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W Ukrainie

Author(s): Yulia Krivich / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

“In December 2019 I stood next to the Dworzec Zachodni train station in Warsaw, holding a flag with the slogan W Ukrainie (In Ukraine). I chose this spot for symbolic reasons: it is at this bus and train station that refugees from Ukraine usually arrive. The campaign gained publicity and inaugurated within Polish society a discussion concerning Polish-Ukrainian relations and the colonial history of both nations. From that time not much has changed. In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Polish Language Council officially accepted the term ‘in Ukraine’ as a correct linguistic form.”

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Analiza motywacji chińskich studentów... studiujących w Delcie Rzeki Jangcy do uczenia się języków Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

Author(s): Huiling Zhang / Language(s): Polish Issue: 359/2022

This paper aims to analyse the language learning motivations of Chinese students majoring in Central and Eastern European languages at universities in the Yangtze River Delta. Thanks to the cooperation of the People’s Republic of China with the countries of this part of Europe, this group of learners is increasing, while the Yangtze River Delta was an important place for the implementation of the Chinese initiative, therefore, getting acquainted with the motivations of students learning Central and Eastern European languages may be important for the education of future participants of global exchange. This research used a survey strategy. It turned out that the respondents had mainly internal motivations. External factors, such as the teacher, can have a positive influence on the development of motives. What is needed is a concern for those who have become less motivated during their studies.

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Polskie szkolnictwo mniejszościowe... w multietnicznym środowisku czeskiego Śląska Cieszyńskiego

Author(s): Jiří Muryc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 359/2022

The present paper describes the linguistic situation in the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic (the Zaolzie region) on the basis of the history and present condition of Polish minority education, which has a long tradition in this area. The author focuses on a general description of the linguistic situation while presenting a more detailed view of the contemporary condition of minority education in Zaolzie. He cites current student numbers and reflects, among other, on the problems and challenges faced by minorities in Polish schools.

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Wspomaganie procesu adaptacji językowej dzieci z doświadczeniem migracji w nowej wspólnocie komunikacyjnej

Author(s): Marzena Błasiak-Tytuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 373/2023

This article is devoted to the topic of organising the language adaptation of children with migration experience. In it, the author discusses early second language acquisition and the factors to be considered in supporting language adaptation. She focuses on the promotion of specific language skills, i.e., prosodic, lexical, and grammatical competence, as well as reading skills.

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Kako izvorni govornici hrvatskoga jezika razumiju druge slavenske jezike? Istraživanje metodom praćenja pokreta oka

Author(s): Jacek Kudera,Josip Jagodar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 96/2023

Speakers of closely related languages have a clear privilege when communicating with one another over speakers of typologically and genetically distant languages. They can use their L1s and conduct a relatively fluent conversation. Such a multilingual interaction is referred to as ‘intercomprehension’. Th e Slavic language family is a good example for testing intercomprehension due to extensive language contact and well documented historical development of each member of the language family. In this paper, we present an experiment in the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) to shed light on the factors facilitating and impeding mutual intelligibility. In a multilingual communication, speech comprehension depends on a degree of similarity between the languages and contextual (un)expectedness of elements coming from a closely related language. To quantify the first factor, we analyze the surface phonetic resemblance between the equivalents of cognate predicates across the Slavic languages; To address the question of stimulus (un) expectedness, we adopt a methodology of information theory. In this study, native speakers of Croatian are exposed to Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, and Russian sentences. Their task is to listen to foreign audio samples and watch the pictures referring to simple SVO–type sentences. We hypothesize that gaze anticipation effect measured on a visual fi eld presenting a direct object is driven by the information theoretic notion of surprisal and phonetic similarity between the predicates in Croatian and a language of exposure. A strong intercomprehension effect was observed for Croatian native speakers listening to Polish sentences. Th e results of the eye–tracking experiment shed light on visually enhanced processing of closely related languages. Th e outcomes of this study contribute to the debate about the factors moderating mutual intelligibility among Slavic speakers.

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Constructions with the quasi-participles (rzecz) ujmując and (rzecz) biorąc in Polish: A comparative corpus-based analysis of distinctive adverbial complements

Author(s): Jarosław Wiliński / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Drawing on the foundational concepts of Construction Grammar and the analytical approach of Distinctive-Collexeme Analysis, this linguistic inquiry systematically investigates the affinities of adverbial complements (ACs) for the ‘AC-(rzecz) ujmując-construction’ (e.g., ogólnie rzecz ujmując ‘generally speaking’; verbatim: generally thing/matter expressing/phrasing) in comparison to the ‘AC-(rzecz) biorąc-construction’ (e.g., ogólnie rzecz biorąc ‘all things considered’; verbatim: generally thing/matter taking). The analysis of the dataset from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) shows that these linguistic constructions extend beyond mere syntactic variance, revealing distinct semantic nuances, assuming varying pragmatic roles within communicative contexts, and exhibiting marked collocational patterns with a diverse array of adverbs and adverbial phrases.

