BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS VAIZDINIŲ KALBINIO STANDARTO PLOTE TYRIMAS: VIENOS KAUNO RAJONO GIMNAZIJOS ATVEJIS

Author(s): Laura Geržotaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2019

The present study explores the images of standard Lithuanian of young people at a gymnasium located in the area of the standard language. The data were obtained from a questionnaire based on the methodological principles of perceptual dialectology. The image of the standard language in the consciousness of the respondents emerges from the analysis of the questionnaire data: the frequency of linguistic codes, the mental maps of the standard language areas, and associations of the standard language. The analysis of the data shows that the gymnasium students tend to distance themselves from the regional linguistic code. The respondents’ disassociation from the local variety and their stronger preference for the code of the standard language is probably related to their sense of language security in the area of the linguistic homeland (including that of the standard language). The mental maps show that the young people associate the standard Lithuanian with the larger or smaller area of central Lithuania, which includes cities (Kaunas, Vilnius), adjacent non-dialect areas (Jonava, Kaišiadorys), and one or two dialect zones; it nearly overlaps the area of the standard language delineated in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Vilnius is the part of this image – probably of its status of the capital city and a significant social, cultural, and urban centre of attraction. The gymnasium students think that speakers of the standard language are city dwellers first and foremost, while the mental connection between the code of standard language and education occurs less often. Such views might have emerged due to the location of the city – hence that of the respondents’ linguistic homeland. Identifying the standard language user as an ordinary person or a Lithuanian could most likely be explained by the fact that the standard language is not only a national language to the young people: it is also an equivalent of their linguistic code. The gymnasium students do not associate the standard language with linguistic norms (the correct use of language). The consistency of the young generation’s attitudes (both those visualised on the maps and verbalised in the questionnaire answers) suggests the high value of the variety spoken in the area they associate with the standard language. The results of the study provide insights into the functioning, vitality, and continuity of the standard language in this area.

KOGNITYWNY OBRAZ GNIEWU WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSZCZYŹNIE

Author(s): Agnieszka Mikołajczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/1996

The aim of the paper is to establish what concepts and image schemata are utilized by speakers of Polish to understand and talk about anger. The study is based on the material of Polish terms of anger in its various shades (mainly phraseological expressions) as well as patterns of behaviour connected with it. We make use of the concepts and methods proposed by Lakoff (G. Lakoff, 1987, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. What Categories Reveal About the Mind, Chicago: Chicago Press) in the chapter on the structure of the English concept of ANGER. In the main body of the paper, owing to the delexicalization of some fixed expressions, it has been possible to present the physiological symptoms of anger, “frozen” in language. It has also been possible to reconstruct the metonymies and conceptual metaphors which aid our thinking and talking about anger.The final result of the analysis is the designation of three groups of factors which constitute the cognitive portrait of anger in Polish. These are:1. Simple image schemata: EQUILIBB.IUM, A CONTAINER, MOVEMENT (UP/ DOWN).2. Concepts which serve as the key to understanding anger (the source of metaphors):PHYSICAL PAIN, WEIGIIT (7BURDEN?), BODILY ILLNESS, RABIES, MADNESS,POISONING, STOR.MY WEATHER, DANGEROUS ANIMAL, ENEMY, DEVIL, TRAP, PRISON, SEA, FIRE, HOT LIQUID.3. Various aspects of the concept of anger: the cause, the causer and the object of the emotion, the recipient, the subject, the emotion itself and its evaluation, the degree of its intensiveness, its depth and permanence, the possibilty of bringing it under control, and its symptoms.

Susanne Niemeier, Task-based Grammar Teaching of English: Where Cognitive and Task-based Language Teaching Meet

Author(s): Esra Çil / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The review of: Susanne Niemeier, Task-based Grammar Teaching of English: Where Cognitive and task-based language teaching meet, Narr Dr. Gunter; 2017, 246pp; ISBN: 978-3823381303.

