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Miloš Dokulil and his theory of productivity in word-formation

Author(s): František Štícha / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2012

The most general concept in Miloš Dokulil’s theory of word-formation is the idea of ‘onomasiological category’. But one of the most cogent parts of his theory, unfortunately one which has left little significant imprint on research in word-formation and its description, is the theory of productivity. In this brief survey, I concentrate on Miloš Dokulil’s distinguishing between empirical productivity and systemic productivity.

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Uplatnění částice bohužel (a bohudík) v současné psané publicistice

Author(s): Martin Janečka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 6/2012

Particles as an inflexible and synsemantic word class have already become a theme of many individual studies. According to the general definition particle indicates a relation of the speaker to the statement, he/she expresses modality of the sentence or emphasizes constituent of a/the sentence. Some of the particles have the validity of sentence, e. g. Ano. Nikoli. Zajisté. So called proper particles cannot stand in the function of another word class: ať, kéž. On the contrary, improper particles can be (according with coocurence) another word class, too: jistě, asi, prý. Goal of this paper is to point in which contexts the particle bohužel, although it is a non-sentence expression, can gain the character of sentence equivalent and which functions its synonyms and antonyms have.

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Doina Butiurca, Réka Suba (eds.): Dicţionar multilingv de gramatică I / Többnyelvű grammatikai szótár / Multilingual Dictionary of Grammar

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The dictionary promises a contrastive-typological perspective of about 200 terms in the field of grammar (A–J), based on authoritative sources representing the latest research in the respective languages: Gramatica limbii române (The Grammar of the Romanian Language), coordinated by Valeria Guţu Romalo (2005, 2008), or Magyar grammatika (Hungarian Grammar), edited by Borbála Keszler (2000). As such, the entries discussed reflect the latest terminology. For example, the authors discuss grade de intensitate ‘degrees of intensity’, but they still mention its oldest version, grade de comparaţie ‘degrees of comparison’ (344–347).A full entry contains the head term in Romanian, which – in the majority of cases – is followed by its Latin and occasionally its Greek equivalent (e.g. accent, p. 25 or diateză, p. 282), offering an added value to the dictionary. Then, the equivalents are listed in English, French, German, Hungarian, Romanian, and Russian, which is followed by the three descriptive sections in Romanian, Hungarian, and English, ending in the bibliography section for the specific term.

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‚Kostbares Perd‘ oder ‚elegantes Mädchen‘ – ausgewählte Aspekte der Übersetzung deutscher Markennamen ins Chinesische

Author(s): Jarosław Aptacy / Language(s): German Issue: 31/2022

The aim of the article is to present selected aspects of the translation of German brand names into Chinese. First, the concept and functions of the brand are described, then the question of whether brand names should be local or global. Features of the Chinese language and writing, relevant to the translation of brand names, are also discussed. In the analytical part, linguistic and graphic features of Chinese brand names are characterized and methods of translating foreign names into Chinese are presented. These are (i) direct translation, (ii) free translation without regard to the original pronunciation, (iii) mixed translation, which takes into account both the pronunciation and the meaning of the original name. Of the 27 brand names examined, 11 were translated using method (i), 8 using method (ii) and 8 using method (iii).

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THE “CLIMATO-SCEPTIQUE” AND THE “CLIMATO-HYPOCRITE”. A SPEECH-ACT BASED ANALYSIS OF DERISIVE OTHER-REPRESENTATION IN THE FRENCH PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE OF 2022

