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POLSKIE I BUŁGARSKIE FRAZEOLOGIZMY SOMATYCZNE MOTYWOWANE PRZEZ NAZWY CZĘŚCI CIAŁA SŁUŻĄCYCH DO MÓWIENIA

Author(s): Elżbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29(34)/2016

The article includes the analysis of Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases with the meaning justified with components, i.e., the names of the parts of the body having a semantic feature of mental functions “designed for speaking” in the semantic structure. This semantic feature is very productive, and it justified the meaning of a few hundred of collected phrases in both languages. The most productive ones are NA: usta – уста, човка and język, jęzor, ozór – език, much less: ząb, zęby – зъб, зъби, wargi – устни, джуки, nos – нос and gardło – гърло. Moreover, in Polish, as opposed to Bulgarian, the functional semantic feature “designed for speaking” was distinguished in the structure of a few other NA: ślina, piersi “klatka piersiowa” and płuca. However, in Bulgarian, this function was as well ascribed to NA: чене, мустаци. The analysed somatic phrases concern two categories: silence and speaking (characterized in terms of starting the action of speaking, the content of the utterance and the manner of speaking). The article demonstrates the characteristics of the motivation of the semantics of the collected phrases in each of the compared languages (e.g. the motives of horse-riding in Polish, the motives of damaging and using up the organs of speech, the motive of fight etc.).

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Aкадемический дискурс в польской специальной литературе

Author(s): Martyna Król-Kumor / Language(s): Russian Issue: 32 (37)/2017

The article is an attempt at reconstructing the concept of academic discourse based on the available Polish specialised literature. In result of analysis, it has turned out that the concept of academic discourse does not have a clear definition in Polish science yet and its name is often used as a synonym for scientific discourse and didactic discourse. The works dealing with academic discourse may generally refer to two areas of expertise: pedagogy and linguistics. The most significant research result of this article is coming up with the typology of academic discourse from pragmatic point of view. The following subtypes have been separated within academic discourse: scientific-academic discourse, didactic-academic discourse, educational-academic discourse, administrative-academic discourse and public-academic discourse. Each type of academic discourse has features which are common for all subtypes (they have the same place of discourse functioning and strict connection between discourse participants and an academic institution) as well as differentiating features, among which there is a purpose of activity within each subtype of academic discourse (purposes such as cognition, working out didactic methods, teaching, managing the university and creating a positive, favourable social image of the university).

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Pietų aukštaičių patarmės paribiai: sintaksinių konstrukcijų kaita

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2019

he dialectological and sociolinguistic material from the Southern Aukštaitian borderland is under the investigation in this article. The most recent records of the speaker of the Lithuanian Southern Aukštaitian in Šalčininkai district are analyzed in order to study the changes in the syntax. The peripheral area of the Southern Aukštaitian located in Šalčininkai district is surrounded or, speaking more precisely, in contact with languages other than Lithuanian, i. e. Belarusian and Polish, and relatively recently with the Russian language as well. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of interception and convergence of syntactic compounds in the Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai district. The paper is based on ideas by Vytautas Ambrazas (2006) on this topic. Because of continuous language contact a lot of variants in the present Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai region have developed. For example, very frequently the prepositions ant ‘on’, dėl ‘for’, į ‘to’, po ‘after’ used in combination with case tend to acquire more specific meanings. A lot of them become analogous to those found in the neighbouring Slavic languages and thus are often alien for Lithuanian. The impact of standard Lithuanian cannot be totally disregarded either. The Lithuanian and Slavic languages are in active contact in these neighbourhoods, that is’ why they tend to develop the same patterns and constructions. In many cases the local Belarusian dialect, known as the poprostu (‘plain language’ – a local variant of the Belarusian northwestern dialect), plays a stimulating role here. Relatively recently all three contact languages, i.e. Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish, have acquired numerous lexical and grammatical borrowings in the dialects of Šalčininkai neighborhoods. This is one of the conditions for accelerating the incorporation and adoption of alien syntactic patterns in the Lithuanian language. In intense contact, borrowing is not limited to several different patterns because syntactic rules could be adopted as well. Surely, the archaic constructions could acquire entirely new semantic content. The prepositional phrases have been adopted and used not instead of pure cases, but rather alongside with them.

