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Upravljana neobrojčena kvantifikacija

Author(s): Ana Kovačević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

Non-numerically quantified noun phrases with a governing quantifier are those in which adverbial or substantival quantifiers govern the complement in genitive case, e.g. in Croatian Church Slavonic:(1) vele blaga much treasure-GEN.SGʽa lot of treasureʼ (2) čest' ribi pečeni piece-NOM.SG fish-GEN.SG broiled-GEN.SGʽa piece of broiled fishʼThe paper examines and describes basic semantic and syntactic characteristics of this kind of quantified noun phrases (QNPs) with regard to QNP's components and their number, word order, genitive of quantity, QNP – predicate agreement, QNP – next predicate agreement, QNP – anaphoric words agreement. The agreement analysis shows that both components of a QNP, quantifier as well as its compliment, can act as an agreement controller. The study is based on the corpus of the Croatian Glagolitic texts of the Church Slavonic period, i.e. on the referential and representative corpus of the Dictionary of the Croatian Redaction of Church Slavonic. Therefore, some noticeable diachronic features in compari-son with modern Croatian have been mentioned as well.

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Skupine imenica + imenica u genitivu i pridjev + imenica u znanstvenome nazivlju

Author(s): Lana Hudeček,Snježana Kereković,Milica Mihaljević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper focuses on the analysis of Croatian word combinations consisting of head noun + genitive noun or adjective + noun. The analysis has been carried out on examples of scientific terms used in different fields (mechanical engineering, communicology, etc.) primarily with respect to the norm which prescribes that in standard Croatian (including Croatian scientific terminologies) the word combination consisting of adjective + noun is given preference if such a combination has the same meaning as a combination consisting of head noun + genitive noun. In view of the fact that the scientific terminology contains many word combinations which seem not to observe this rule of the Croatian norm, sources and implications of the rule are considered and the cases in which combinations head noun + genitive noun are not replaced by combinations adjective + noun are formalized. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the two ways of modifying the head noun (with an adjective or a genitive noun), to identify what factors influence the possibility/impossibility to transform one combination into another and to determine the scope of the mentioned rule. By studying synonymous terms of these two combination types used in practice (e.g. osovina kočnice and kočnička osovina, lanac dizalice and dizalični lanac, ležajna nestabilnost and nestabilnost ležaja, vratilo pogona and pogonsko vratilo, medijska odgovornost and odgovornost medija, medijski pravobranitelj and pravobranitelj medija, programski monitoring and monitoring programa), the existence of which also suggests that users are not comfortable with following this rule, the terms which occur in only one of the two combination types (os ležaja, dijelovi ležaja, ploča remena, glava cilindra, ventil motora, glava pile, brzina rezanja, prototip motora, smjer vlakana, bolest bubrega, upala jetre; pogonski kotač, usisni ventil, bubrežni kamenac, jetrene probe) and the terms that occur in both combinations but have different meanings (metalno prevlačenje and prevlačenje metala, medijska pismenost and pismenost medija) conclusions are reached based on which the rule should be amended and modified.

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Plurilinguismo e disordine del mondo in Carlo Emilio Gadda

Author(s): Delia-Ioana Morar / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2024

Starting from the need to convert the disorder of the world into a rational whole and a rigorous vision of reality, Carlo Emilio Gadda, paradoxically, does nothing but reveals the chaotic disorder of his time, the tangle of relationships that hides behind the apparent simplicity of objects and facts. His two unfinished masterpieces, That Awful Mess in Via Merulana and The Cognition of Pain, offer us a portrait of the infinite multiplicity of relationships of which every manifestation of reality is an expression. To represent all this, he brings together the national language and its various dialects, mixes the sectorial languages of science, technology, engineering, medicine, psychoanalysis and art history. The result is an original and extremely innovative prose, in which the vulgar and low registers alternate with lyrical and sublime registers in an extraordinary stylistic excursion. His stories convince us that the complexity of reality cannot be traced back to a reassuring, unambiguous and complete description.

