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Operatory limitacji o postaci superlatywu przysłówka w języku polskim

Author(s): Maciej Grochowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

It is possible to distinguish in Polish a special class of lexical units that have the shape of adverb superlatives, yet belong to the class of metapredicative operators. The paper discusses a subclass of them, namely limitators. A limitator opens one syntactic position, primarily on its right side, for an expression implying the notion of quantity, number or measure; grammatical forms of the expressions filling this position are varied. Contrary to that, a superlative of adverbs opens up two positions, the first for a verb and the other for a prepositional phrase. The paper contains a detailed analysis of five homonymic units belonging both to the class of adverbs and to the class of limitators.

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Frekwencja czasownika a jego właściwości walencyjne: opis składni eksplikacyjnej w świetle „prawa Mańczaka”

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article concerns a functional perspective of the explicative syntax, i.e. the relationship between the specification of the verb’s valence class and its frequency in various types of texts. Based on the analysis of source material (in Polish and Russian) as well as on a synchronous interpretation of “Mańczak’s law” (i.e. explanation of the irregular development of word forms by their text frequency), the author argues that verbs with higher frequency display a greater degree of diversity in their syntactic distribution.

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O diagnozie. Analiza składniowo-semantyczna

Author(s): Kamila Potocka-Pirosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The aim of the analysis is to present a valence characteristics of the noun diagnoza (diagnosis). I start with reviewing several dictionary definitions, in order to find out how many meanings of diagnoza should be recognized. In what follows, I describe the deep structure of diagnoza, based on the analysis of the examples from the selected dictionaries and The Polish Valency Dictionary (Walenty). The next step is to characterize morphological and semantic criteria for the positions opened by this noun. And finally, I discuss some problems with interpreting surface realizations of this noun. The analysis is based on the evidence from The National Corpus of Polish.

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Selected constructions with nouns denoting emotions and metaphors of emotions in Czech

Author(s): Lucie Saicová Římalová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper explores the relationship between constructions that include emotion nouns and the metaphorical conceptualization of emotions in Czech. It focuses on selected nouns that denote negative emotions (anger: vztek, zlost, hněv, amok; fear: strach, úzkost, panika; dislike: nelibost, nechuť), verbs that take these nouns as subjects or objects (and to some extent on other types of verbal complementation). Similarities and differences were found in the preferred types of construction for the given emotions, in the repertoire of verbs in these constructions, and in associated metaphors. However, the results can only partially be explained by metaphorical processes and by semantic factors such as the intensity or “activity” of the emotion. The research uses valency theory and a cognitive approach to language and is based on data from the synchronic corpus of written Czech SYN2015.

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Wpływ prefiksacji na walencję polskich czasowników

Author(s): Elżbieta Wierzbicka-Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article describes all the changes in valence patterns caused by prefixing in Polish. The analysis of several hundred verbs allowed to distinguish among them those that inherit the valence scheme from their word-formation bases, and 9 types of derivatives that change their valence requirements after adding a prefix to them. These changes concern the number of opened positions, their configuration and morphological form. Their source is most often the meaning introduced by the prefix into the semantic structure of ta verb, or the type of the prefix distinguished according to the grammatical case imposed by this prefix.

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Pole leksykalno-semantyczne MIÓD PITNY w polszczyźnie XVI wieku

Author(s): Aneta Müller / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article overviews the lexical-semantic field of MEAD in the Polish language of the 16th century. Lexical material has been excerpted from the “Dictionary of 16th-century Polish”, and it includes names of meads, names of semi-finished products, names of activities, and names of dishes. The elements missing from the field are indicated. The author also presents the development of the field against both the internal and the external history of the Polish language.

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Nowe życie przysłów w polskich i rosyjskich memach internetowych

Author(s): Gabriela Wilk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article focuses on functioning of proverbs in Polish and Russian Internet memes. The author analyzed selected Russian proverbs which included the component “wolf ” and their Polish equivalents. Research findings indicate that equivalent units are used to varying degrees by Polish and Russians Internet meme creators, who use the proverbs mainly in a modified form, less often in their original version. The possibility of employing a specific proverb by meme creators proves that it is still deeply rooted in linguistic knowledge of the Polish and the Russian people.

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Pokoleniowe zróżnicowanie leksyki z pola tematycznego OGRZEWANIE DOMU w języku mieszkańców Zalesia w powiecie poddębickim

Author(s): Katarzyna Zagłoba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article presents generational variation of lexis from the subject field DOMESTIC HEATING in the language of inhabitants of Zalesie (municipality Wartkowice, district Poddębice). The author interviewed eight informants from three generational groups, taking into account their family relations. The study has shown how the language of inhabitants of Zalesie evolves along with the development of heating techniques.

