Pomenovania príslušníkov rodiny a rodinných vzťahov v predspisovnej slovenčine

Author(s): Pavol Žigo / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

A significant feature of the family relation terminology in the Slovak language is its big cognitive value from the linguistic and extra linguistic point of view. They reflect not only an internal language development but mainly extra linguistic factors that give a possibility to identify a cultural development context in a space and time. The author pays attention to the development of two groups of words: 1st: expressing of consanguinity – nomina consanguinitatis, and 2nd: expressing of a kinship acquired by marriage – nomina afinitatis. The first group of words – naturally – is characterised by integration tendencies with other Slavic languages, the second group shows a divergent tendency which is characterised by a decline of the original Slavic name system, e. g. šur, dever, svojak, zolva/zelva etc. and borrowing of German origin words like švagor/švagriná without regard to a relationship to bride or bridegroom, or to their parents. Names of relations in a family point to tendencies that uncover the Slovak language as a witness of the oldest external intercultural influences on the Slavic and non-Slavic border and an evidence of undermining of a delimitation stereotype. On the other hand, the adaptation of new expressions and simplification of an internal naming structure of the original relations is a demonstration of the same level of pressure not only on the whole West Slavic group of languages but also on a broader linguistically and genetically heterogeneous area.

Predhorie či Priedhorie, Brestenné či Briestenné? (1. časť)

Author(s): Anna Ramšáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2022

Klobúk dolu!

Author(s): Katarína Balleková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2022

Podnetom na napísanie tohto článku sa stala časť relácie Nárečja slovenskje v T V Folklorika venovaná klobúku. V nej sa mužská pokrývka hlavy, obyčajne z plsteného materiálu a charakteristická oblým dienkom a strieškou po celom obvode hlavy, predstavuje tromi zemepisne najrozšírenejšími pomenovaniami: širák, klobúk a kalap. Všetky tri sú v našich nárečiach dominantné a v tomto poradí vytvárajú od západu na východ Slovenska tri veľké súvislé oblasti výskytu. K nim sa pripája menšia oblasť názvu kapeľuch, ktorý sa v rovnakom význame používa v nárečiach východnej polovice Spiša a severozápadného Šariša. Dopĺňajú ich regionálne ojedinelé názvy: v najsevernejších častiach Oravy a Spiša kapeľuš (kapeľus), na severnej Orave aj kaňak. Približne päťminútová relácia graficky názorne predstavuje rozšírenosť uvedených lexém na zjednodušenej mape Slovenska, v sprievodnom slove moderátora sú jednotlivé výrazy použité v kratučkom nárečovom kontexte alebo v ilustračnej vete (podobným spôsobom sú vystavané všetky diely tejto relácie).

Ново съпоставително изследване на славянска фразеология

Author(s): Nadezhda Stalyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

“Toponyms in Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian Phraseology“ is a contrastive book on the phraseology of Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian. The author focuses on phrasemes that contain a toponymic component in their structure. He analyses these phrasemes and within them also confronts them from the formal, semantic, motivational and typological point of view, and also notes the aspect of their origin. The book studies phrasemes with the structure of comparison, phrasemes with a nominal structure of collocation, phrasemes with a verbal structure of collocation and phrasemes with a propositional and polypropositional structure. The semantic side of the collected phraseological units with toponymic component is described using delimitation of different phraseosemantic fields. The book also includes, to the extent necessary, the theory of the proper name. An integral part of the book are chapters presenting the major Czech, Slovak, Croatian and Bulgarian phraseological theories, as well as a comprehensive survey of Czecho-Slovak and South Slavic (i.e. Bulgarian and /Post-/Yugoslav) phraseological literature

Neukazovacie druhy zámen ako formálne vetné členy

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

The author proceeds from the general meaning of pronouns as a word class and shows how the general (categorical) meaning of individual types of pronouns translates into particular subtypes of pronouns. The author explains different kinds of pronominal meaning. He pays special attention to the occurrence of relative meaning in pronouns with basic indefinite and demonstrative meaning. The findings are based on living linguistic evidence from Slovak literary praxis.