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Akuzativne klitike u bosanskom jeziku. Druga pozicija i teorija faza

Author(s): Elmira Resić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

In this paper we analyze accusative clitics (e.g. me, ga, ih) in the Bosnian language within the so-called Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2001). We assume that syntactic structures are built by operations Merge and Agree. At the same time, we adopt the so-called Phase Theory (Chomsky 2001), which postulates that the derivation of syntactic structure occurs in phases, allowing minimal chunks of the structure to be successively sent to Spell-out. The paper suggests that the transfer of accusative clitics to the PF and LF component occurs in the vP phase, which implies that these clitics become unavailable for syntactic operations when the complement of the v0 head is sent to Spell-out. In this regard, accusative clitics in the Bosnian language do not syntactically merge with the verb in V0 position because the incorporation of the clitic into the verb is not syntactically motivated. Also, the so-called second position of accusative clitics (e.g. Selma ga voli) is the result of their post-syntactic movement to the second position within their intonation phrase (IP) since cliticization is not conditioned by the syntactic status of the clitics, but by their prosody.

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Primjeri analognih fraznih univerbizacija u latinskome i rumunjskome te usporedba s drugim romanskim idiomima

Author(s): Dražen Varga,Mirna Bičanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

Romanian is, in some ways, closer to Latin than other Romance varieties. This paper examines some of these similarities by following Haspelmath’s categorisation of indefinite pronoun markers and using Lehmann’s parameters and processes of grammaticalization. Sets of pronouns formed by phrasal univerbation of the dunno and wishes/pleases indefinite markers are contrasted in Latin, Romanian and other Romance varieties. According to Haspelmath’s model, semantic maps are constructed to show the differences and similarities in the function of certain sets of pronouns. This study will investigate how Romanian, in terms of its functions, grammaticalization parameters, and use of original Latin phrases, is closer to Latin compared to other Romance varieties. Since numerous sets of pronouns formed according to the same pattern can also be found in Albanian, and these sequences can also be inflected, a possible explanation for this phenomenon is the influence of the substrate Thracian and Illyrian languages.

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Combinación de Realidad Virtual y Literatura en LE/ELE: revisión bibliográfica

Author(s): Lara Isabel Raposo Serén / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 14/2023

This article presents a literature review of the blending and integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and literary texts in the teaching of FL/SFL. The use of these two educational tools has sparked increased interest in the academic community, but their application and effectiveness vary widely, especially in the specific case of their fusion. The present review, using the PRISMA method, addresses existing academic literature across multiple databases to identify trends, best practices, and challenges in the convergence of VR and literature in the language teaching context. It examines how these technologies can enhance the understanding and appreciation of literature in FL/EFL learning. The article not only provides an overview of the current situation in this field but also highlights the educational possibilities that arise when combining virtual environments with the study of literary texts. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and challenges present in implementing this integration, laying a solid foundation for future research and curriculum development. It is part of a broader doctoral research project in the field, encompassing exploration and educational intervention.

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Hand in Hand: A Comparative View on the Use of the Word ‘Hand’ in Albanian and English Language

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Hand in Hand: A Comparative View on the Use of the Word ‘Hand’ in Albanian and English Language

Author(s): Eriola Qafzezi / Language(s): Albanian,English Issue: 29/2024

The aim of this paper is to explore the interrelationship between language and culture. The current study attempts to show that even words that seem to be internationally used open up entire webs of meaning and cultural insights. We have selected the word ‘hand’ and have explored its usage in Albanian vs. English. To find out examples, we have relied on Albanian National Corpora (ANC) and Corpus of Contemporary English Language (COCA). In the first part of the paper, we introduce information about the corpora selected, literature review, and methodology of the study. The second and third part of the paper bring illustrative examples from the versatile uses of the word ‘dorë’ and ‘hand’ in both languages. Special care has been taken to compile a list of purposes of the use of ‘dorë’ especially for the Albanian language, with the aim of illustrating the way Albanian culture is reflected in the Albanian language, based on the examples extracted from ANC. The methodology of the current study is mainly a qualitative one, therefore few statistical data are given. The innovativeness of this study relates to the use of ANC, an area not yet known and explored by scholars, as well as to the comparison of findings with the use of the same word in COCA for the English language. We aim to extend the current study in the future by including examples from other corpora of Balkan languages and make relevant comparisons. Thus, the current study will serve as a starting point for further research that will exemplify similar cognitive patterns that English and the Balkan languages and cultures share.