Author(s): Adina Botaș / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Based on Teun van Dijk’s (1998) hypothesis that political discourse is always a form of action, this paper presents a speech-act based analysis of five extracts selected from the French presidential debate between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Penon April 20, 2022, and focuses on the derisive other-representation employed by the protagonists to disqualify each other in front of the audience. In the analysis, I examine these “actions”in discourse via several particularities of ridiculing, as practice in interaction, and the conditions for the occurrence in the context of the presidential debate as a discursive genre. Presidential debatesare a sub-genre of political (>presidential) discourse (Chilton 2004; Ilie 2018). Technically, they are highly adversarial types of interactions in which the participants are mainly preoccupied with delegitimising the opponent while exerting a politically favourable influence on the audience. The “serious” nature of these events imposes multiple discursive regulations; in other words, the participants are not permitted to insult their opponent in a straightforward manner, thusbeing compelled to resort to various rhetorical devices to enable them to fight an effective battle of words (Jankélévich 1964). These devices often form part of the spectrum of negative humour, such as irony and sarcasm, which are popular in the genre for softening the offensiveness of any insult, and which exempt the attacker from aggressiveness and enable them to create an impression of wittiness in front of the audience. The five examples chosen for analysis all highlight derisive references to the opponent, “acting” to disqualify of the targetvia diverse mechanisms, and reveal less obvious nuances of the (always negative) intended meaning that is conveyed.The analysis was conducted using the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, adopted the principles of language as dialogue proposed by Edda Weigand (2010), and discourse as a recontextualised social practice as proposed by van Leeuwen (2008), while also considering the principles of political discourse analysis presented by van Dijk (1998), Chilton (2004) and Ilie (2018),which is primarily seen as positive self-representation and negative other-representation. This analysis forms part of the larger project in my PhD thesis, entitled Ridiculing Strategies in Presidential Discourse (in progress), which focuses on the forms, functions and effects of ridiculing expressions used by candidates for the presidency in recent pre-election debates in the USA, France and Romania.

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Sexism on display: The image of women politicians through the prism of journalistic discourse

Author(s): Silvana Neshkovska / Language(s): English,Macedonian Issue: 3/2022

From 1960s onwards sexist language intended to denigrate, objectify and trivialize women has been seriously exposed internationally and huge efforts were made to replace it with gender-neutral language. However, to date, sexism has not been fully suppressed and it is especially conspicuous in relation to women who assume active roles in public life.This study has both qualitative and quantitative design and looks into the presence of overt and implicit sexism (as categorized by Mills, 2008) in journalistic discourse and the role of sexist language in molding the image of modern day women politicians. For the purposes of this study, we conduct a critical discourse analysis of a corpus of 40 news articles published on various online news portals and electronic platforms of traditional media. All analyzed articles comment on the political statements and actions of two Macedonian female politicians currently in office – the Minister of Defense and the Mayor of the city of Skopje. The findings suggest that Macedonian journalistic discourse, under the pretext that politicians’ dealings need to be monitored closely, scrutinized and even criticized, still leaves the door slightly open for both overt and implicit sexist linguistic forms, which, in turn, depicts female politicians as ill-suited for this type of professional occupation

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To use “he/she” or “they”: That is the question

Author(s): Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 3/2022

This paper aims to underline the close connection between language and culture. Linguistic interaction is not only a series of sentences from a speaker to a hearer, but it also involves the cultural context which influences the interactants either to use political correctness or not. In recent years, native speakers as well as English teachers have been forced to deal with the abundance of terminology contrived so that people would not be offended by a ‘biased’ language which ignores/rejects their gender, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation. We try to show how sometimes an ‘unbiased’ language can have comic implications from a lexical-semantic point of view, but the goal of this discussion is to point out or even eliminate certain inequalities in society and to make the students understand these word-creations. The last part of this paper examines a questionnaire given to Romanian students which is meant to be a survey of their attitude towards the use of language with political correctness. The findings reveal the students’ opinions on gender, on societal restrictions and on (ab-)using language.

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Преразпределяне на функционално-синтактичното пространство на подчинителното наклонение във френския език

Author(s): Veska Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The present research focuses on some cases of subjunctive mood use leading to changes in its function¬al-syntactic space. The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the most typical cases related to the process under discussion, as well as to clarify the reasons leading to its manifestation. A peripheral diffusion in the functional-syntactic space of the subjunctive mood is established, allowing in some cases its use reduction, and in others its expansion in the direction of the indicative mood.