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Wybrane problemy generowania grup apozycyjnych w dawnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Piotr Zbróg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37(42)/2020

The subject of interest in this chapter is the concepts of creating apposition groups that appear in the literature on the subject, e.g. zbawiciel Jesus, dziewica Maryja, matka jego, słudze Bryjidzie. Opposing theories on this topic indicated on the one hand that apposition was an element added to the parent unit, and on the other hand, that apposition was the effect of transforming the deep structure into surface constructs. These approaches were, usually intuitive, reflected by language courts describing the title expressions since the beginning of the 19th century. In this study, they were traced and proved the dominance of opinions about the syntactic starting point in the derivative of apposition. In addition, other aspects of the characteristics of the groups of positions are discussed, placing them in the basic dichotomy of the derivation of positions.

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CZESKO-POLSKIE STOSUNKI JĘZYKOWE W ZAKRESIE SŁOWNICTWA KULTURY DUCHOWEJ (PRZESZŁOŚĆ I STAN OBECNY)

Author(s): Michał Łuczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22(27)/2012

This paper discusses the role of the Czech language in forming Polish vocabulary. The question is presented on the basis of one of the thematic groups of vocabulary, beliefs and religion, classified as Bohemianisms, including such words as Old Polish anioł, diabeł, and tatrman, as well as the Polish dialectal antyjasz, b’inek, cwerg, czechman, dias, fajermon, Fontana, hastrman, jaroszek, korfanty, kuźlak, mužík, Pustecki, raraszek, sotona, szatan, waserman, wiestnica and zazrak. The classification of Czech borrowings in Polish includes three groups. The main groups are: borrowings from Old Czech, borrowings from literary Czech from the 14th to the beginning of the 16th centuries, and borrowings from common Czech dialects (especially from a transitional group of dialects). The first and second group contains many international words (borrowings from Greek, Latin and German), while the third appear chiefly in the Polish dialects of Silesia and the Małopolska province. The author notes that the early Old Czech brought Latin borrowings from Christian terminology and demonological nomenclature. The 14th and 15th and also 20th centuries brought words related to witchcraft and traditional demonology, such as the names of wizards and witches, the devil, ghosts, etc. The author ascertains that, first of all, such loan names concern beings of the lowest demonic ranks and, in general euphemistic determination, present “evil ghosts.” Linguistic geographical analysis indicates that Czech loans of demoniac names occur mainly in the south-west and repeatedly exhibit a strictly regional (sometimes individual) character. The Czech language has also fulfilled an intermediary role in adapting borrowings from other languages (German, Greek and Latin); it has thus had a significant effect on modern disparity and Polish mythological vocabulary. This article aims at the ethnic and chronological classification of fragments of Slavic mythological vocabulary, and analyzes the problem of language influence between Czech and Polish.

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Idiolekt Wojciecha Piotrowicza: słownictwo prozy autobiograficznej

Author(s): Kinga Geben,Irena Fedorowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Wojciech Piotrowicz (born in 1940) is a Vilnius poet, prose writer, translator, journalist, social and cultural activist. He is the author of several poetry collections and volumes of memoirs. Research on which this paper is based consists of two main parts: we present the writer’s biography, which introduces a representative of the Polish intelligentsia in Lithuania, and an analysis of his lexis from his collection of short stories Moja czasoprzestrzeń (My Space-Time) (2015). The aim of the research is to investigate the lexical layers in the idiolect of the writer. Piotrowicz’s idiolect is the domain where the erudite vocabulary of the standard language blends in with the dialectical vocabulary of the Švenčionys district, in which words of rural life are frequent. In the vocabulary of his idiolect, we distinguish the following groups of lexemes: words from family language, archaisms, dialect words, and postwar Russian borrowings, referred to as “Soviet words”. The multi-layer nature of Piotrowicz’s idiolect is a result of a complicated reality on the border between cultures, languages, times, and evidence of changes in social stratification. To summarize the research results, it can be stated that the analysis of 179 words (phrases) from the writer’s individual language shows a world of concepts, thoughts, and values that are characteristic of representatives of the intelligentsia of peasant origin, born in the 1940s. The authors of the paper consider that this study is only a contribution toward determining the peculiarities of the Polish language spoken by the intelligentsia in Lithuania in the 20th century, and that this article does not exhaust all issues of Wojciech Piotrowicz’s idiolect.

