his beloved closer to his views and impressions, hoping to visit wonderful, unknown places together. When he rests in Nałęczów, he verifies or supplements known facts, events, landscapes, talks about new acquaintances, describes the lazily passing days recording even the smallest details. The letters written from the room next door are a language joke, an exercise for a hand hitting the keys of a typewriter. The epistolographic works described above are the best illustration of Stefania Skwarczyńska’s claim that the letter “is a phenomenon in its genesis most strongly associated not only with the person of the author, but also with the person of the addressee who, through his silent participation, grows to the dignity of a co-author”.

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Frazeologiczne wykładniki humoru w tytułach współczesnych polskich komedii kryminalnych

Frazeologiczne wykładniki humoru w tytułach współczesnych polskich komedii kryminalnych

Author(s): Beata Jędrzejczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The article contains the analysis of the usage of collocations in the titles of Polish contemporary crime comedies as a source of humour. Ways of exploiting the canonical forms of lexical units at the phraseological level were described and two main types of phraseological innovations were discerned and discussed: semantic and formal. The methodology used for description of the titles is primarily structural and amounts to determining what collocation was used or how it was modified, and why, as a result, it has a comic effect. The humour of the titles is discussed from a pragmatic perspective thereby leading to conclusions concerning mainly the persuasive and advertising function of the analyzed paratexts.

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Współczesne funkcje wołacza

Współczesne funkcje wołacza

Author(s): Agata Pławecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The vocative is a specific grammatical case. For years, it has been ascribed various functions and the possibilities of integrating it into the sentence have been widely discussed. Additionally, opinions still are voiced that it gradually disappears in the Polish language. The purpose of this work is to identify and describe functions associated with the vocative by the contemporary users of the Polish language. Their beliefs concerning the possible usage of this grammatical case are put under analysis. The subject of investigation is the linguistic awareness – a notion synonymous with linguistic competence – of the vocative’s function declared by the contemporary Poles. The research material was collected from a survey carried out among 268 inhabitants of Kraków in the years 2016–2017. The results of the analysis were divided according to two groups: the younger generation (143 students aged 12–13 years) and the older generation (125 employees and the retired aged 24–81 years). The author-designed method of description was used, taking into account the current state of research into the usage of the vocative case in the Polish language. Three general categories of responses were identified, pointing to particular functions of the vocative: expressive, addressative, and impressive. The results of the study demonstrated that the respondents are most clearly aware of the addressative function, related mainly to calling or addressing somebody or something. They definitely less frequently quote the expressive and impressive functions. The obtained responses imply also that the vocative is related to the rest of the utterance in particular situations.

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Językowy obraz zwierząt w powieści ks. Stanisława Kujota Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków (1877–1878)

Językowy obraz zwierząt w powieści ks. Stanisława Kujota Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków (1877–1878)

Author(s): Agnieszka Szczaus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The purpose of the article is to re-create the linguistic image of animals that appears in the novel of Stanisław Kujot Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków [“The first conversion of Prussians”] published between 1877–1878. In order to re-create this image 1. the role animals played – according to the novel – in the life of Prussians was described, 2. the words naming animals were identified, and 3. linguistic means used to characterize and value animals were investigated. It was found that the image of animals presented in the novel is rich cognitively (a variety of animals’ roles in everyday life and in the Prussian beliefs are shown), but slightly poorer linguistically (in the novel only basic animal names are used, e.g. koń, niedźwiedź, pies, wilk, żmija, synonyms are rare, used only with regard to two names: koń – rumak, konik, podjezdek and żmija – wąż, gad, gadzina), adjectives that characterize or value are scarce, e.g. rączy, święty, niski, żartki, żwawy, verbs and their modifiers are numerous and mainly describe ways animals produce sound and move, e.g. świegotliwie śpiewać, krakać, syczeć, biegać lotem jastrzębia, hasać, unosić się).

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REVIEW & TODAY

REVIEW & TODAY

Author(s): Jana Radošinská,Ľuboš Greguš,Peter Krajčovič,Tamás Darázs,Petra Cepková,Peter Lančarič,Eva Jonisová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

1. Slovak Language in the Media (or, 111 Most Common Mistakes Made by Slovak Journalists); 2. News in Media; 3. Neuromarketing – A New Possibility in Marketing Research at FMK UCM in Trnava; 4. About an Exhibition Image/Flow of Realities.

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O nazwach padaczki w polszczyźnie XIX wieku
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O nazwach padaczki w polszczyźnie XIX wieku

Author(s): Lucyna Agnieszka Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2021

This paper characterises 18 synonyms of padaczka (epilepsy) certified in 19thcentury texts. The source basis was the medical dictionaries of those days, titles of articles in medical press, selected medical guides and dictionaries including the Polish language (monolingual and multilingual; general and dialectal ones). This served as the basis for establishing the reach of the characterised synonyms in the 19th c., which was the time of intensive works on organising the Polish medical terminology. The analysis permitted the conclusion that padaczka and epilepsya were the two terms that were used most frequently and broadly (at all terminological levels of the language of the discussed century) at that time.