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Polabian Diphthongization

Author(s): Paweł Janczulewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the issue of the diphthongal reflexes of Proto-Slavic high vowels *i, *y, *u, and tautosyllabic *ъl/*ьl in Polabian, on both synchronic and diachronic levels. The author contests the common view that the discrepancies in the spelling of the diphthong from *u in Polabian texts result from dialectal variation of its reflexes. It is proposed instead that Proto- Slavic *u fronted to *ü prior to diphthongization, eventually yielding an [aʏ]-type diphthong pan-dialectally (normalized as aü), so both features of this *ü (frontness and roundedness) were preserved in the diphthong’s off-glide. An unrounded reflex of *u is found only in the preposition / prefix *u(-), which is probably due to the later delabialization of [aʏ].

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WIR SIND DIE DEINEN. STUDIEN ZUR ALBANISCHEN SPRACHE, LITERATUR UND KULTURGESCHICHTE, DEM GEDENKEN AN MARTIN CAMAJ (1925-1992) GEWIDMET

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2010

Review of: "Ne jemi të tutë. Studime për gjuhën, letërsinë dhe historinë kulturore të shqipes, kushtuar kujtimit të Martin Camajt (1925-1992)") Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2010.

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ÇËSHTJE TË PËRSËRITJES NË TEKSTET E REKLAMAVE NË GJUHËN SHQIPE NË PËRQASJE ME GJUHËN FRËNGE

Author(s): Silvana Vishkurti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2010

Reklama televizive është forma më e përhapur dhe më fitimprurëse në jetën e shoqërisë, pavarësisht se publiciteti në intemet vazhdon të fitojë një terren gjithnjë e më të gjerë. Mesazhi gjuhësor, megjithëse me një hapësirë të kufizuar në këtë lloj reklame, luan një rol mjaft të rëndësishëm në rritjen e efektshmërisë së saj. Veçoritë e tekstit publicitar gjithmonë kanë tërhequr vëmendjen e studiuesvel dhe janë bërë objekt hetimi në këndvështrime nga më të ndryshmet. Këto tekste, nga vetë natyra, janë të shkurtra dhe të ngjeshura kuptimisht, ndaj dhe organizimi i tyre duhet të jetë i tillë që të ndikojë menjëherë dhe për një kohë sa më të gjatë te marrësi i mesazhit. Për këtë qëllim, gjuha vë në përdorim shumë mjete, një prej të cilave është dhe përsëritja.

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SINESTEZIA E VËSHTRUAR NË RRAFSHIN TEORIK DHE ESTETIK

Author(s): Odeta Zhegu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2010

Sinestezia është një dukuri e perceptimit që fut në ndërveprim të drejtpërdrejtë apo jo të drejtpërdrejtë sbqisat e ndryshme, në mënyrë të tillë që rezultati i një ngacmimi të caktuar ndijimor prek kanale të tjera ndijimore ose aktivizon sistemin perceptues në tërësi. Koncepti i sinestezisë, si teori e perceptimit simultan (të njëkohshëm), ka lindur e është zhvilluar përgjatë tre shekujve: djepi i saj është debati gnoseologjik i zhvilluar në shek. XVII e XVIII mes disa filozofëve të famshëm. Në shek. XIX ajo do të ushqehet nga limfa jetësore e refiektimeve filozofike, nga tregimet dhe veprat e poetëve romantikë e dekadentë, ndërkohë që do të gjejë shprehjen e vet më të gjerë në krijimet artistike të piktorëve e muzikantëve gjatë gjithë viteve nëntëqind. Së fundmi, në gjysmën e dytë të shek. XX, ajo do të jetë objekt i studimeve të çmuara estetike.