Duóm hor nohami a gazďiná f posťeli

Author(s): Dagmar Šimunová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

Duóm hor nohami a gazďiná f posťeli; Dze stoji, tam śpi; Dze baba śedzi na zatku, tam malo poratku – aj takto sa v Betliari (o. Rožňava) či v Dlhej Lúke pri Bardejove hovorilo o gazdinách, ktoré nič nerobia, rady iba vyspávajú alebo vysedávajú, jednoducho sú lenivé. V Tisovci (o. Rimavská Sobota) sa uloží do posťeľi aňi posťeľňica, aby nemusela pracovať, predstiera chorobu, a v Kláštore pod Znievom (o. Martin) o takej, ktorá sa nepriberá do roboty, hovoria, že tá bi ľen románi čítala.

Krypto- a krypto

Author(s): Judita Páleníková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

Vetná pozícia a vetný člen

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2023

The author of this paper examines fundamental syntactic concepts and terms, including syntactic position and sentence constituent, used within the framework of the sentence constituent approach to sentence structure. The paper provides a basic characterization of selected concepts and terms and highlights substantial differences between them. Three closely related aspects of sentence constituents are illustrated through the example of the subject in a two-part sentence in Slovak. The paper emphasizes the inadequate recognition of the distinct conceptual validity of these concepts and terms in current scholarly literature and advocates for their systematic differentiation.

A Very Short Postscript on the Problem of Štúr’s Terminology

Author(s): Svorad Zavarský / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This is a very short postscript on the problem of Štúr's terminology, written by Svorad Zavarský in response to Alexander Maxwell's article "Suppressing the Memory of Slovak Panslavism: The Historiographical Misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. Zavarský clarifies his position on the interpretation of Štúr's terms nárečja, rozličnorečja, and kmenovitosť, and defends the reputation of the twentieth-century scholars whom Maxwell accused of historical falsification. Zavarský also argues that Štúr was both a Slovak patriot and a Panslav at the same time, and that his term nárečja is not equivalent to the modern term dialect. Zavarský regrets that Maxwell published his article in English, as he believes that Slovak scholars would provide better feedback than he can.

Czytanie realfantastyki. Najnowsza polska proza na zajęciach dla cudzoziemców

Author(s): Monika Válková Maciejewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

This article focuses on the latest Polish prose and discusses the question of whether references in literary texts to Polish realities (references in fiction to people from the world of politics, religion, culture; to spatial or urban concretisations) in the field of widely understood fantasy can be grasped by foreign readers. The author argues that decoding meanings is not only inspiring and linguistically interesting (vocabulary-wise, in developing the competence to create texts-descriptions), but also becomes a contribution to mediation and openness to different forms of delivery and the Other. The study cites excerpts from the works of Ignacy Karpowicz (Niehalo), Marcin Kołodziejczyk (Prymityw) and Zygmunt Miłoszewski (Jak zawsze).

KORPUSY TEKSTÓW W LEKSYKOGRAFII JEDNOJĘZYCZNEJ IPRZEKŁADOWEJ CZESKO-POLSKIEJ

Author(s): Andrzej Charciarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The article is devoted to the role of corpus data in monolingual and translational lexicography. Such data can significantly influence the construction of entries in monolingual and translational dictionaries, as demonstrated by the analysis of the Czech lexical unit klika. The analysis has shown the possibilities of describing the meaning of the unit using a monolingual corpus and indicating its foreign-language equivalents using a parallel corpus. The text can serve as a basis for further reflection on the creation of the lexical grid, the form of the dictionary entry and criteria for establishing translation pairs.