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Tożsamość języka jidysz
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Tożsamość języka jidysz

Author(s): Ewa Geller / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2021

The object of this paper is an attempt to describe the complex identity of the Yiddish language itself and its users. Poland and the Polish language have played a significant role in both these aspects. Part one is a sociolinguistic overview of the history of crystallisation of Yiddish in the historical territory of Poland as the autonomous language of the national culture of Central and Eastern European Jews. Its fate after the Holocaust of European Jews is also described here. Part two is dedicated to problems with the genetic classification of Yiddish due to the language-forming processes accompanying its development. Yiddish is classified among mixed languages, since it came into existence as a result of Hebrew– Slavic–Germanic language contacts. Therefore, this part pays special attention to the explanation of the mixed nature of this language system and the role of Polish as an important contact language influencing the final shape of the contemporary Yiddish language.

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XIX-wieczny słowniczek gwarowy z Podlasia Zygmunta Wasilewskiego jako przyczynek do dziejów polskiej leksykografi i gwarowej
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XIX-wieczny słowniczek gwarowy z Podlasia Zygmunta Wasilewskiego jako przyczynek do dziejów polskiej leksykografi i gwarowej

Author(s): Stanisław Cygan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2021

The subject matter described in this paper is the lexicographic work of Zygmunt Wasilewski, a lawyer, politician, columnist, literary critic, which refers to his 19th-century glossary from the Podlasie region. When characterising this small collection of words (282 headwords), the macrostructure and microstructure of the glossary is taken into consideration. Its lexical material is first of all a source of knowledge about the oldest state of Podlasie dialects and research on Polish dialects overall, but it also offers an insight in the methods of this unqualified lexicographer, enthusiast of “folk things”, amateur ethnographer and dialectologist.

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Reflexivpassiv im Deutschen und Slowakischen. Ein sprachsystematischer Vergleich der reflexiven Konstruktionen mit passivischer Perspektive

Reflexivpassiv im Deutschen und Slowakischen. Ein sprachsystematischer Vergleich der reflexiven Konstruktionen mit passivischer Perspektive

Author(s): Alexandra Popovičová / Language(s): German Issue: 47-48/2021

The study examines and compares the semantic and morphosyntactic features of the reflexive passive in German and Slovak language. It discusses the grammatical status of reflexive constructions with passive perspective within the language systems. It becomes apparent that reflective marking can be a sign of deagentization in both languages. While the German reflexive passive (e.g. hier wird sich nicht geschämt) is rather a marginal phenomenon, the Slovak reflexive passive („zvratné pasívum“; e.g. tu sa vyrábajú autá) is used as a standard means to express the passive voice. Although there is a similar morphosyntactic form in German called medio-passive (e.g. das Buch liest sich gut), the German equivalent to the Slovak reflexive passive is the dynamic passive („Vorgangspassiv“). E. g. tancovalo sa celú noc translates as es wurde die ganze Nacht getanzt. The author concludes that the reflexivation can drive the perspective of a sentence in the passive direction in different ways. Especially in Slovak, this ranges from modification of intention and semantic roles to full-structured passive voice.

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Intentional bilingualism of a Slovak child regularly exposed to English

Intentional bilingualism of a Slovak child regularly exposed to English

Author(s): Jana Vozníková / Language(s): English Issue: 47-48/2021

Intentional bilingualism is a popular type of bilingual upbringing in which a child is exposed to a language that is not a native language of either of his/her parents but one or both of them use it in communication with their child because they want to make him/her bilingual. This study reports on the bilingual first language acquisition of a Slovak child regularly exposed to English, implementing intentional bilingualism through an experimental approach of alternating two languages by his mother. The main objective of the study is to give an overview of his language development across the individual language levels – phonological, grammatical, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic with the focus on his developmental vs. interference-like errors as well as production of mixed utterances. The results reveal that intentional bilingualism is practicable even under experimental conditions and that it can be a natural way of raising a bilingual child. The ratio of contact with the two languages, however, leads to a certain developmental disproportion, in which the native language of the parents becomes clearly dominant.