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Discourse in the context of language history – research potential and perspectives

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): English Issue: XXXII/2023

The aim of the paper is to indicate the research potential and perspective of discourse as a historical and dynamic phenomenon. Methodology used in the paper concentrates on discourse linguistics, stylistics, and text linguistics, which is related to the concept of language as a mode of communication manifested at its higher levels. What is important, the author is convinced that historical dimensions can be embedded into the definition of discourse. The first aspect constitutes the extension of the reflection at the discourse level in historical language studies. However, the inverse relation is most interesting. It is worth noting that the language history research could enrich the concept of discourse. Referring to previous research on the history of Polish scientific discourse and discourse of the excluded, the author formulates a thesis on the influence of the historical research on the concept of discourse, which could manifest itself in the following ways: (1) remodelling of the definition of discourse; (2) discourse dynamics; and (3) external discourse changes (cultural, sociological). The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The complementarity of language history and discourse linguistics should be considered. (2) Discourse definition is an open category and, among others, depends on historical changes. (3) The dynamic nature of discourse could be the basis for adopting historical discourse studies as a subdiscipline of linguistics. (4) Historical aspects of discourse can encourage research on communication as a dynamic, multifaceted, and complex component of culture.

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Naukowe ścieżki Urszuli Żydek-Bednarczuk (1952–2022)

Author(s): Iwona Loewe / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXII/2023

Profesor Urszula Żydek-Bednarczuk związana była z Uniwersytetem Śląskim w Katowicach – początkowo z Instytutem Języka Polskiego, a następnie z Instytutem Nauk o Kulturze i Studiów Interdyscyplinarnych, gdzie pracowała w Zakładzie Komunikacji Kulturowej oraz kierowała Pracownią Języka w Mediach. W latach 80. jako lektorka języka polskiego przebywała na Uniwersytecie im. Marcina Lutra w Halle w Niemczech. Była członkiem Zespołu do Spraw Kwalifikowania Lektorów Języka Polskiego jako Obcego w Zagranicznych Ośrodkach Akademickich, a od 2003 roku – Państwowej Komisji Poświadczania Znajomości Języka Polskiego jako Obcego. Przez wiele lat współpracowała z katowicką Szkołą Języka i Kultury Polskiej, była też m.in. kierownikiem letniego kolegium polsko-austriackiego. Prowadziła wykłady z zakresu bilingwizmu w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na studiach podyplomowych kształcących nauczycieli. Jej działalność dydaktyczna znalazła wyraz w postaci współautorstwa bardzo popularnych podręczników do kształcenia językowego.

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A COGNITIVE ANALYSIS Of POLISH FOLK PLANT NAMES

Author(s): Hubert Kowalewski,Katarzyna Prorok / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article proposes a cognitive analysis of selected Polish folk plant names. In cognitive linguistics meanings are identified with conceptual representations construed in certain ways, and multiple alternate construals of one referent may be associated with various phonological forms. For example, twardziec and rannik, two folk names of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), illustrate two different construals of the referent, since the names evoke two different concepts associated with the plant: the former name alludes to hardness (cf. Polish twardy ‘hard’), and the latter – to the fact that yarrow was used for healing wounds (cf. Polish rana ‘wound’). Since the conceptual representations depend crucially on the cognitive faculties of the conceptualizer, analyses of representations encoded in plant names offer insights into mental realm of the speaker. The study attempts to reconstruct the conceptualizations behind Polish plant names and reveal the ways in which the members of the folk community understood and experienced the world of plants. The main theoretical framework used throughout the study is derived from Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar.

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KARMIA CZYSTA – KONCEPT CZYSTOŚCI W STAROPOLSKIM DYSKURSIE KULINARNYM

Author(s): Agata Kwaśnicka-Janowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of the study is to analyse the semantic category of PURITY and its corpus-based textual representations, as well as the question of the interpretive framework ruling its discursive meaning in Old Polish culinary discourse. The basis of the study is a corpus of texts including the oldest Polish texts on culinary topics, i.e. cookbooks, the oldest herbalists and dietary-health texts. The interpretation demonstrates that the concept of purity was determined in the old discourse by the conceptual framework of DIET, HEALTH and FASTING.