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Бог зна и прије него што види: Појмовне метафоре у значењима глагола видјети и погледати у преводу масоретског текста Књиге Постања Владике Атанасија (Јевтића)

Author(s): Ljerka Jeftić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2024

The paper is concerned with the metaphorical meanings of the verbs of perception in Serbian – vidjeti (see) and pogledati (look at) – in Bishop Atanasije’s translation of the Hebrew text of the Book of Genesis and in his comments accompanying specific verses. The analysis is set within the framework of cognitive linguistic theory of conceptual metaphor which treats metaphor as a cognitive mechanism in the construction of meaning in thought and language.The construction or understanding of meaning is achieved by way of mentally accessing an abstract target domain in terms of a concrete source domain whereby the term domain refers to any coherent organization of experience. With this in mind, the paper draws on the interpretation referred to by Bishop Atanasije that, in the course of God’s creating the world, God knew even before he saw (that is, knowledge, as the target domain, preceded sight, as the source domain) that what He created was good, but explicates His knowledge by means of the verb of perception (see) for the sake of humans because, as the paper argues in line with cognitive linguistic findings, visual input is one of the most important sources of human knowledge. Hence, the analysis focuses on the role of the verbs of perception with God as the agent in His relationship with the creation, as well as on the metaphorical and metonymic uniqueness of the biblical narration of God’s creation of the world, as contained in the translation of the Hebrew text into Serbian and Bishop Atanasije’s comments. The results of the analysis indicate that the creation is both in God’s knowledge and His sight, that is, God knows and sees the creation as long as it is good, i.e., as He intended it to be. However, once the creation gets corrupt due to humans disobeying God’s commands thus alienating themselves from God’s knowledge and sight, the new relationship is established wherein the creation becomes the object of God’s attention and regard which He continues to care for.

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Zbornik radova o dagestanskim jezicima posvećen jubileju profesora R. O. Mutalova

Author(s): Sofija Gadžijeva / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 98/2024

Review of: Zbornik radova o dagestanskim jezicima posvećen jubileju profesora R. O. Mutalova. Durqasi xazna. Sbornik statej k 60–letiju R. O. Mutalova. Red. T. A. Maisak, N. R. Sumbatova, Ya. G. Testelets. Buki Vedi, Moskva, 2021.

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Ar kalbate tarmiškai? Taip!

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis,Gabriela Forgeron / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

This article constitutes a continuation of the publication ‘Measuring Pronunciation: A Discursive Research Model’ (Kardelis, 2023).The primary objective of the paper was to apply the discourse model of dialectality measurement and to assess its implementation of the behavioural dimension of the trinomial model of language attitudes. The objective of the study was to empirically examine speakers’ attitudes towards the utilisation of dialectal language in informal settings with family members and friends from their native land. To this end, two tasks were identified: firstly, to present the course of the research and discuss the results, and secondly, to outline the research perspectives. The methodological principle of the study was the link between the cognitive and the emotional ↔ behavioural dimension. In essence, the methodology involved a dual-faceted approach: first, to ascertain whether informants employed dialectal language in informal settings with family members and friends from their country of origin; and second, to examine the practical implementation of this linguistic phenomenon. The most significant finding of this study is that the proposed discursive model of dialect measurement research functions in principle, yet it remains to be refined. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of collecting data for the model remotely. Secondly, the study yielded noteworthy insights concerning the utilisation of questionnaires in survey research. The study demonstrates that questionnaires alone cannot be relied upon to explain dialect. This is evidenced by the finding that respondents’ self-reported dialect use, in terms of its circumstances and frequency, is subject to a conflict between objective and subjective dialect. This conflict cannot be resolved by questionnaires alone and further research is required. The calculation of the dialect index according to the formula developed in this study demonstrated that, with one exception, RAP informants are more ‘dialectal’ than RAU informants with respect to objective dialect. It is important to note that it is not possible to draw any broader generalisations from a selection of several or even a few dozen informants on one or another of the points under study. The snowball method, a favoured approach among sociolinguists and dialectologists, may appear advantageous in terms of material collection. However, it is crucial to recognise its inherent limitations, the most significant of which revolves around its randomness. It is challenging to identify patterns within randomness, particularly when attempting to achieve a comprehensive overview. Consequently, a dilemma arises in the pursuit of an objective portrayal of the dialectal landscape of the Lithuanian language, its characteristics, and the indices that define it. This challenge is not merely a methodological or technical problem, but rather a complex one that demands resolution. A further challenge lies in the monitoring process within the domestic environment, a prerequisite for achieving an objective and reliable measurement of dialectal variation.

