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La construction de toute identite, qu’elle soit pensee comme religieuse, culturelle, linguistique, ou autre se fait au moyen d’une definition prealable des rapports sociaux des sexes. II en va de meme de I’identite dite ethnique et/ou nationale.
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Feminist theories mainly take the initial from the idea that there exists an established identity expressing the category of “woman”. The identity shall create the subject that may be politically and historically represented. The concept “representation” has two functions in this case: on the one hand it gives more public visibility and legitimacy to the woman as a subject, and on the other hand, the representation is considered to be a normative function of the language either revealing or distorting the category of woman. Feminist theories/literary studies often see the creation of such language as the main need for the full and adequate representation achieving the public visibility of women (establishment as the subject). This article analyzes some lyrical works of Austrian Ingeborg Bachmann and Georgian Lia Sturua from the perspective of post-structuralism, namely, Jacques Derrida’s concept of written language and its binary nature, Lacan’s denial of the Woman’s existence and the subject’s shift to the symbolic order, also Julia Kristeva’s, Luce Irigaray’s, Hélène Cixous’ ideas on problems of feminine language and self-representation in the patriarchal/symbolic order. The analysis of poems of Ingeborg Bachmann and Lia Sturua shall highlight specific features of feminine language and challenges to the self-representation of woman.
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Purpose – the purpose of this article is to review a quasi-experiment study examining whether business students’ math anxiety is reduced after participating in mandala coloring activities. Research methodology – the research methodology integrated quantitative methods including independent t-tests and ANOVAs in a non-random convenient sample of 106 undergraduate students in 2018 in Texas, United States. Findings – results from the one-way ANOVA and t-test analyses revealed that anxiety levels differed across groups, such that after coloring a pre-drawn mandala, math anxiety was significantly reduced in comparison to the control (doodling) group. Paired sample t tests also demonstrated that when comparing the anxiety levels at the baseline and post-treatment, math anxiety was reduced after performing both the pre-drawn and free-coloring mandala activities. Additionally, an independent sample t-test and a two-by-two factorial ANOVA demonstrated that males experienced a significant reduction in their math anxiety than the females did after performing the mandala coloring activity. Research limitations – the study used a convenient sample, self-reported items, and a math anxiety measurement. Also, the findings found short-term evidence of math anxiety. Practical implications – the findings of this study suggest that business statistics instructors who integrate a mandala coloring activity in anxiety-provoking undertakings may help to reduce their students’ math anxiety. Originality/Value – This study is the first to investigate mandala coloring to reduce math anxiety in business students. Unlike previous studies that focus on anxiety in general, this study examines the benefit of mandala coloring on students’ math anxiety.
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The intertextual relation between Letters of a Portuguese Nun attributed to Guilleragues and New Portuguese Letters written by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Velho da Costa and Maria Teresa Horta is being analysed as an adaptation to the changing cultural conditions of the epoch. In the 17th-century version, the female figure goes through a process of egotistic revitalisation. The disaster of a love relationship, just like the shipwreck in Hans Blumenberg’s essay, leads to a radical individualisation and the conquest of solitude, a process that characterises the dawn of modern age. On the contrary, the adaptation of the same literary figure by the Portuguese feminist writers appears as a reaction against the solitude of women at the end of modernity. It is rather a “we” that is revitalised through a novel ‘couple experience’ or a community inhabiting a utopian “house of females”.
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With the intention of portraying the film director (actor, screenwriter) Woody Allen as a (non-typical) existentialist and postmodernist in the genre of film comedy, the author of this paper first explicates the basic terms – philosophical existentialism and artistic postmodernism. The central part of this paper is dedicated to the analysis of typical scenes from the most important Allen’s films (Annie Hall, Love and Death, Irrational Man, etc.) where, on the one hand, his position on the meaninglessness of life, death, the absurd, despair is emphasizedand in which, on the other, he uses certain postmodern forms to aesthetically shape his thoughts. The research approach is close to the cultural studies discourse in it being multidisciplinary, that is, drawing together sociology, philosophy, psychology, semiology and aesthetics in an intrinsic, and not a mechanic manner. The author’s aim is to empirically determine whether and to which extent Woody Allen’s film creativity is informed by the existentialist thought of Kierkegaard, Heidegger or Sartre, on the one hand, and how affected he is in the aesthetic sense by postmodern philosophers Lyotard, Jameson and Baudrillard, on the other. Despite the fact that Woody Allen is not a typical postmodernist, it is challenging and creatively inspirational to examine the specific characteristics of his postmodernist expression (intertextuality, self-reflectiveness, nonlinear narrative, eclecticism, intertwining of genre conventions), as well as the postmodernist narrative techniques he employs (parody, irony, pastiche, satire, allusion).