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A Dialectal Corpus – a Modern Methodology of Archiving Speech of Rural Regions

Author(s): Helena Grochola-Szczepanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the issue of archiving the spoken language of rural residents in the form of an electronic dialectal corpus. The remarks result from working on the creation of the first electronic dialectal corpus in Poland (Korpus Spiski). The methodology used in this study can be applied more widely. The main part of the text focuses on the method of collecting and transcribing dialectal spoken data. The possibilities of using the dialectal corpus for scientific research are also shown. Building a dialectal corpus requires an adaptation of IT tools and the nonstandard spoken data itself. The use of spelling notation allows a wide range of users to use the corpus. Archiving the language of rural residents in the form of a corpus has many advantages, e.g. it documents the current situation of a given dialect and it is a source for various studies.

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Elemente de erminie, diortosire și palingeneză prezente în discursul religios al mitropolitului Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania

Author(s): Nicoleta Dănilă Amargheoalei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

We observe in the religious discourse of Metropolitan Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania a series of metalinguistic facts represented by explanations (erminia), corrections and interpretations (diorthosis) that converge towards what we can call palingenesis of the language. More precisely, we are not interested in the action of the language, as a natural organism, of recovery and regeneration of some characters of linguistic order. Not so much to convince and attract, as to educate and fulfill the needs of knowledge and to transmit the biblical message, the communications of Metropolitan Bartholomeu draw attention to some elements of the evolution of the linguistic code that need to be presented by reporting the context of their appearance.

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Noul Testament din Biblia „Anania” în contextul tradiției biblice românești: probleme de traducere

Author(s): Toma Traian Gania / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

This paper aims to reflect on Metropolitan Valeriu Anania’s 1993 translation of the New Testament in comparison with the other older Romanian biblical text versions, from the New Testament Version from Bălgrad (1648) up to the current synodical edition of the Bible (2008), focusing on translation issues. We suspect that the “Anania” version is not just a ‟diorthosis” or a ‟revised form”, as mentioned above. Therefore, we prefer to look more deeply at the “Anania” Bible version. Afterwards, his version is contextualized in the Romanian biblical tradition view in order to emphasize the need for a new biblical text form for our actual times. This paper aims to show the recognition of this edition, its translation principles, and methods. Furthermore, by exemplification, translation issues are exposed, in comparison with the ancient Greek original and other Romanian Bible variants, leaving the reader to analyze the “Anania” version objectively.

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Adaptacija riječi iz klasičnih jezika u službenoj upotrebi bosanskog, hrvatskog i srpskog jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Emira Mešanović-Meša / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

The words from Latin and Greek have different adaptations in our languages caused by different ways of their arrival to our region and by the languages that served as intermediaries between the donor language and the recipient language. In this paper, we consider the adaptation and use of these words in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian in the official gazettes in B&H.

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Two-word Compound Names Consisting of “liga” (‘disease’) as the Main Component and Subordinate Components Expressed by Nouns in the Genitive of the Late Nineteenth and the Early Twentieth Century

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29/2022

The article deals with two-word compound names consisting of liga (‘disease, illness, malady’) as the main component and subordinate components expressed by nouns in the genitive from texts on promoting medicine and health (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles) of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Efforts are made to determine the underlying subject with which subordinate components naming the qualities of clinical concepts are associated, identify the structural models and types of expression of those names, determine the semantic differences of names containing the different forms of expression of names with liga as the main component, and raise the issue of the (ir)relevance of liga as the main component. The subordinate components, which designate the attributes of clinical concepts, are usually based on an association with an organ, a disease, and an attribute of a disease. The most common structural model of names is NGen ← N, and the most prevalent types of its expression are DKilm ← DLiga, DKilm ← DLigos. The names that have the word liga in its singular form as a component also designate individual clinical concepts; besides, the names are used in reference to non-specific diseases, in a bid to draw the reader’s attention, to avoid repetitions of one and the same name where the context allows using simple and compound names interchangeably, and so on. The names that contain the word liga in its plural form designate collective concepts (as a rule, groups of diseases). Many human diseases did not have specific names at the time, and that is why the authors of the texts often made do with compound descriptive names containing the component liga. The spread of such names could have been facilitated by the living language. Quite often, the semantic charge of the names containing liga in its singular genitive form as the main component is borne by the subordinate component, which quite accurately describes the clinical concept in its own right and is used in texts as a simple term, making the main component liga superfluous. Such pairs of a compounds and simple names designating the same concept can be construed as mixed, same-root, contextual synonyms, or as short and long versions of the same name.