Başkurt Türkçesinde Hayvan Adlarıyla İlgili Aktarmalar

Author(s): Nigâr Kalkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2020

Regarded as one of the fundamental characteristics of language by many linguists and partaking at the very front of factors that create polysemy are transfers of meaning. Transfers that are approached since old rhetorical studies as part of strong figures of speech, which provide impressive expression, are shaped in line with society's characteristics and trends. Transfers, which provide the word with a large number of meanings, are evaluated under the titles "Metaphor transfer" and "Name transfer". Metaphor transfer, name transfer are ways to transfer the mental imageries of language. The most common type of transfers in every language is metaphor transfer or metaphor. Name transfer is besides being psycholinguistic and a gradually comprehension of fact also a rhetorical skill. This study evaluates the transfers related to animal names of one of the Turkish dialects, the Bashkir Turkish, which has a strong expression in terms of nature and the concrete. The name transfer, which is defined as the explaining of a concept with a related or another linked concept, is defined as "metonimiya" in the Bashkir Turkish grammar. "Metonimiya", which is also evaluated as different naming or name change, counts as the shortest way for naming. In the grammar of Bashkir Turkish the metaphor transfer however is approached within polysemy under a sub-heading called "metafora" and evaluated in three groups, which are; "atama metaforlar (naming metaphors)", obrazlı metaforalar (living metaphors)”, “individual-sitilistik metaforalar (individual metaphors)”. The innovation in transfers is based on the production of something new with semantic clarity (relevance) by using a non-specific (non-eligible) characterization path. As long as we recognize the habitual use of the word and thereby the incompatibility (mismatch) demonstrated at the level of the literal interpretation of the sentence while passing through new semantic clarity and in a sense through its semantic depth, transfers will always stay alive. Semantic novelty can be connected to the imagination of the producer. The emergence of a new semantic clarity in transfers, beautifully shows what imagination, produced according to rules may be. When the Bashkir Turks, who express the plant known as honeysuckle "ayıw balanı (bear plant)", long plants without flower "quyan qŭlaq (rabbit ear)" and to beat around the bush "at qŭlŭnlatıw (to birth a horse)", and their imaginative transfers about animals are evaluated, we can see an emerging richness, which is also an indication of the richness of the cultural structure of society.

Linguistic Image of the Non-Christian Jews in Early Christian Narrative as a Function of Inter-Group Conflict (Text Analysis and Interpretation)

Author(s): Amadeusz Citlak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

This article is an attempt to apply a psycholinguistic tools to reconstruct a linguistic image of the non-Christian Jews in chosen narratives taken from the Greek canonical Gospels of the New Testament. In this part of the analysis, Author uses the basic and empirically confirmed thesis of the linguistic category model and attribution processes, which are crucial when analysing the language of negative stereotypes.

Comprehension of psychological predicates in Alzheimer’s disease

Author(s): Johanne Hatteland Somme,Vanja Kljajević,Garazi Laseca,Rosa Prieto Tedejo / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2020

Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show a deficit in processing sentences with psychological verbs. Evidence from English suggests that their comprehension of object Experiencers is more impaired relative to subject Experiencers. Since Spanish is structurally different from English, in the present study we wanted to determine whether Spanish–speaking AD patients would show a different comprehension pattern. We tested comprehension of semantically irreversible sentences involving psych verbs with subject Experiencers, and accusative– and dative–marked object Experiencers in 10 native speakers of Spanish diagnosed with mild to moderate AD. We also tested their comprehension of semantically reversible sentences involving dative object Experiencers in two word orders (SVO, OVS). A paired–samples t–test revealed no statistically significant differences in their comprehension of subject vs. object Experiencers, or accusative vs. dative object Experiencers in semantically irreversible sentences, with one–sample t–test indicating comprehension above chance. However, their overall comprehension of psych verbs in semantically reversible sentences was poor, regardless of word order, and it was significantly worse than their comprehension of sentences with action verbs in the same word orders. Thus, our data indicate that the deficit in comprehension of psych verbs found in Spanish speakers with mild to moderate AD dementia differs from the pattern found in English, and that the deficit in AD patients’ comprehension of psych verbs is more heterogeneous than previously thought.

Dyskursywizacja ciała na przykładzie doświadczenia niskorosłości kobiet z zespołem Turnera

Author(s): Kamila Ciepiela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

In post-modernity, the human body is not a private domain of the individual, but the product of hegemonic cultural discourses. Because of short stature, the appearance of the body of a female with Turner syndrome may differ from the socially imposed ideal. As a result of growth hormone supplementation, it can achieve average height in a given community. In Poland, this therapy has been available since 2000, which means that women born before 1980 did not receive it, so their height significantly differs from the average in Polish society. In this study, testimonials of women with TS collected in semi-structured interviews were subjected to critical discourse analysis. The findings reveal that the body of those females with TS who have not been treated with growth hormone is categorized as non-normative and socially stigmatized, while the body of those who have undergone the therapy fits the socio-cultural schema of corporeality, which translates into psycho-social well-being of these women. Social expectations are reflected in the perception of their own body by women with TS and their adjustments to the social norm.