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Псалтырь на церковнославянском языке, написанная польскими буквами (из собрания рукописей А. С. Норова)

Author(s): Jelena Aleksandrovna Celunova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

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Revising the Use of Differentiation in Text-Based Tasks in the Context of Ukrainian–Polish Bilingualism

Author(s): Larysa Shevchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

This article describes the specifics of Ukrainian–Polish bilingualism which can be observed in the territory of Ukraine and the present opportunities for studying Polish and Ukrainian. Various ways of using differentiation text-based tasks are proposed in the context of Ukrainian Polish bilingualism. The article contains a description of differentiation in line with different types of activity. The completion of tasks aimed at familiarization with the text, text analysis, reconstruction, production, and complementation is possible due to different variants of content correlation in Polish and Ukrainian. The differentiation of activities during text analysis, supplemented by students’ own reflections and the results of their creative activity, is realized by finding answers to questions in the text posed in Polish, formulating answers to the questions, and completing the questions. This is made possible in different ways depending on the language used, be it Polish or Ukrainian. Task completion on the reconstruction, construction and complementation of texts is conducted in a similar manner. In case of difficulties, it is possible to use one’s native language in determining the main idea of the text, drawing up a plan, comparing two texts, etc. The use of different types of translation is an important method of differentiation when working with texts. The author also considers native language materials in a textbook’s methodological guidelines to be useful.

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Pavlo Levchuk, Plurilingualism as a Sociolinguistic Phenomenon in the Modern Globalized World

Author(s): Oksana Kushlyk / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

Review of: Oksana Kushlyk - Pavlo Levchuk, Plurilingualism as a Sociolinguistic Phenomenon in the Modern Globalized World (Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2020, ss. 299)

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Kilka uwag o ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej: na przykładzie konfrontacji polskiej i ukraińskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Roman Tymoshuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2021

The article focuses on the problem of interlingual equivalence in the context of Polish and Ukrainian contemporary phraseology. The author provides examples of the use of parallel corpora in research on equivalence and outlines the concept of presenting the adequacy of phraseological units in the Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukraińskiej [Dictionary of Active Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology]. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the importance of creating a new type of bilingual dictionaries, presenting the current state of phraseological resources, and the use of digital tools in contrastive analysis.

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Language Practices in a Family of Prussian Language Revivalists: Conclusions Based on Short-Term Participant Observation

Author(s): Piotr Szatkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2021

The Prussian language (ISO code: prg) is a Baltic language considered to be dead since at least the beginning of the eighteenth century. The Baltic Prussians, closely related to Lithuanians and Latvians, had been conquered and Christianized by the Teutonic Order by the end of the thirteenth century. Since then, the ongoing process of assimilation led to the extinction of the ancient language, attested only by a few glossaries and three translations of the Lutheran catechisms from the sixteenth century. The language remained unused until the 1980s, when a group of scholars began its reconstruction. Some years later, the revival movement emerged, consisting of activists living in Poland, Russia (Kaliningrad Region), Lithuania, Latvia and Germany, claiming their Old Prussian roots or spiritual connection to the land and/or the people. Their efforts resulted in changing the language status from extinct to living in 2009 (SIL International) and to dormant (Ethnologue). There are at least three children using Prussian as their L1 language; there are also modern translations, poems, Facebook groups and a YouTube channel. This study is based on short-term participant observation of language practices in one of the Prussian-speaking families and considers examples of Polish lexical and grammatical influences, code switching and code mixing.