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Intertextual ‘construal’ relationships in the dynamics of discourse – ‘Aspectuality’ in English Clauses vs. ‘Aspect’ in their Polish Counterparts

Author(s): Dorota Chłopek / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

The following is a brief comparative / contrasting discourse of “situation types” in English clauses and their Polish renditions in “The Hobbit or There and Back Again” by J. R. R. Tolkien. The article highlights certain types of situations in English predicates which are intertextually related to their Polish counterparts expressed through contrastive lexical means. The description seeks to sensitize Polish users of English to the impact of the aspectuality of English clauses on the construal of the situations presented in the dynamics of discourse, which is ‘limited’ to the grammatical means available within the Polish language.

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Collocates Pairs and Collocations in Travel Journalism in English, Italian and Polish

Author(s): David Finbar Brett,Antonio Pinna,Barbara Loranc / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

Using a corpus-driven approach, this paper will address an important aspect of formulaicity in travel journalism, an under-researched genre that has hitherto received scarce attention on the part of academics in general and linguists in particular. In order to compile three 1-million-word comparable corpora, travel articles were downloaded from the online versions of the Guardian, La Repubblica, and Gazeta, to constitute representative samples of the genre in English, Italian and Polish. The texts were annotated for part-of-speech and lemma using TreeTagger. Collocate pairs were then extracted from the annotated data using tailor-made Perl scripts. Subsequently a dispersion filter of presence in at least 20 different texts was applied. The resulting collocate pairs were placed into thematic groups, including: ACCOMMODATION, FOOD, NATURE, SPORT, CULTURE+HISTORY, PEOPLE, PLACE, TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, PRICE, ACTIVITY, EVALUATION, ROUTE, BUSINESS and TIME. The first five categories were subjected to further analysis, and it emerged that there were notable differences in their relative proportions between the three languages. The results show a number of collocations that could be identified amongst the collocate pairs in the three languages.

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The Drama of Language Learning: Using English Literature with a Polish Teenage Youth Theatre

Author(s): Trevor Hill / Language(s): English Issue: XXVI/2024

The positive effects of using drama in ELT have long been recognized, however this has often been explored from the context of the classroom. The article retroactively examines the activities of an English language youth theatre club for Polish teenagers as a social event organized in addition to their academic studies of the language. Special attention is paid to the use of classic texts (albeit adapted) by authors such as Shakespeare, and particularly the World War One poetry of Wilfred Owen. The article examines the techniques of using and performing the texts, the importance of gesture and intonation as well as the necessity to explore cultural and historical aspects of the material. The students’ opinions of the work and the effect on their language learning were submitted in a questionnaire and are presented towards the end of the article.

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¿Por qué los españoles «saben» lenguas mientras los polacos tan solo las «conocen»? Los verbos de conocimiento en contraste polaco-español

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2023

The objective of the study is to delve into the main syntactic and semantic differences and similarities of the so-called verbs of knowledge, that is, the predicates, that denote the cognitive attitude of the sentence subject toward the acquaintance. The author will address the contrastive analysis of the main Spanish verbs –saber, conocer– with the corresponding Polish verbs –wiedzieć, znać, potrafić and umieć.

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Discourses Related to the Activities of Local Offices in the 16th—18th Centuries (The Case of Upper Silesia)

Author(s): Mirosława Siuciak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

A method of discursive analysis of ar-chival official texts offers a comprehensive view ofhistorical material, much more in-depth than sty-listic analyses. The subject of this description arePolish-language official records created in Upper Sile-sia between the 16th and 18th centuries, illustratinga certain stage of the formation of institutional legaldiscourse, present in the Polish communicative spacesince the Middle Ages. The surviving collections rep-resent various types of discourse, determined by theintentions of the people approaching the office andby the role assumed by the institutional entity bothin a specific event and in the formulation of a legalwritten document. The article outlines the two mostcommon discourses in the collections studied: 1. thechancery discourse, that was aimed to produce docu-mentation that would ensure the approaching partiesthe right to dispose of property in accordance withthe established agreements and financial transaction;2. the judicial discourse, that involved resolving dis-putes between community members and ensuringpublic order. The written forms documenting theactions of the court served a mainly informative andreporting function, and their role was extremely im-portant in the current legal system, as they formedthe basis for possible appeal proceedings.