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AFFIXES IN SPECIFICALLY LANGUAGES

Author(s): Ana-Maria Dudău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2021

WITH THE ADVENT OF THE NEW GRAMMAR OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE (2005, I, II), IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH, TWO GREAT PERSPECTIVES HAVE BEEN CONSOLIDATED: THOSE WHO CANNOT ABANDON THE CLASSICAL SYSTEM OF CONCEPTUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA AND THOSE WHO HAVE ADOPTED THE NEW TRENDS LAUNCHED IN INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTICS WE CAN SPEAK OF SEVERAL TYPES OF SYNTAX, THAT IS, SEVERAL MANNERS OF APPROACHING THE SYNTACTICAL LEVEL, COMPLEMENTARY, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC METHODS AND THE PROPOSED GOALS: THE PERPECTIVE CAN BE DESCRIPTIVE OR NORMATIVE, STRUCTURAL/ CATEGORY (IF THE COMBINATIONS OF ELEMENTS ARE REVEALED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DISTRIBUTION AND SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONSHIPS), FUNCTIONAL (OF THE FUNCTIONS OF EACH SEGMENT WITHIN THE ENSEMBLE), ACTIAL, DISCURSIVE, FRASTIC, TRANSFRACTIC, SYNTHETIC/GENERATIVE, UNIVERSAL, ETC.

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Kibun ve Kimochi Sözcükleri ile Oluşan Eşdizimlerin Kavramsal Metafor Kuramı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Gonca Varoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2023

Kibun (気分) and kimochi (気持ち) are Japanese near-synonyms words difficult to distinguish from each other in terms of meaning and usage based on their dictionary definitions. In this article, in order to reveal the semantic and usage differences of these two words, the collocations that form with these words are evaluated within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory. The sample of the study consists of collocations in the structure of “kibun 気分 /kimochi 気持ち + preposition + verb” in the corpus named BCCWJ Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. According to the findings of the study, kibun (気分) is something that has a taste and moves up and down in the body; kimochi (気持 ち ) is something that is understood, communicated to others, expressed in words and occupies space in the body.

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The use of ditransitive constructions among L1 Lugbarati speakers of English in Uganda: A preliminary study

Author(s): Peace Yikiru,Bebwa Isingoma / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

One of the important features of structural nativization of L2 varieties of English is how their grammar converges with and/or diverges from their parent variety, usually, British English. Building on Isingoma (2016, 2021a), this study is set out to augment discourse on verb complementational profile in Ugandan English, focusing on ditransitive constructions. Using naturalistic data from semi-structured interviews involving 50 participants from L1 Lugbarati (a Central Sudanic language) speakers of English, the study shows that the Prepositional Phrase Construction (PPC) involving goal verbs is preferred over the Double Object Construction (DOC) configuration. Moreover, our data did not have a single incidence of benefactive DOCs. Substrate influence from Lugbarati, among others, appears to be a contributing factor, given that DOCs are rare in this language, as they are constrained by the semantic criterion of ‘prior possession’ of the theme/patient by the recipient/beneficiary referent. The findings thus show that Isingoma’s (2016) monolithic generalizations about this phenomenon are debatable, as he indicates that the DOC is overwhelmingly acceptable with goal verbs in Ugandan English and that the particularities observed in ditransitive constructions in the variety are influenced by Bantu languages (where the DOC is the norm). Likewise, the assertion that Ugandans ubiquitously use the non-canonical PPC configuration for benefactive verbs (Isingoma, 2016) does not hold for L1 Lugbarati speakers of English, as the configuration was manifestly sporadic in our data, as opposed to the canonical PPC. The current study thus underscores the fact that there is substantial interspeaker variability in Ugandan English along ethnolinguistic lines (cf. Isingoma & Meierkord, 2022).