Pozyskanie Giovanniego Mavera dla polonistyki włoskiej

Author(s): Marcin Rabenda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2024

The subject of the article is an attempt at recreating, based on source ma-terial, the initial contacts of the renowned Slavist Giovanni Maver with the studies of Polish literature in Poland and the community around two scholars in Polish literature: Stanisław Kot and Roman Pollak

Opolska idiomatyka w wersji cyfrowej. Wokół słownika »Lidé – Média – Komunikace«

Author(s): Daniel Borysowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

This article presents the process of creating a digital dictionary of translationtriads in a database version (accessible through a search engine on the WWW). Theauthor conducts discussion on practical and technical, theoretical, interlingual, as wellas metalexicographical problems, related to the procedure described here, that is, theissue of – more generally – the transformability of dictionaries. As a theoretical basisand source of lexi co graphic practice in relation to the ac ti vi ties described here, theauthor points to a lexi co graphic tradition he calls Opole idio ma tics, which is as so cia -ted with the figure of Wojciech Chlebda, among others, the creator of phrasematics orthe concept of the lexi co graphic idio ma ti con.

O frazeologických germanismech v slovanských jazycích z hlediska etymologického

Author(s): Ludmyła Danyłenko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of phra seo lo gi cal Ger ma nisms from the ety -mo lo gi cal point of view in all three groups of Slavic languages, in par ti cu lar, to thecomparison of the figurative core of the idioms jemandem einen Korb geben, derblaue Montag in German, and then in Czech, Croatian, Slovenian, Ukrainian, Russianand Be la ru sian. The essence of the study is to analyse the semantics of German idiomsbased on explanatory and etymological lexicographic sources and further unravel thethread of phraseological receptions in Slavic languages, which are confirmed byverified lin guis tic facts and the corpus of modern written language. This studycontinues our research, which we published in the journal Bohe mis tyka (2021/1), andsup ple ments it with new material.

Učební styl Karla Hausenblase

Author(s): Eva HÁJKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

The article is a reminder of the si gni fi cant con tri bu tion of Karel Hau sen blas toCzech stylistics, namely the theoretical definition of teaching style in the system offunc tio nal styles. Hau sen blas’ de fi ni tion of func tio nal style is of fun da men tal im por -tance not only on the basis of the lin guis tic function of reporting, or aesthetic, as thestylistic theory has done until now, but on a com bi na tion of dominant functions inteaching communications, in addition to the reporting function as well as thedirective, in fluen cing function. Therefore, he considers teaching style as a complexstyle based on a combination of language functions in communications. He preciselydif feren tia tes the stylistic cha rac te ris tics of teaching texts and, for example, po pu la ri -zing texts, in which is the directive function also si gni fi can tly applied. He em pha si zesthat the objective of po pu la ri zing texts is to motivate the recipient of the text to take aninterest in the subject, while educational texts teach the recipient. Similarly, hecompares a different share of the directive function in teaching texts and in differenttypes of texts. The paper also focuses on the ap pli ca tion of Hau sen blas’ concept ofteaching style in pedagogical and linguistic works (especially by M. Jelínek) and inthe current theory of com mu ni ca tion spheres and the de fi ni tion of the sphere of schoolcommunication, and it focuses on the verbal component of teaching communications.

Praha srdce Evropy v té malé české kotlině – lokalizace v české frazeologii

Author(s): Ladislav Janovec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

In this con tri bu tion, I focus on what con no ta tions the naming of places implies forCzech speakers. The material comes from a phra seo lo gi cal fund of Czech. Idiomsvery often reflect the life story of a person and a nation, therefore the geo graphi callocation and typical features of Czech landscape and Czech set tle ments find ap pli ca -tion in it. As a Central European country, the Czech Republic is specific in that it is thepart of an imaginary geo po li ti cal border that divides Europe into a „developed andcivilized“ West and a „primitive and barbaric“ East. Many names of set tle ments aswell as landscape elements carry con no ta tions of emotions and even pathos. In thepresent, although a pathetically patriotic approach is mostly receding into the background,some elements connected with Czech landscape and settlementsremain in thelin guis tic picture of world.

Tělesné metafory v české lokalizaci prostoru: analýza lokačních orientátorů čerpaných z domény lidského těla

Author(s): Svatava Škodová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

We often use expressions expressing space in the language automatically withoutthinking about their foundations and correlations. A suitable framework for their inves ti ga tion is provided by cognitive lin guis tics through me ta pho ri cal models derivedfrom the ex pe rience of the human body moving in space. The presented text, theo re ti -cally embedded in Levinson’s subdomains of spatial language, focuses on theintrinsic fra me works of ex pres sing space in Czech. To express the location of objectsin space, the Czech language mainly uses a relative system based on the ob ser ver’spers pec tive. It rarely uses an absolute system oriented according to the cardinal di rec -tions. This study analyzes the intrinsic system of spatial localizers in Czech, focusingonly on localizers originating from the source domain.