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Osvojovanie si slovosledu enklitík v slovenčine ako cudzom jazyku na príklade textov slovanských študentov

Osvojovanie si slovosledu enklitík v slovenčine ako cudzom jazyku na príklade textov slovanských študentov

Author(s): Martina Ivanová,Vladimíra Bashir Géčová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 47-48/2021

The study deals with the problem of acquiring word order in the Slovak as a foreign language in the written texts of Slavic students (Polish, Ukrainian, Serbian). The erroneous usage of enclitic components in the texts of Slavic students is analysed with respect to different investigated variables (types of enclitic components, types of syntactic construction, distance from lexical/syntactic anchor, and realization in pre- or post-verbal position) to show word order competence development in the interlanguage of students. Theoretical parts bring the definition of enclitics and sketch the classification of enclitic components with respect to different criteria. In the analytic parts, on the basis of self-compiled corpus of written texts and data gained from corpus errkorp-0.1, the study shows the most common errors concerning the placement of enclitic components and tries to seek for the possible explanation of their occurrence. It shows that the acquisition of enclitic components represents a complex process which includes the high level of prosodic, syntactic and pragmatic competence of students.

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O (ne)uplatňovaní didaktických princípov v učebniciach slovenského jazyka

O (ne)uplatňovaní didaktických princípov v učebniciach slovenského jazyka

Author(s): Ľudmila Liptáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

This paper focuses on defining the relationship between L1 academic principles and L1 textbooks. The author considers the current educational and linguistic theories (including developmental and educational linguistics) as the essential foundation for establishing L1 educational principles. Based on the established principles (complexity, communicative-cognitive approach, pupil-oriented teaching and recent linguistic knowledge), the author proposes 13 categories of textbook content analysis. Referring to these categories, selected units of two Slovak textbooks for 4th grade has been examined. The examined units were focused on the morphemic orthographical rules connected with the regressive voicing assimilation in Slovak (i.e. a morpheme is always spelled the same way regardless of pronunciation). The results of the content analysis show some discrepancy between the stated educational principles and their actual treatment in the textbook’s units. Most of all, the textbooks did not reflect on children´s phonological awareness sufficiently. Secondly, the learning tasks were not challenging enough for pupils to stimulate their cognitive and communicative advancement. Furthermore, the textbooks lacked topical homogeneity and did not avoid several linguistic errors. The author proposes this set of categories to be used to analyse and develop other textbooks of Slovak Language.

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Zuzana Kováčová: edukácia slovenského jazyka a slohu z aspektu poznávacích procesov žiaka

Zuzana Kováčová: edukácia slovenského jazyka a slohu z aspektu poznávacích procesov žiaka

Author(s): Alexandra Brestovičová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Alexandra Brestovičová - Zuzana Kováčová: edukácia slovenského jazyka a slohu z aspektu poznávacích procesov žiaka, Nitra: Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, 2019. 148 s. ISBN 978-80-558-1484-1.

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GRAMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JANA OTRĘBSKIEGO
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GRAMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JANA OTRĘBSKIEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Jasińska,Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This paper describes a forgotten historical grammar book of Polish, which was published in the form of a multiplied typescript as a compilation of notes from the lectures delivered by Jan Otrębski at the Stefan Batory University of Vilnius in the 1930s. The notes were compiled by Otrębski’s student, Józef Trypućko. The study was published in 1933 and 1934 in two parts: one and three. Part two probably remained in the form of a manuscript. In the opinion of the authors, the study, although incomplete, provides an insight in the content of Otrębski’s lectures and the teaching of the historical grammar of Polish in Vilnius in the 1930s. It presents also the scholar’s innovative hypotheses, which cannot be found in the historical grammar books of that time.

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JĘZYKOWY OBRAZ DROGI W JĘZYKU POLSKIM I UKRAIŃSKIM
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JĘZYKOWY OBRAZ DROGI W JĘZYKU POLSKIM I UKRAIŃSKIM

Author(s): Olga Łazarowycz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

The presented paper analyses the linguistic view of the road in Polish and Ukrainian from a comparative perspective. It describes the meanings presented in dictionaries, synonyms, metaphors and metonyms, proverbs reflecting the concept of the road. The reconstruction of the linguistic view of the road includes the analysis of the lexical connectivity of the word road, the connotation layer and the phenomenon of “semantics expansion” based on an analysis of text corpora. The paper is part of the stream of ethnolinguistically oriented linguistic research, while using the research apparatus of structuralism and cognitivism.

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HYBRYDALNE FORMY CZASOWNIKOWE W JĘZYKU POLSKIM I UKRAIŃSKIM
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HYBRYDALNE FORMY CZASOWNIKOWE W JĘZYKU POLSKIM I UKRAIŃSKIM

Author(s): Natalia SZCZERBIJ / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

Hybrid verb forms constitute a relevant aspect that has been little studied by linguists. The paper discusses hybrid verb forms in order to determine structural and semantic differences against the background of Polish and Ukrainian. The hybridity of verb forms lies in the formation of parts of speech that combine categories characteristic of different classes of words, such as voice, tense, reflexivity, case, number. Such forms include the verbal noun, adjectival participle, impersonal predicative forms ending with -no, -to, and infinitive. The use of the comparative analysis made it possible to separate common and different features in both languages. Polish and Ukrainian are characterised by different degrees of convergence with verb or noun, in particular due to the category of reflexivity. The paper states that all these mixed parts of speech are united by the category of aspect, which relates primarily to verb. The paper also analyses the functioning of hybrid verb forms in modern Polish and Ukrainian.