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Aspects of teaching and learning verbs of perception

Author(s): Tsvetalina Aneva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The present research takes a practical and methodological approach to verbs of perception with a focus on some specific characteristics of the basic perception verbs, paying special attention to the difference between active and passive perception. It aims at investigating the difficulties that students face when studying perception verbs and applying grammar rules. The study applies qualitative and quantitative analysis to examine learners’ deviations in the use of perception verbs. The analysis of students’ errors reveals that it is difficult for learners to identify the main differences between the three types of perception verbs: those denoting actions, perceptions and properties.

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O jednom sintaksičkom modelu s figurativnim konceptom u prijedložno-padežnih izraza s mjesnim i prostornim značenjem

Author(s): Jasmin Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

This is an overview of a syntactic model formed by a figurative principle, where the structuring of the linguistic content and its meaning, is determined and made by that same concept by which metaphorical forms evolve. The meaning of such term is defined by the context, literal reading of the language content. Therefore, the seemingly unacceptable forms of language impose their new, figurative meaning. The replacement, or reduction of the lingual content, is conducted in a way that it preserves the logical connection to the point of origin, the literal content. This concept is found in the use of prepositional and case significant terms i.e. their local and spatial properties. The linguistic sign is changed by metonymic mapping. This enables a better exchange of information in the communication process, a literal understanding can lead to interference in the communication channel. This paper demonstrates the grammatical validity of such linguistic forms and expressions, and thus resolves the possible dilemma about certain spelling issues.

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Uloga zamjenica mi i oni u konstrukciji odnosa moći u diskursu

Author(s): Marina Katnić-Bakaršić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) has shown that the usage of the prounouns we/us and they/them refers to the power relations in discourse and implicitly creates them as well. The paper explores the meanings and roles of the inclusive and exclusive we. It can be argued that the pronoun they generally refers to the Other and the Otherness, or even to the enemy. The analysis is based on different types of discourse: public, special, private and literary ones. The polarization between these pronouns is followed by polarization of attitudes: us generally evokes positive values and qualities, whereas they evokes only negative values. Visual representation of social actors in various discourse types is also a subject of the analysis and interpretation: it is argued that even without the explicit usage of the pronouns we or they visual representations clearly show which actors belong to the pole of one of these pronouns.

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Ahmet Muhtar Ömer ve “İlmu’d-delale” Adlı Eserinin Modern Arap Anlambilimindeki Yeri

Author(s): Mansur TEYFUR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

It is known that the relationship between word and meaning is one of the most controversial topics of ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato and Indian linguists. In fact, this issue has continued to be discussed with its definition and scope, and opinions about it have been expressed until today. When we review the subject in the Arabic language, we see that Arabic is a rich language with its words and meanings. Also, changes and developments in Arabic, which is a deep-rooted language, has undergone in the historical process have brought changes of meaning in its words. Thus, it can be said that the Arabic language, that includes many branches of linguistics such as morphology, syntax and rhetoric, is also interrelated with semantics, what focuses on the relationship between word and meaning. Although semantics has emerged as a new branch of linguistics, many of today's semantic issues have been discussed in many classical sources and different disciplines, especially in the Arab world. In this study, semantics in general and the emergence of Arabic semantics as a science, its scope, description and its relations with other languages have been investigated. In addition, the works of Ahmed Muhtar Omar (1933-2003) who made great effort especially in the field of Arabic language and the modern Arab world, in the domain of Arabic and his contributions to this field, those include the main issue of this study, have been addressed. The general content of his book "Ilmu'd-dalâla", which includes almost all the topics related to semantics, and the important issues and views those it contains are also mentioned. Besides, presenting important issues in the work, especially Ahmed Muhtar Omar's prominent views and explanations are also mentioned. In the study, prominent works about semantics and Arabic semantics, written from the past to the present, were used. In particular, the life and scientific personality of Ahmed Muhtar has been tried to be presented on the basis of a few works written in the contemporary period.

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