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Kim były szesnastowieczne malarki, murarki imydlarki?

Author(s): Anetta Luto-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article describes difficulties connected with interpreting 16th century names of women created out of men’s profession names. The analyzed lexical material was limited to feminine formations created with the use of the -ka suffix out of masculine names ending with -arz. Due to such a clear formal restriction, I analyzed all feminatives in this class found in SPXVI as well as additional occurrences excerpted by me, which constituted over 60% of textual usages analyzed herein. I focused on two functions of the -ka suffix creating nomina feminativa of the time – the names of wives and the “simple” feminatives, that is those in which the formant provides the formative base only with the meaning of femininity. Over 60 lexemes were analyzed. In the first place, I examined all registered appearances of every word in Renaissance texts, with a particular emphasis of uses in non-literary sources providing authentic historical data about the people described. I confronted thus obtained information with 1) the findings of historians, demographics scholars or sociologists researching the role of women in Renaissance society and the opportunities available for women regarding taking up paid work and performing specific professions; 2) lexicographic descriptions of particular entries in SPXVI, broadening lexicographic analysis with the earlier lexis as registered in SStp and the later lexis found in source dictionary (Cn). The final stage of research involved a formal historical word formation analysis of the described feminatives and its dependencies with lexicographic descriptions of particular items.

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Wyróżniki tekstowe determinowane przez płeć w listach-gazetach Jadwigi Rafałowiczówny (z początku XVIII wieku). Uwagi o kobiecym wariancie gatunku

Author(s): Renata Bizior / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article describes inquiries relating to the relationship between genre of speech and cultural gender that is understood accordingly to linguistic agreement of gender as cultural gender. The purpose of this paper is to define the scope of cultural and social expression of gender’s construction in organization belonging to a dynamically shaping genre. The paper also aims to present of genre’s variant features handwritten newspaper edited by woman in the beginning of XVIII century that was ordered by a woman from the magnate community. The article discusses formulation of written newspaper in genealogical context and points at textual determinants crucial for female’s version of newspaper that are occurring on the structural, interactive and cognitive surface determined by cultural gender and its specific style of communication.

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Między aluzyjnością a obrazowością. Wyznaczniki polskiego dyskursu erotycznego epok dawnych (XVI–XVII wiek)

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The work concerns the problem of language determinants of old-time epochs (16th-17th centuries) erotic discourse. The research material constitutes chosen texts representing rhetorical low style as close to colloquial variant of language. One pointed two main discourse tendencies: picturesqueness and allusiveness. Analysis illustrates the universality of language measures, their panchronic character, ludic and euphemistic functions. Furthermore the connections of examined discourse with colloquial variant of Polish and with the lingual and cultural stereotypes were confirmed.

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Co jest kobietą we współczesnej polszczyźnie?

Author(s): Ewa Młynarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The purpose of this paper is to characterise formally and semantically the metaphorical word combination Cośjest kobietą, which has not been registered in phraseological dictionaries yet. The author presents contexts in which this phraseme has been attested, establishes its fixed form, as well as the most important elements of the global meaning.

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Emancypacja, feminizm, sufrażyzm w słownikach języka polskiego

Author(s): Kornelia Jankowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

This article is devoted to names of social movements led by women, such as emancypacja, feminizm and sufrażyzm. It presents history of these words and their derivates in polish language, based on informations obtained from dictionaries – old and new. Author looked into definitions, qualifiers and examples of usage. It helped with establishing chronology and semantic changes of subjected words. Then author evaluated usefulness of dictionaries in this kind of research. It turned out that they can be helpful but don’t give all needed informations.

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Różni ale tacy sami? - stereotypy związane z płcią w wybranych podręcznikach do nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego (poziom A1 i A2)

Author(s): Malgorzata Rybka,Marta Wrześniewska-Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article discusses the problem of functioning of stereotypes in the process of teaching the Polish language and culture as foreign language to an adult student. Thanks to the didactic materials presented during the course, learners reconstruct the stereotypes of, for example, Polish, Poles, Polish woman, Polish family and social relations. The description was limited to gender stereotypes and social roles of women and men, their interests, as well as appearance and character traits. The analysis allows to claim that the stereotypical gender image in the didactic materials is present to a different extent. In the analyzed textbooks for teaching Polish as a foreign language, published at the beginning of the 21st century, the content of the stereotype of a woman and a man undergoes modifications. Young people, regardless of gender, are open to the world, they study, travel around Poland and Europe, and maintain contacts with their peers from all over the world. Women who have already finished their studies appear to be people performing professions previously considered female and male professions, similarly they perform almost all activities at home, and men are people for whom professional work is the most important.