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With the intention of portraying the film director (actor, screenwriter) Woody Allen as a (non-typical) existentialist and postmodernist in the genre of film comedy, the author of this paper first explicates the basic terms – philosophical existentialism and artistic postmodernism. The central part of this paper is dedicated to the analysis of typical scenes from the most important Allen’s films (Annie Hall, Love and Death, Irrational Man, etc.) where, on the one hand, his position on the meaninglessness of life, death, the absurd, despair is emphasizedand in which, on the other, he uses certain postmodern forms to aesthetically shape his thoughts. The research approach is close to the cultural studies discourse in it being multidisciplinary, that is, drawing together sociology, philosophy, psychology, semiology and aesthetics in an intrinsic, and not a mechanic manner. The author’s aim is to empirically determine whether and to which extent Woody Allen’s film creativity is informed by the existentialist thought of Kierkegaard, Heidegger or Sartre, on the one hand, and how affected he is in the aesthetic sense by postmodern philosophers Lyotard, Jameson and Baudrillard, on the other. Despite the fact that Woody Allen is not a typical postmodernist, it is challenging and creatively inspirational to examine the specific characteristics of his postmodernist expression (intertextuality, self-reflectiveness, nonlinear narrative, eclecticism, intertwining of genre conventions), as well as the postmodernist narrative techniques he employs (parody, irony, pastiche, satire, allusion).
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Following the decriminalization of homosexuality and removal from the list of disorders, members of the LGBTIQ community, their activists, continued to fight for their unique, special rights, publicity and legal equalization with the heterosexual community. These include the protection of the human rights of homosexuals, legal recognition of same-sex couples, recognition of sexual orientation and gender identity as grounds on which discrimination is not permitted, including all other rights used by the community. In our country, under the influence of the international community, and not as a result of the inner workings of any activist entities or the "maturation" of a democratic society, discrimination through the Gender Equality Act and the Anti-Discrimination Act is prohibited. Because this is a complete alternative culture to the opposite of heavenly, revealed, faith, the absolute majority of the world's population is opposed to homosexual ideology, regardless of the legal solutions, declarations, and legal status that the LGBT population has endured. People of common sense, tradition, beautiful, acceptable customs are horrified by the grave and even apocalyptic consequences that this population could cause (an attempt to overthrow the family and basic universal moral values, various new diseases unknown in past times that accompany this population, depopulation and white plague, etc.). It is certain that behind the social, political and legal affirmation of this population are some of the world's elites and certain very influential lobbies and centers of power (Masonic, Jewish, Porn, Pharmaceutical, Satanic, Gender and others).
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The linguistic analysis of advertisements targeting women which contain unadapted English loans in Romanian focuses on the following directions: the relation between the social status of women as customers and the international products and the presence of English loans in the advertisements for such products.Nowadays, marketing cannot exist without the concept of culture. Schiffman, Hansen and Kanuk (2008, 368) defined culture as “the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society”. Culture determines the identity of a human group in the same way as personality determines the identity of an individual. People with similar lifestyle are likely to affiliate to the same values that are used ”to differentiate and position brands vis-à-vis competitive brands” (Mooij 2010, 45). Age, gender, sexual orientation, regional, ethical, religious elements are used by marketers to segment consumers to influence their behaviour. What it means to be a man or a woman in our society is heavily influenced by cultural notions.“Gender role stereotyping as a communication strategy was often used by advertisers to establish a shared experience of identification with the consumers” (Hovland et al. 2005, qtd. in Chan and Cheng 2012, 83). Men and women process advertising messages differently. Since advertising both reflects and contributes to culture it is obvious that advertisements targeting women will envisage both the traditional and non-conformist stereotypes of women’s role in society. In the process of advertising and marketing, communication developing advertising messages involves a close understanding of different forms of linguistic typologies.The persuasion induced by English words or slogans, for example, makes the buyer create mental stereotypes connected to social status, appreciation or esteem needs. In Romania, glossy magazines display the largest number of advertisements using English loans (AUEL) as promoters of social status.