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Dusza człowieka we współczesnym świecie. Dwa ujęcia: Wisławy Szymborskiej oraz Olgi Tokarczuk i ich przemieszczenie w przekładzie

Author(s): Agnieszka Gicala / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

Niniejszy artykuł to analiza językowo-kulturowych konceptów dusza i soul, obecnych w dwóch utworach literackich autorstwa współczesnych polskich noblistek oraz w ich przekładach na język angielski. Teksty, o których mowa, to wiersz Trochę o duszy Wisławy Szymborskiej i opowiadanie Zgubiona dusza Olgi Tokarczuk; ich angielskie tłumaczenia to, odpowiednio, A Few Words on the Soul (tłum. Stanisław Barańczak i Clare Cavanagh) i The Lost Soul (tłum. Antonia Lloyd-Jones). Oprócz opublikowanych wersji angielskich analiza zawiera komentarz na temat prób alternatywnych tłumaczeń dokonanych przez studentów Uniwersytetu Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie. Tym, co łączy oba teksty, jest przekonanie, że współczesny świat, z jego pośpiechem, deficytem uwagi i konsumpcjonizmem, nie jest miejscem przyjaznym ludzkiej duszy. W poszukiwaniu obecności ludzkiej duszy w owym gorączkowym świecie obie autorki proponują podobne rozwiązania: człowiek musi wrócić do swojego małego świata: swojej wewnętrznej rzeczywistości, dalekiej od wyobrażeń szybkiego postępu i globalizacji. Niniejsza analiza przyjmuje perspektywę kognitywnoetnolingwistyczną i ujmuje byt określany polskim słowem dusza i angielskim słowem soul jako koncept kulturowojęzykowy. Następnie idzie tropem podobieństw i różnic tkwiących w obu omawianych językach, a tym samym rozważa status tego konceptu w językowym obrazie świata zakorzenionym w tych dwóch językach. Prowadzi to do interpretacji wiersza Szymborskiej i opowiadania Tokarczuk jako niestandardowych, indywidualnych, literackich realizacji standardowego (potocznego) językowego obrazu świata, wspólnego dla Polaków. Taka lektura pozwala sięgnąć do angielskich tłumaczeń tych tekstów jako zapisów dokumentujących przeniesienie polskiego konceptu duszy do nowej kulturowojęzykowej lokalizacji. Opierając się na koncepcji kultury jako góry lodowej, w której poszczególne teksty należy czytać jako językowe realizacje pewnych elementów treści kulturowych, leżących u podstaw tych tekstów, w niniejszym artykule podejmuje się próbę rozważenia, w jakim stopniu możliwe jest przeniesienie z oryginału do przekładu.

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Język – kultura – zmysły – poznanie: Ilona Witkowska, Wyrazić nienazwane: językowo-kulturowy obraz zapachu we współczesnej polszczyźnie, Kraków: Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych „Universitas” 2021, 268 s.

Author(s): Elwira Bolek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Recenzja książki: Ilona Witkowska, Wyrazić nienazwane: językowokulturowy obraz zapachu we współczesnej polszczyźnie, Kraków: Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych „Universitas” 2021, 268 s.

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O składni współczesnego polskiego reportażu książkowego: Katarzyna Ostrowska, Reportaż książkowy w świetle językoznawstwa statystycznego. Składnia – styl – gatunek, Kielce: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, 2023, 235 s.

Author(s): Sara Akram / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Recenzja ksiązki: Katarzyna Ostrowska, Reportaż książkowy w świetle językoznawstwa statystycznego. Składnia – styl – gatunek, Kielce: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, 2023, 235 s.

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Fikcyjne nazwy własne w polskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Representing research in phraseology and onomastics, the article is devoted to fixed phrases featuring a fictitious proper name as a lexical component. The undertaken analysis encompasses historical and modern Polish phraseologisms with an etymologically reinterpreted fictitious onomastic component based on a witty or humorous play on words which uses various semantic and sound-related associations. It turns out that the distinctive feature of the discussed phraseologisms is their impermanence, for most of the historical lexical units are no longer used in the modern language. Only a few of such lexical combinations have survived until today, e.g. na święty Nigdy, pani Piasecka, pan Łopaciński, pojechać do Rygi. The article indicates the reasons for the lexical absence of the presented phraseological combinations (e.g. the jocular overtones or the growing obsolescence of vocabulary items).

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KORPUSY JĘZYKOWE A/I SEMANTYKA HISTORYCZNA –FORMAT

Author(s): Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The article addresses historical semantics and the possibilities offered by its methodology, as well as the inclusion of digital data and tools. The utilization of dictionaries (SPXVI, Swil, SL, SW, SJPD, USJP, WSJP PAN), language corpora (Odkrywka, Chronopress, SpokesPL, MoncoPL, Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego/National Corpus of Polish, Korpus Dyskursu Parlamentarnego/ Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse), concordances and statistics made it possible to present the emergence of a new meaning of the lexeme format and its textual synonyms, and the chronology of the changes. It is shown that corpus data predate lexicography, hence the possibility of using such data to track neosemantisms in statu nascendi, and thus presenting the dynamics of semantic changes.

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