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Машинско и аудитивно препознавање словенских језика

Author(s): Jacek Kudera,Jovana Stevanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

This paper presents a comparison of auditory and machine-based identification of linguistic origins. Two studies were conducted to assess the ability of lay listeners and a state-of-the-art machine approach to identify Slavic L1 from delexicalized speech samples. The first study involved 228 native speakers of the four Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Polish and Russian) who had not received any prior training in Slavic philology, phonetics, linguistics, or forensic science. Their task was to identify the linguistic origins of speakers when exposed to limited phonetic cues. The stimuli consisted of meaningless logatomes to control for the lexical information. The second study employed machinebased identification of a spoken language, based on two distinct approaches: (1) formant structure of phonetic signal and (2) a neural network and vector representation of speech samples. The data showed that Slavic native speakers, even when exposed to limited auditory cues, are able to identify speakers’ L1s. Interestingly, in the context of the Bulgarian language, the machine-based identification method performed better than the lay listeners. The results of the experiments provide insight into the advantages of hybrid approaches in investigations related to LADO (Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin). Furthermore, the outcomes of this comparison may contribute to the debate on the involvement of native speakers in L1 identification procedures for closely related languages.

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he Artificial Intelligence-related Superordinate Concepts and Terminological Variation in the English and Ukrainian Languages

Author(s): Jurgita Mikelionienė,Artemii Ponomarevskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This research is aimed at analyzing the artificial intelligence-related superordinate concepts in the English and Ukrainian languages and explaining the relevance of using terminological variations from the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in a particular context on the example of translation from English (EN) into Ukrainian (UK). The essence of terminological variation (TV) as a linguistic phenomenon, and possible reasons for its emergence are described. Terminological variants in the newly established field of artificial intelligence appear either in both EN and UK, or in one of those due to a specific understanding of objects and ideas in a particular language. The main concepts in EN and UK, which may include both terms and variants, in the field of AI are identified. On the example of building a basic concept model with the respect to the core concept of AI, the differences in understanding similar concepts in the EN and UK are explained. Considering these differences, the contextually motivated ways of using the artificial intelligence-related terms or TVs are provided in the examples of translation from EN into UK.

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Slavų kalbų salos šiaurės rytų aukštaičių (ŠRA) areale: kalbiniai ir kultūriniai kontekstai

Author(s): Asta Balčiūnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2024

The Northeastern Aukštaitijan (NEA) sub-dialect area analysed in this paper is traditionally characterised by numerous linguistic and cultural links. For a relatively long time, people of different nationalities (Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish, Russian, Jewish), speaking their own ethnic languages, lived in this area side by side. After analysing the available data, one can state that, in the early twenty-first century, the Lithuanian language occupies the position of the strongest language variety in all the subdialect areas under discussion. For various socio-cultural reasons, local Slavs adopt the local (but usually not standard) variety of the Lithuanian language and, when speaking Lithuanian, they retain some of the less noticeable characteristics of their native languages. The loss of language as one of the main indicators of national identity is a gradual process: from the active use by the rural community, it proceeds to the home/family domain, and finally, to the last phase of use: the internal language. Since Slavic speakers have very limited opportunities to develop social contacts locally in their mother tongues, Russian-speaking members of local communities get intensively integrated into the local Lithuanian-speaking community. Thus, it can be predicted that the Russian-language islands at Papilỹs and Vabalniñkas subdialect areas may disappear quite quickly. In the early twenty-first century, the Antašavà (Daršiškiai) subdialect area ̃ is to be considered linguistically homogeneous: it is dominated by the Lithuanian language regiolect.