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This article combines methodological approaches from material culture, masculinity and postcolonial studies in a discussion of the crisis in the material self-representation of the ‘Sarmatian’ nobility in the late 18th century. The first part is devoted to how the male nobility fashioned itself as ‘Sarmatian’ with the help of material metonymies of Ottoman origin. How did imagined ‘Sarmatica’ contribute to positive self-Orientalisation? The second part is centred on material indices of the ideological crisis of Sarmatism in the second half of the 18th century and their implementation in the literary work of Franciszek Zabłocki, Jędrzej Kitowicz and Franciszek Karpiński. Thus emerges the hypothesis of a ‘saddle period’ in Poland’s relationship to the Orient around 1800 when pre-modern positive self-Orientalisation turned into something comparable to modern Saidian Orientalism.
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Review of: Nataliya Tchermalykh - Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Valerie Sperling, and Melike Sayoglu. Courting Gender Justice: Russia, Turkey, and the European Court of Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 296 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-093283-1.
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Based on the content of stereotypes and labels about women drawn from our corps, we have come to the conclusion that most of women carry out negative beliefs or attitudes about them. The majority of such units express these attitudes quite explicitly such as hatred, contempt, anger, reproach, irony, ridicule, despair, contempt, resentment, disappoin-tment, disbelief, hostility, envy, jealousy, disgust, and many other attitudes of contempt for women. Such negative stereotypes and labels ideologically justify the inferiority of women in society. Therefore, through these linguistic units, speakers tend to reject women’s value or advantage and thus put them in lower social positions. The stereotypes and labels in the reviewed texts, especially those of folklore, have revealed that they are not merely offensive. Rather, they are calls towards contempt, disdain, inequality, discrimination, stig-matization, and violence against women. Therefore, such stereotypes and labels have a major impact on the rise of sexist attitudes. Thus, one of the factors that play a major role in increasing prejudice and stigmatization may be the exposure to discriminatory messages that these texts convey to women. Stereotypes and labels in the texts reviewed are not always based on negative attitudes and opinions about women. In some cases they are based on kindness, caring, admiration, gratitude, compassion, praise, or love for them. However, even in such situations, they make a link between inferior treatment and positive evaluation for women. This means that in any case, despite referring to women who hold different roles, they generally give an overview of their inferior position in society.
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Recent international research highlights the link between women’s empowerment, social cohesion, and resilience to violence, and finds clear correlations between gender inequality and community-level susceptibility to violence. Conversely, the benefits of women’s empowerment extend beyond women and girls to society as a whole: equal relations between women and men translate into better relations between and among ethnic groups and political opponents. Quantitative research in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) paints a similar picture. A 2018 survey found that respondents strongly supporting the freedom of women to work outside the home, hold political office, and decide whether or not to dress according to religious rules, were among the least likely to express sympathy for the use of violence in various scenarios. This survey, however, focused primarily on evaluating the sympathy of respondents to violent extremism and only secondarily on correlating that sympathy with other variables related to women’s empowerment.
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The first National Action Plans for the Advancement of Women were adopted more than 20 years ago. Nevertheless the gender inequality level in Russia has not decreased. The Russian state, like the Soviet one, while solving problems of women acts in the national the task of strengthening women as political actors (implementation of Women Empowerment policy) is not put forward. In fact, the governmental woman policy is replaced by family and demographic ones. The process of following the traditionalist gender norms in a modernizing society devalues the gender policy. The National Strategy of activity for Women for the period from 2017 to 2022 was adopted in our country in March 2017, though the draft of Federal Law “About State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Freedoms of Men and Women and Equal Opportunities for Their Implementation” was rejected in July 2018. In these conditions, the academic gender community should not only investigate the Russian gender issues, but also initiate an expert discussion of gender issues in media.