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Wybrane aspekty polskiej humanistyki cyfrowej z perspektywy językoznawczej

Author(s): Paweł Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2020

This article is devoted to selected aspects of digital humanities in Poland, especially academic communication and linguistic metalanguage. Considerations in this respect have so far focused primarily on topics related to the use of digital tools in humanities research rather than those concerning the ontological status of this research field. This paper presents the impact of issues associated with digital humanities on language and communication space. The study focuses on how linguistic and communicative reality changes in contact with what is classified as digital humanities. The discussion considers word-formation, lexical and semantic phenomena in linguistic terminology, using material from the iSybislaw digital bibliography and other sources.

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SPECIFIC PHRASEMES WITH ETHNONYMS AND THEIR STUDY BY CORPUS ANALYSIS

Author(s): Iveta Dinžíková / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (47)/2017

This article studies the phrasemes comprising an ethnonym in the source language (French) as well as the target language (Slovak). This approach is contrastive and the phrasemes have been classified according to the type of equivalence (total equivalent, partial equivalent and phrasemes without equivalent). The aim of the research was to analyse 27 phrasemes with the help of the corpus linguistics method (relative frequency and logDice association measure), and four monolingual corpora (the corpora frTenTen12, skTenTen11, Emolex, prim-7.0-public-all) with approx. 130 million up to approx. 10 billion words in each of them, so it is a fairly wide range of language materials. Firstly, we focus on the current state of French and Slovak phraseology. We present the distribution of phrasemes into three types: general, professional and so-called mixed (of which the last type represents our own proposition). Then, by translating the source language-culture into the target language-culture, we demonstrate the three basic types of phrasemes equivalence but our attention is on the first two types. Afterwards, we present quantitative methods of corpus linguistics (four monolingual corpora, relative frequency and the logDice association measure). Then, we analyse 27 specific phrasemes. This is qualitative analysis (their distribution into three types of equivalence as well as their repair in general, professional and mixed phrasemes), but also quantitative analysis (analysis based on relative frequency and also on logDice association measure). In the end, we demonstrate and evaluate the results of our research. The research objectives are set to find out the frequency of phrasemes in various types of texts and the level of their specificity within the framework of each of the corpora, based on which it is possible to propose which of the phrasemes should be placed at the forefront for looking up an entry and its individual components or a phraseme as a whole, and thus contribute to supporting the creation of current French/Slovak lexicography and phraseography. Moreover, from the point of view of teaching foreign languages, we can use the second type of equivalence as a contrasting factor between French and Slovak language-cultures because they can either easily interfere with other phrasemes of the target language-culture or be not well understood in the target language-culture.

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Rusų etninės ir religinės tapatybės konstravimas Sąjūdžio laikotarpiu Kaune leistoje spaudoje rusų kalba

Author(s): Andrius Marcinkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2021

The aim of the article is to analyse what was an impact of the press in Russian language that was published in Kaunas during the Sąjūdis period for constructing ethnic and confessional identity of Russian population. In order to reach the aim publications from newspapers “Echo of Kaunas” (“Эхо Каунаса”) and “Kaunas News” (“Kаунасский вестник”) were selected for qualitative research. The research revealed that biographies of famous individuals of Russian origin who participated in activity of Vytautas Magnus University and State Theatre (scientists, ballet artists, etc.) were the most popular kind of empirical material used by the press for constructing ethnic identity of Russian population and it’s relation to tradition of the Lithuanian statehood. The other one was data about activity of Russian Gymnasium and Russian cultural organizations until 1940 that served as important background for creation of image of historical continuity non-Soviet Russian culture in Kaunas. The research has also demonstrated that the press in Russian language was of high importance for the clergyman of Orthodox Christian parish in Kaunas. By participating in newspaper “Echo of Kaunas” they published various materials that could serve for consolidation of Russian population. Priests perceived Orthodox Christianity as a system of long-term values that could replace the Soviet identity among people and took part in the activity of Russian cultural organizations in Kaunas. However, they didn’t perceived Russian ethnicity as a feature of high importance to join the community and stressed multilingual and multicultural nature of the Orthodox Church.