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O POTRZEBIE BADANIA KOMPETENCJI LEKSYKALNEJ DZIECI W WIEKU WCZESNOSZKOLNYM W DYDAKTYCE JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO ZA GRANICĄ (NA PRZYKŁADZIE STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH I UKRAINY)
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O POTRZEBIE BADANIA KOMPETENCJI LEKSYKALNEJ DZIECI W WIEKU WCZESNOSZKOLNYM W DYDAKTYCE JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO ZA GRANICĄ (NA PRZYKŁADZIE STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH I UKRAINY)

Author(s): Beata Katarzyna Jędryka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

The knowledge of the vocabulary of early school-age children learning Polish abroad is one of the most important determinants of the level of their language proficiency. The paper presents the situation of Polish language teaching in the United States of America and Ukraine. Additionally, the paper discusses the status of the language among people of Polish origin. The author describes the preliminary results of the research on lexical competence of students: semantic fields with the largest lexical deficit among the children compared to their peers in Poland.

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SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO – OGRANICZENIA I MOŻLIWOŚCI

SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO – OGRANICZENIA I MOŻLIWOŚCI

Author(s): Marcin Maciołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

The article is devoted to the role and place of derivation in the teaching of Polish Language and Culture to foreigners. The author discusses the opportunities and limitations related to the inclusion of word formation issues in the teaching of Polish as a foreign language. Research has frequently indicated that the main factor hindering the decoding of meanings and word formations by foreigners is the ungrammaticality of the derivations (limited categoriality, and formal and semantic irregularity), which distinctively differentiates word formations from inflection, and locates it between grammar and vocabulary. It is generally believed that derivatives are acquired as lexical units. Following from Adam Heinz, the author claims that grammaticality is a gradable feature and proves that the difference between them is fluid. Raising students’ awareness of the particularly productive functions of affixes, and showing the rules of their use within word formation categories (which are more regular and frequent in everyday communication), contributes to the improvement of text reception and production skills, which in general facilitate language learning.

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ROLA GRAMATYKI KONTRASTYWNEJ W KSZTAŁCENIU PRZYSZŁYCH TŁUMACZY JĘZYKA ROSYJSKIEGO

ROLA GRAMATYKI KONTRASTYWNEJ W KSZTAŁCENIU PRZYSZŁYCH TŁUMACZY JĘZYKA ROSYJSKIEGO

Author(s): Magdalena Kawęcka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

One of the overarching issues raised in the considerations presented in this article is defining the role of grammar in the process of controlled foreign language learning. The aim of this study is to show the supporting role of the mother tongue in teaching grammar, and to illustrate the didactic potential of language acquisition based on interlingual contrasts. The practical part presents the procedures used in Polish-Russian contrastive practical grammar classes in order to prevent the occurrence of interference errors. The examples of selected bilingual techniques based on translation exercises allows us to see areas of potential linguistic interference. This article emphasises the need to acquire the knowledge necessary to identify and eliminate possible errors in the process of translating into Russian, and to orientate future translators in the issues of correctness in a foreign language.

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Z PROBLEMATYKI NAUCZANIA UKRAIŃSKIEGO JĘZYKA PRAWA W ŚRODOWISKU POLSKOJĘZYCZNYM: SYNONIMIA I EKWIWALENCJA MIĘDZYJĘZYKOWA

Z PROBLEMATYKI NAUCZANIA UKRAIŃSKIEGO JĘZYKA PRAWA W ŚRODOWISKU POLSKOJĘZYCZNYM: SYNONIMIA I EKWIWALENCJA MIĘDZYJĘZYKOWA

Author(s): Irena Mytnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

An important element of specialist language education is the achievement of competences in the field of understanding, and the efficient use of, terminology in both the native and foreign language, supported by basic knowledge of the given field. The aim of this article is to present those features of the Ukrainian and Polish legal languages which are important in the teaching and learning of the professional language. It highlights the synonymy in Ukrainian and Polish legal terminology, as well as inter-linguistic equivalence, phenomena which are important from the point of view of the translation competences acquired during the course, as well as the role of the textual context and specialist knowledge in acquiring terminology. These are areas of professional education that are of particularly difficulty for learners. The grammatical-translation and communicative aspects of teaching, illustrated in the sample exercises, are discussed, taking into account the similarities and differences between the two terminological systems, and the reasons for such are indicated. This study was conducted on the basis of Ukrainian and Polish legal texts (the Civil Code, Family and Guardianship Code, Personal Data Protection Act), using a descriptive-analytical and comparative method.

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