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The article deals with the characteristic features of women’s rural social activism, the result of which is the practice of entrepreneurship. Challenges of the era, marked by a change in the political course of the country in the late 1990’s, gave ideological and psychological impetus to the motivation of rural social activists not only in the organization of production practices, but also in the improvement of the spiritual and cultural life of dying villages in Nechernozemie. Social activism as a form of life activity of social actors is more typical for people living in rural areas, in contrast to civil activism, characteristic of urbanized, mobile educated groups of young and able-bodied population of cities. Rural social activists carry out projects that are more time-consuming and far-reaching in terms of time prospects than urban activists. Rural social activists, especially women, make a positive, future-oriented contribution to the social, spiritual and economic development of depressed rural areas. The motives of women’s activism resulting in entrepreneurial activity in the rural areas of the Russian North (Vologda and Leningrad regions) were: 1) traditionally positive attitude to the phenomenon of women’s extra-family production activity in the population who did not know the serfdom (remote areas of the Vologda region); 2) the difficult economic situation in which women found themselves in post-perestroika Russia; 3) the realities of administrative and legal relations of modern liberal democratic society, in which there continue to be “glass” and “silver ceilings” for socially active women, as well as psychologically motivated desire of women entrepreneurs to overcome these barriers; 4) spiritual guidelines for the combination of production and material activities and work in the field of preservation and development of historical and cultural heritage of rural regions of the North of Russia, based on the clear understanding of the importance of spiritual culture for the reducing rural population.
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The article discusses the features of the feminization of migration at the global and regional levels. The reasons and regional features of the increase in the number and share of women in migration flows in various regions of the world are substantiated. Features of labor migration of women in the Eurasian region, including Russia and the countries of Central Asia, are revealed. The situation with the labor migration of women in Russia as a host country, as well as in the countries of its key partners — Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan — is analyzed. The key problems of the situation of women migrant workers in Russia are identified. Recommendations are offered on improving the regulation of labor migration in the interests of migrants and states.
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Belarus ranks high in the world gender equality index. However, this does not mean that in practice gender balance has been already achieved. The process is hampered by traditional stereotypes and paternalistic rhetoric. The goal of the article is to demonstrate the gender imbalance that first of all appears as an unexpected consequence of growth of the number of women in the sphere of the higher education. This sphere is considered to be among the most advanced in gender equality, however, mass higher education available for all who can pay stimulates gender imbalance among the graduates: most of them are women. They cannot find proper employment because of imbalance between the number of women-graduates and the market demands for the most popular “feminist” professions: pedagogical, humanitarian, economic, juridical and the like. This phenomenon generates new social problems and produces new gender inequalities. A second sphere of visible gender imbalance is labor market. Gender imbalance is maintained by the continuing gender division in the labor market and the existence of the so called “glass ceiling”. Third, gender imbalance exists in family domain where social policy provides several benefits to women stimulating their roles as mothers. The official rhetoric disseminated by the state media and the socialization mechanisms imposes the idea that the main task of every woman is to deliver babies. This way women are considered as active subjects only in demographic sphere of a society. On the basis of statistical analysis, the author concludes that the growth of gender equality takes place only if it does not interfere with the interests of the market economy. However, the mass higher education stimulates gender imbalance, and the labor market does not need a large number of specialists in a number of specialties chosen by women. The country’s economic priorities differ in practice with the official social policy in regard to gender, they generate new types of gender inequality. The achieved high ranks in women’s life expectancy, education and number of sits in the parliament does not automatically provide gender balance. This situation is not completely specific for Belarus. On the contrary, it is common. Market interests are an insurmountable barrier for the paternalistic social policy everywhere in the world. Belarusian state itself plays in the market and strives to achieve economic profit more than to achieve gender equality in the everyday life.