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Polszczyzna wwymiarze stuletnim

Author(s): Mirosława Siuciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

Review of: Stanisław Dubisz, Najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego. Rozwój polszczyzny wlatach 1918-2018, Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2020, ss. 181

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Rak Maciej, Materiały do dziejów polskiej dialektologii i etnologii: listy Cezarii Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowej, Adama Fischera, Antoniego Kaliny, Izydora Kopernickiego, Kazimierza Nitscha, Seweryna Udzieli, Juliusza...

Author(s): Zbigniew Jasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Rak Maciej, "Materiały do dziejów polskiej dialektologii i etnologii: listy Cezarii Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowej, Adama Fischera, Antoniego Kaliny, Izydora Kopernickiego, Kazimierza Nitscha, Seweryna Udzieli, Juliusza Zborowskiego". Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka (Z Prac Wydziału Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego) 2018, ss. XVI, 604, ISBN: 978-83-7638-935-6.

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Sounds, colours, tastes and adours in Slovak proverbs and sayings

Author(s): Lenka Garančovská / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In the article we discuss proverbs, sayings and superstitions of Slovak people. They deal with sounds, colours, tastes, scents and odours. In the initial part we point to common elements and differences in the individual types of traditional morals on the theoretical basis. In the practical part we classify and describe these types of gnomes and sentences. We also try to find appropriate translation equivalents for them, based on the relationship between Slovak and Romanian.

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O WYRAŻENIACH W MIARĘ I NA MIARĘ. ROZWAŻANIA NA MARGINESIE OPISÓW SŁOWNIKOWYCH

Author(s): Anna Kisiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2021

The presented paper takes up a debate with the existing (mainly dictionary) descriptions of expressions assuming the form w miarę and na miarę. It shows that, although the intuition of the authors of the descriptions is often right, the descriptions themselves are not sufficiently precise. What is pointed to as a potential source of the misunderstandings is the multitude of the types of usage of the base noun miara. Based on a description of syntactic requirements, connectivity (including frequent collocations), and meanings, three units assuming the form w miarę (a gradation operator and two prepositions) and two units assuming the form na miarę (a preposition and an attributive expression) are distinguished. At the same time, it is noticed that the attributive (adverbial and adjectival) usages are the least established in terms of syntax and the most controversial ones.

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OPERATORY GRADACJI MAKSYMALNIE, MINIMALNIE – RÓŻNICE W ZAKRESIE ŁĄCZLIWOŚCI Z PRZYMIOTNIKAMI I PRZYSŁÓWKAMI

Author(s): Adrianna Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2021

This paper presents an analysis of semantic and lexical connectivity of lexical units assuming the form maksymalnie (maximally), minimalnie (minimally). They are treated as metapredicative operators, or – to be more precise – as operators of gradation, while in fact they are representatives of metalevels. The paper focuses in particular on presenting limitations to the connectivity between the examined operators and the adjectives and adverbs that are called parametric and evaluative in the relevant literature. The analysed lexemes collocate with adjectives and adverbs that are relative in nature. The analyses were conducted based on the dictionary descriptions and examples of usage of the units derived from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP). The paper uses methods applied in structural grammar and semantics.

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PLEBISCYT Z 1920 ROKU W OCZACH WARMIAKÓW NA PODSTAWIE TEKSTÓW USTNYCH

Author(s): Agnieszka Wełpa-Siudek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2022

This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the picture of a groundbreaking historical event captured in oral accounts from Warmia. To this end, terms from the field of ethnolinguistics, in particular linguistic worldview and point of view, have been applied. The analysis of the texts has revealed a clear opposition marked by lexemes polski (Polish) and niemiecki (German) and their derivatives as well as positive evaluation of what is local (Warmian). At the lexical level, borrowings from German (welować ‘to elect’), dialectal lexis (poszczwać ‘to bait’) and a significant share of collocations referring to the situation of elections (odprawiać wiece) can be distinguished. What plays an important role in the picture of the plebiscite is the language exponents of negative phenomena and emotions, e.g. acts of violence, feeling of fear. The predominant stylistic devices employed are metonyms and metaphors.

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