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Тонологические законы среднеяпонских именных композитов

Author(s): Mikhail M. Kolodyazhny / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (54)/2024

The article is devoted to the problems of tonal rules that determine the relationship between tonal patterns of nominal compounds and the tonal characteristics of their components in the Middle Japanese of the 11th—13th century. The article analyzes the material from the Ruiju Myogisho dictionary and some other sources. The resulting system of rules explains the material with a relatively high level of accuracy (about 90 %). According to these results, the influence of tone classes 2.1 and 2.3 on the compounds depended on the protoJapanese structure of the final syllable, while for classes 1.3a and 2.3 the tone of the compound was influenced by the type of consonant of the final syllable (sonorant/obstruent). It was demonstrated that the initial elements of the compound with H and HH influenced the tonal contour of the compound differently than the initial elements of the compound with F and HL. The tone rules formulated in the article also help explain some specific phenomena in modern dialects. Some assumptions have also been made about the nature of the tonal changes that formed this system of tonal rules. A reinterpretation of Martin's rule is proposed for compounds consisting of five or more moras. Some problems directly related to the main topic of the article are also considered: fluctuations in the final tone of a number of nouns and their distribution in various books of Ruiju Myogisho, regular correspondences in verbs with a one-syllable stem (it is proposed to reconstruct type B' not only for stems of two and more syllables, but also for monosyllabic stems), phonetic interpretation of tone dots (with comparison between traditional and alternative theories).

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Полисемия сравнительного маркера kad' в татышлинском говоре удмуртского языка

Author(s): Daria Mordashova,Maria Emilia A. Winkler,Julia V. Sinitsyna / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (55)/2024

The aim of the paper is to study the functionality of the comparative marker kad' in Tatyshly Udmurt (< Permic < Uralic). We show that the marker under study develops a broad polysemy network: it can be used in comparative constructions of equality (CoE); in quantified expressions (to mark an approximate numerical meaning); in constructions with the debitive participle ending in -ono; as a complementizer for verbs like 'appear' and 'pretend'; as a modal particle (to mark epistemic modality and reportative evidentiality). The paper provides a theoretical explanation for this pattern of polysemy based on the primary equative meaning of the marker kad'. The latter is considered as an operator introducing a comparison with some standard, which can be explicitly specified (for CoE and quantified expressions, as well as for constructions with a participle ending in -ono) or calculated from the context (in the function of a complementizer or a particle marking irrealis). We argue that in all cases kad' deals with the scale that shows the correspondence between the observed event and the standard one that the speaker uses to describe the situation. This allows us to classify kad' as a hedge whose main function is to widen the pragmatic halo of an expression. In addition, the paper provides a typological evaluation of the Tatyshly Udmurt data. Although the development of equativeapproximative polysemy and the epistemic meaning of such markers are not widely discussed in the typological literature, the Tatyshly Udmurt data are not unique. Parallels from some Uralic and Turkic languages are provided.

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CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES REPRESENTED BY ENGLISH TERMS OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY

Author(s): Olena Syrotina,Valerii Lashkul / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This article delves into the categorization of the English food industry terminology units, focusing on the types of concepts they represent. The categorical organization of scientific concepts plays a pivotal role in enhancing comprehension and communication within specialized domains. This study aims to explore how the food industry terminology is structured into conceptual categories and the distribution of these categories within the domain of knowledge. By analyzing over 1000 English terms extracted from specialized dictionaries and online sources, this research employs definitional analysis, classification, comparative analysis, and statistical methods to identify and dissect the conceptual categories present in the food industry terminology. The article presents eight categorical groups, encompassing objects, substances, processes, modes, properties, values and units of measurement, sciences and industries, and professions. Each category is analyzed in detail. The percentage ratio of terminological lexical units included in each of the categories is indicated. The article underscores the significance of studying the typology of terminological units in analyzing the systemic organization of specialized vocabulary. This emphasis on the organizational structure of terminology within a specific field is essential for effective communication, knowledge dissemination, and research in the food industry domain.

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