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Vyjmenovaná slova v češtině: podstata, kontext, vývoj

Author(s): Robert Adam / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The paper defines the position of so-called listed words in Czech orthography and describes the historical process of the emergence of lists of these words in 19th-century Czech grammars and writing guides. The topic is presented in a broader context of Czech orthographical theory, including distinguishing between the rules concerning domestic words/morphemes vs. loanwords.

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Tmavě modrozelená je nová černá aneb Neologismy v popiscích pořadů na streamovací platformě Netflix

Author(s): Michaela Lišková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The article deals with neologisms in the descriptions of programs from 2011-2021 on the Netflix streaming platform. Neologisms were determined on the basis of a lexicographic criterion (absence in dictionaries). Excerpted units were then classified into one of three groups: 1. naming new content in a new form (biohacker, fo, morčauta), 2. naming new content using the existing form - one-word expressions (koronavirus, sólista, margaritovy), phrases (bílá privilegia) and idioms (být nová černá), 3. new naming of previously named content (hyeňák). Thematically, new words are recruited from the field of gastronomy, new technologies or social networks and the Internet. English (loanwords, anglosemantisms) plays an important role in the monitored new vocabulary. For further neological research, current lexicons of contemporary Czech would be beneficial.

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KORPUS RÓWNOLEGŁY A EKWIWALENTYZACJA

Author(s): Andrzej Charciarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 177/2022

The article is devoted to possibilities of using the InterCorp Polish-Russian paralel corpus in the process of searching for translations equivalents. It also presents resources and functionalities of the InterCorp, and concentrates on how it can be used by Russian philologists. It is increasingly useful in linguistic and translatological research. A particular focus is put on the process of equivalencing i.e. searching for and establishing equivalents and a significant role of the parallel corpus which allows for finding appropriate translation solutions that sometimes can pose a problem for a single translator or lexicographer. The article also presents a deeper reflection on the significance and prospects of empirical research in the contemporary linguistics.

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ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНЫЙ КОРПУС INTERCORP В ПРОЦЕССЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ПОЛЬСКО-РУССКИХ ПАР МЕТАОПЕРАТОРОВ

Author(s): Aleksandra Zięba / Language(s): Russian Issue: 177/2022

The article describes the possibilities offered by the parallel corpus InterCorp in the process of translating Polish metaoperators into Russian and searches in the texts the analogous Russian word constructions. The author raises the problem of the interpretation of such concepts as reproduct, multiword unit and phrase in the publications of Polish linguists who more often emphasize the need to define the above-mentioned units by mono and multilingual dictionaries. The article refers to the metaoperators proposed by Wojciech Chlebda, which are used as an auxiliary tool in the search process from reproducible texts of multiword units. The possibilities and resources of Polish and Russian collections included in the InterCorp corpus were described, and then selected meta-operators of various categories were analyzed. The article describes the possibilities and resources of Polish and Russian collections included in the InterCorp corpus and then selected metaoperators of various categories were analyzed.

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Începuturile lexicografiei poloneze: care este modalitatea de prezentare a gloselor din dicționarul medieval în epoca digitală?†

Author(s): Katarzyna Jasińska / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2021

The purpose of this paper is to show how this specific type of attestations— Polish glosses in Latin dictionaries—can be presented in the electronic form. The starting point for my considerations will be the online database Rozariusze z polskimi glosami (Rosarii with Polish glosses – rozariusze.ijp.pan.pl). The database collects Polish vocabulary written in the so-called rosarii, i.e. texts representing the Polish redaction of the Vocabularius Ex quo dictionary. The online tool allows users to view and search the collected resources in the following layouts: attestations, entries, concordance. The database was created to collect the elaboration of Polish glosses in the so-called rosarii, but it also may be an inspiration or a partial model for research of such attestations in the other vernacular languages.

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The beginnings of Polish lexicography: How to present glosses in the medieval dictionary in the digital age?†

Author(s): Katarzyna Jasińska / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2021

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