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Review of: Literature and language functioning in Lithuania: Lithuanian-Polish scientific and cultural relations: collective monograph
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In this paper, an attempt is made to reveal the cognitive picture of Samogitian in Lithuanian and Polish. The linguistic–cultural picture of Samogitian, encoded in Lithuanian and Polish dictionaries and other written sources, is being reconstructed both from historical and contemporary perspectives. The authors aim to find answers to the question whether there are more similarities or differences of vision of this Lithuanian ethnic group in two different cultural–linguistic layers. In order to present the most thorough under¬standing of how Samogitian is entrenched in language and culture, an analysis is made with the application of the Polish ethnolinguistic methodology, presented by prof. Jerzy Bartmiński. Resources used in this research include lexicographical and textual sources as well as data collected in the survey. The analysis shows that there are lots of similarities between the Lithuanian and Polish visions of Samogitian. Hence, there is no reason to maintain that these two linguistic traditions represent distinct points of view or different profiles of the concept. There is an historical evidence supporting this statement. Polish sources reveal the vision of Samogitian and Samogitia as closely related to Poland. Samogitian is being perceived in it as honorable, full of patriotism, courtly ethos and loyalty to national traditions. Wefts of courtly ethos and loyalty to the nation culture and traditions are also found in Lithuanian sources; still, here they are a good starting point for a further discussion on historical, cultural, ideological and even biological determinants of a Samogitian’s character and identity. Lithuanian sources emphasize the viability of the concept, the intricacy of the vision of Samogitian, it’s transformations and ethnic consciousness, which are still alive. NATIONALITY and CHARACTER FEATURES constitute the core underlying structure upon which the cognitive picture of Samogitian is based. The development of the concept is hidden in contemporary realities, determined by a Samogitian’s everyday life and relations with the representatives of other Lithuanian ethnic groups.
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The article is devoted to the textological research of the Polish text of the Book of Psalms manuscript from Simon Azarjin’s book collection written in three languages in the 17th century. The Book of Psalms represents a trilogy written inter-linearly in three languages: Church Slavonic, Greek and Polish. The Polish text as part of the Orthodox Book of Psalms makes this memorable text unique. The former author’s textological analysis was implemented and based on the Book of Psalms original source, and namely on the Polish Catholic Leopolita Bible. The present research enables us not only to clarify the specific edition of the Leopolita Bible but also to reveal one additional source of the trilogy – the Jakub Wujek Bible of 1599.
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The present article addresses the principal phonetic phenomena of the languages used in borderland areas and their interaction. It analyzes of dialectological and sociolinguistic material collected from the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century from three points in the Šalčininkai district. It analyzes the phonetic convergence of the dominating local language varieties — Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian — and establishes the tendencies of this process. The situations of natural communication in the context of code-switching are analyzed in the study: when the speakers are fluent and use several languages at the same time by actively switching between them in conversations. The research is, based on the theory proposed by Valerijus Čekmonas, the researcher of the interaction of languages and Slavicist: the speaker switches between languages according to certain rules, which can be described by algorithms. Based on this method of algorithms, the study reveals the phonetic tendencies and proves a very important role and influence of the now passively used Lithuanian language on the articulation of contemporary Slavic languages. The research showed that the reasons of convergence of phonetic phenomena of the language varieties functioning in the borderland areas are mainly sociolinguistic. After comparing the phonetic peculiarities of local Polish and Belarusian dialects, it turned out that the phonetics of both dialects is essentially the same. The informants pronounce the soft consonants used in the local Lithuanian dialect in the same way as they are pronounced when speaking local Slavic dialects. The cases, which are not typical of Belarusian and Polish dialects, when consonants are intensively confused, were recorded; it is likely a feature of the Lithuanian substratum.
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The paper analyses the Polish lexis, recorded in dictionaries (since the 19th century) and the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), which reflects the social attitudes that could be described as anti-Semitic. It discusses words expressing aversion, contempt, hostility, which carry a strong markedness that refers to the established negative stereotype of the Jew. Ethnonyms and their colloquial equivalents, words derived from an ethnonym, and its metaphorical neosematisms were used as the material for the description (the already examined paroemia and idiomatic expressions are outside the scope of the author’s interests).
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Surnames are an integral part of a person’s family identity and accompany a person throughout their life. The study of regional anthroponymy is the basis for dialectology, lexicography, etymology, word formation, and comparative linguistics. This paper considers various principles of classification of surnames in general, and in particular it analyses surnames of Ukrainians from Eastern Galicia, motivated by their own Polish names. The source of the surnames was the telephone books of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil. The sample consists of 657 surnames, out of which 57 names were used: 41 male and 16 female ones. Most names became the basis for the formation of not one but many surnames. The materials and results of the research can be used in writing comparative works on Ukrainian and Slavic onomastics, in research on lexicology and history of language.
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The paper analyses the issue of academic writing in Polish. The author analyses the specific characteristics of the development of competences in the field of understanding and creating texts representing scientific and didactic genres from the Polish-Ukrainian comparative perspective, taking into account the phenomenon of intercomprehension and linguistic interference. Based on the analysis of educational practices in Poland and Ukraine, as well as the texts of the diploma theses of students from Ukraine, based on her own experience in teaching, the author presents a catalogue of academic genres and frequent errors in academic writing made by Ukrainian students.
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The second part of the analysis concerning the relationship between word-formation and syntax in teaching Polish as a foreign language (PFL) provides practical teaching solutions which may be implemented, based on the theoretical analysis included in Part 1. We first examine those contents of the existing PFL curricula and textbooks which directly point to any correlation between the syntactic properties of the base and derived language units. We then proceed to study the form and nature of the transformation exercises which are best suited for training and testing the links between word-formation and syntax. The third part of the paper provides a number of methodological clues and explicit rules concerning the various degrees of syntactic inheritance, and other problems worth taking into consideration in PFL lessons.