Interferencje w strefie polsko-ukraińskich kontaktów językowych

Author(s): Uliana Hirniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

W artykule zostało przedstawione zjawisko polsko-ukraińskiej interferencji językowej, do którego dochodziło najczęściej na ziemiach Kresów Wschodnich bądź terytoriach przygranicznych obu krajów. O interferencji językowej mówimy wtedy, gdy mamy do czynienia z procesami zachodzącymi w komunikacji co najmniej dwujęzycznej. Jest to długotrwały, wielostronnie skomplikowany oraz niejednolity proces przenikania się elementów z jednego języka do drugiego. Proces interferencji dotyczy przede wszystkim leksyki i fonetyki, ale obejmuje również fonologię, morfologię, składnię i stylistykę. W przypadku zapożyczeń z dwóch różnych języków mówimy o tak zwanej interferencji zewnętrznej widocznej najczęściej na płaszczyźnie leksykalnej i fonetycznej. Liczne badania dowodzą, że dość częstym zjawiskiem są interferencje zachodzące w imiennictwie osobowym ludności polskiej zamieszkałej na dawnych obszarach ZSRR. Ponadto udowodniono, że ludność polskojęzyczna mieszkająca na terytorium Ukrainy uległa silnemu wpływowi języka ukraińskiego i z czasem utworzyła „dialekt kresowy”, który z biegiem czasu wpłynął również na język ogólnonarodowy. Z drugiej strony badania językowe wykazują silny wpływ języka polskiego na gwary zachodnioukraińskie, zwłaszcza na dialekt łemkowski oraz nadsański. Polonizmy w języku ukraińskim oraz rutenizmy w języku polskim przeszły i czasem nawet nadal przechodzą semantyczno-stylistyczną ewolucję, czego świadectwem są liczne badania naukowe i przedstawione w nich przykłady językowe.

Jezičke promjene u pisanim medijima u BiH 1992.-2002

Author(s): Marijana Nikolić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2004

Sve što ima oblik podložno je promjeni, pa je razumljivo da se i jezik neprestano mijenja. Jezičke promjene dešavaju se u cilju njegovog prilagođavanja zahtjevima i potrebama društvenih zajednica koje se tim jezikom služe.Te promjene mogu biti izazvane unutarnjim lingvističkim, ali i brojnim vanlingvističkim faktorima jer je «Jezik društveno - historijska kategorija tijesno povezana sa «haosom» vanjskih zbivanja unutar države i naroda.» (Dž.Jahić,Školski rječnik bosanskog jezika, Svjetlost Sarajevo, 1999.g.str.9). Zato se on može izučavati ne samo u užem, već i u širem lingvističkom smislu, kao element etničke, nacionalne, državne i vjerske pripadnosti naroda koji se njime služe.

Slavic Section at the 21st International Congress of Linguists (ICL 2024)

Author(s): Božena Bednaříková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The 21st International Congress of Linguists (ICL 2024) was held at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, focusing on the theme "Languages – Communities – Technologies." The congress featured nine plenary lectures, 17 sessions, 12 focus streams, and 17 workshops, with a specialized section on Slavic Languages chaired by Jadranka Gvozdanović. Contributions from 23 linguists across 11 countries highlighted the unique deictic categories in Slavic languages, covering areas such as verbal tense, aspect, mood, modality, and quantification. Papers addressed topics like grammaticality, grammaticalization, and discourse markers, with notable contributions from scholars such as Olena Pchelintseva, Igor Dreer, and Boban Krapejovski. The section also explored pragmatics and discourse, including research on contemporary teenage language, linguistic affirmation in former Yugoslavia, and linguistic prescriptivism in Slovakia. The final discussion emphasized the future challenges in Slavic studies, advocating for digital methods, interdisciplinarity, and a research-driven approach.