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The article presents the results of studies on how gender inequality in the sphere of social and labor relations is recognized and perceived by University teaching employees against the background of the ongoing neotraditionalist crackdown and in the conditions of optimization of higher education (job cuts, fragmentation of rates, unstable employment, increased teaching load, bureaucratization, forced reduction of requirements for students in terms of per capita financing, the growing gap in the income of teachers and administration, the actual elimination of self-government in Universities, increased ideological pressure). According to the qualitative data, Russian higher education optimization causes an aggravation of gender problems (gender pay gap, glass ceiling, lack of consideration of the needs of workers with family responsibilities, etc.), making them more visible for university employees. The level of decision-making is dominated by men, practicing hierarchical management model. In the hands of university managers there were sensitive issues of managing financial resources, building incentive systems, personnel policy, the solution of which often (arbitrarily or involuntarily) turns out to be gender-discriminating / blind. Survey results indicate that the equality principles between men and women in higher education are only partially respected, and the majority of respondents recognize the problem of gender inequality as acute.
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In the modern world the majority of the countries aim at enrolment of qualified specialists. This makes it possible for qualified and highly competent women succeed in competing at a labor market both at home and abroad. The gender theory of migration considers the independent labor migration of women to be the main trend nowadays. The author carries out the analysis of current trends of women’s labor migration and investigates the last twenty year changes in the following spheres: employment of women, migration geography, motives of job search in the international labor market, etc. Requirements of the foreign companies to selection of experts are analyzed; restrictions at employment of women in a foreign company are brought to light. The importance of policies on the cross-cultural and social adaptation of the women coming to work from other countries – developed by large international companies and aimed at helping to overcome the painful period of getting accustomed to a new workplace and achieving high effectiveness of work in the company — is underlined.
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The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of the problem of postponing childbearing by women of childbearing age from 18 to 44 years in the Republic of Mordovia. The characteristics of the Russian specificity of delayed childbearing by women are given. The factors promoting this process, including those existing at the level of an individual woman, as well as the factors of support at the state level are revealed. The empirical material shows that, despite the fact that the policy of the state paying sufficient attention to the process of transformation in all spheres of society, aimed at increasing the demographic potential of the population, the majority of respondents consider themselves to be unprotected in the sphere of motherhood and childhood. In accordance with such attitude women try to postpone the birth of a child to a later time (on the average — to 35—39 years). The authors of the study took into account individual and personal characteristics of women in the areas of: financial assistance and support, career growth and self-realization, healthy lifestyle, mental health, medical care, legal protection, demographic processes. It was revealed that reproductive attitudes of women aged 26—35 years differ little from those of women aged 36—44 years. Additional measures of the state support promoting the solution of problems of “real” and “potential” mothers in the Republic of Mordovia are allocated. The authors evaluate the impact of the regional measures on the problem. In addition, as promising areas of family and demographic policy in the field of fertility, the following should be noted: a set of financial measures, including both ensuring a minimum standard of living for employees taking into account their marital status, labor adaptation of women in the decree, and a proportional increase in benefits for the second and subsequent child; strengthening measures of targeted support in the system of social protection of the family; protection of reproductive health of the population from adolescence; reorientation of measures of family and demographic policy of the country from the conceptual component to strategic planning. The recommendations aimed at the development of effective measures and the creation of effective conditions focused on the compromise interaction between women and the state, taking into account the reproductive interests of the female population and the needs of society in the reproduction of the population. Such measures can be effective if all public authorities work together in a comprehensive manner to provide adequate assistance to women of childbearing age.
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This article considers the image of stakhanovka E. Vinogradova as a Soviet celebrity. The analysis of Vinogradova’s representations in the press reveals the features of the Soviet celebrity culture, as well as patriarchal nature of the Soviet society. Being similar to celebrity culture of the capitalist countries in many respects, Soviet celebrity culture did not oppose private and public. On the one hand, it helped to avoid inequality in relations between the famous stakhanovites and their “fans” and to show the unity of all Soviet citizens as one big working family. But on the other hand, the image of stakhanovka as a minor member of this family proved the preservation of the patriarchal gender hierarchy in the Soviet public discourse.
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