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This article describes the process of learning foreign language writing skills, aimed not only at the active acquisition of text models characteristic of a given linguo-cultural community or at the activation of linguistic structures, but also at the development of lexical and grammatical competence. The approach described consists of identifying the actual needs of the students as a basis for boosting their writing skills. The initial assumption was that analysing the language component of texts written in a foreign language allowed for the identification of the problems their authors experienced when learning the lexical and grammatical system of the language in question, not only in terms of correctness but also of the diversity of vocabulary and structures used. This model uses written texts as tools to stimulate the linguistic aspect. Text-based activities in this model include an array of transformation tasks aimed at perfecting the language and style of the text by, among others, activating passively acquired lexis and grammatical structures. The effectiveness of the approach presented in the article was tested in a classroom teaching Polish as a foreign language.
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The paper brings the morphological features of the a-type nouns of the Sarajevo dialect in the light of the Eastern Bosnian ijekavian-shtokavian dialect to which it belongs, connecting them with those previously recorded in Sarajevo as well as in the neighbouring dialects. Informants are Sarajevans born in the early 20th century. The corpus consists of transcribed audio material of about 150 pages.
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The article aims to describe the examples of wordplay in the novel S.N.U.F.F. of V. Pelevin and analyze the translation of these examples in the Polish version of the novel. In the introductory part some theoretical problems concerning wordplay are presented. The main part contains the most interesting examples of wordplay from the novel, the explanation of how the comical effect is obtained and the analysis of the translator’s decisions. In the final part the conclusions are presented.
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The article discusses the methods of translating Stanisław Jerzy Lec’s Unkempt Thoughts into Russian in which neologisms constitute the basis of the wordplay. There are a lot of language innovations in Lec’s aphorisms, but the article analyses only one-word neologisms, mainly blend words. The study of the series of translations presents various translators’ choices, which often result from different ways of interpreting the original text by translators.
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Scarce attention has so far been paid to the translation of religious songs in the academic writing. This article focuses on the description of the translations of the Christmas song Mary, did you know into Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. The conducted analysis allowed to identify different types of translation shifts introduced by the translators in order to convey both the content and the poetic form of the original.
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In the article the author introduces the semantic structure of the positive and negative images of one of the most popular Polish politicians of last decades — Jarosław Kaczyński, on the basis of political narration of two competitive weeklies — “Newsweek Polska” and “Sieci”. Under this approach the image is defined as a complex semantic construction consisting of at least few semantic representations concentrated around labels (basic nominatios). Both weeklies present different images of the politician, using various linguistic and textual means.
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This article is devoted to the phenomenon of such quotation of foreign language lexemes whereby their form depends on the syntactic requirements of the language in which the main text is written, e.g. “dojść do соглашения”. Connections of this type can sometimes also be found in scientific publications, e.g. in articles in Polish describing the Russian language (lexical or grammatical issues, etc.) or Russian cultural and political realities. The study analyses this phenomenon on the basis of selected examples. In sentences quoting foreign language material in this way, the boundary between two languages (e.g. Ukrainian and Polish, Belarusian and Russian, etc.) and their respective syntactic systems is blurred.
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This article is a review of Kristīne Kuņicka’s Polacy i język polski w Łatgalii / Poļi un poļu valoda Latgalē [Poles and the Polish Language in Latgale]. The author discusses the contemporary sociolinguistic situation of the Polish minority in Latgale, Latvia. An important aspect of the book is that it takes into consideration the Polish language of the young generation of Poles in the region.
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This article is a review of Katarzyna Konczewska’s study entitled Polacy i język polski na Grodzieńszczyźnie [Poles and the Polish Language in the Grodno Region]. The study discusses the history and geographical extent of the area under consideration as well as the sociolinguistic situation and the functional distribution of the Polish language in the region. The author also presents a list of features of North Borderland Polish in the collected texts, published sources – the novels of Eliza Orzeszkowa (Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen], Cham [The Peasant], Dziurdziowie [The Dziurdzia Family]), the prose of Aleksander Jurewicz, and books published in Polish in Belarus – and analyses the language of Polish tombstone inscriptions. It is worth noting that the publication includes a number of tables, full colour charts, maps and photos. The study is an important contribution to the literature on the functioning of the Polish language in Belarus.
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The present paper describes the language situation in several parts of Cieszyn Silesia (the Zaolzie region) in the Czech Republic. The research is based on authentic language material from two music (art) schools in Český Těšín and Třinec. The Třinec school has the official status of a bilingual Czech-Polish educational institution. These two establishments share several common features: both students and teachers come from either majority Czech or minority ethnic Polish communities; Polish children study in both institutions, although a larger group of these "foreign" students attends the school in Český Těšín. The authors analyze not only the spoken language itself but also the competence and language awareness of the respondents. They have come to the conclusion that interactions between the users of two (different) languages can be successful regardless of the fact whether each participant uses their own native tongue or that of their interlocutor, although they speak this language only at a basic level.
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The purpose of this article is to outline the stylistic and varietal extent of mythologybased expressions (of Graeco-Roman provenance), which include mythologically motivated linguistic units with varying formal (single words and polywords) and semantic (primary and secondary meanings) status. Due to their conventional origin, these units primarily belong to the literary variety of Polish. Additionally, they form the basis of numerous academic terms. To a much lesser degree, they also serve as fodder for other speech genres, styles and varieties of Polish that are conditioned by present-day cultural, civilizational and communicative changes, realized, for instance, in the language of journalists, internet users, public figures, manufacturers or owners of commercial and service facilities. The expressions in question are used in texts that differ stylistically, where they perform not only denotative-connotative but also axiological and expressive functions.
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