Leksičko-semantički transfer u međujeziku srbofonih studenata koji uče italijanski kao L2 i španski kao L3

Author(s): Marija N. Vujović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2020

Lexical transfer, ie the influence of the student's knowledge of a word of one language on the knowledge or use of words in the target language is an important cognitive process in learning a new language students often use as a compensation strategy. This paper deals with errors in the interlanguage of L1 Serbian students learning two typologically similar languages: Italian and Spanish, which arose as a consequence of lexico - semantic transfer. The most frequent errors caused by lexico - semantic transfer were identified and classified by the method of error analysis. An extremely large number of cases of lexico-semantic transfer were found in the corpus. All errors are classified into five categories: loan translations, semantic extension, cognates or false friends, hybrids and complete language shifts. In all cases, the negative lexical transfer occurred with words that are similar in Italian and Spanish. The errors in the written production in Spanish did not originate from the typologically distant, although the most dominant language of the students - Serbian as L1, but from the typologically similar Italian as L2. This proves the hypothesis that in typologically similar languages, lexical transfer is the most common and also that the factors of language distance and psychotypology are the key linguistic factors that will cause the transfer. Moreover, this kind of transfer was mainly used as a compensation strategy that students relied on to fill lexical gaps in situations where they did not have sufficient knowledge of the target language. Among the lexical errors, the largest number concerns cognates or false friends and hybrids. On the other hand, examples of loan translations or calques and semantic extensions were not frequent, so we conclude that the transfer of form (lexical transfer) is more frequent than the transfer of meaning (semantic transfer).

Odstępstwa od normy ogólnopolskiej w zakresie gramatycznej kategorii rodzaju w tekstach polskojęzycznych „Gazety Polskiej Bukowiny” wydawanej na Ukrainie

Author(s): Ałła Krawczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2021

Texts from the Polish-language „Gazeta Polska Bukowiny” (“The Polish Newspaper of Bukovina”) in Ukraine (2007–2020), which had not been an object of morphological research before, were used as a material for a contrastive analysis of the realisations of forms of grammatical gender of various parts of speech that differ from all-Poland ones. It enabled disclosure of the types of deviations from the norm in this regard, their quantitative proportions, and demonstration of qualitative and quantitative differences in this respect compared to the results of research on variants of the language used by polonocentric communication communities in Ukraine (in particular the youth variant). The reasons for the analysed deviations from the norm were determined: they were mainly extrainterferential, caused by the influence of the Ukrainian (or Russian) language, and – less frequently – intra-interferential; the psycholinguistic aspect of errors concerning gender forms in the Polish language in Ukraine was also taken into consideration.

Laughing with machines:

Author(s): Jarno Hietalahti / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article will analyse the preconditions of sense of humour for artificial intelligence. Can artificial intelligence have a sense of humour? Is there a difference between human and machine laughter? Some machines already fulfil certain conditions which are associated with the human sense of humour: on the most superficial level machines appear to laugh and produce jokes, and they recognise sarcasm and punchlines, and they can evaluate funniness. In short, artificial intelligence is already able to recognise humour, and reacts to it accordingly. Furthermore, people laugh with humorous machines. However, it is still uncertain whether artificial intelligence can have a sense of humour or not, at least in comparison to a human sense of humour. To build bridges between AI research and philosophy of humour, this article proposes that there are (at least) five notable philosophical issues to be addressed if we are to accept that machines can have a (humanlike) sense of humour. These principles are: 1) worldview, 2) self-consciousness, 3) self-reflection, 4) self-criticism, and 5) losing control.

Book review

Author(s): Villy Tsakona / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Gawęda (autobiograficzna)

Author(s): Ewa Tierling-Śledź / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

In the article/dictionary entry “Gaweda” (a culture-specific literary term for a short story mimicking an oral tale) the Author notices the ambiguous and versatile status the term is nowadays characterized by. Having briefly discussed the history of the genre she focuses on its autobiographical uses. She underlines the genre-specific communicative situation in which neither the reader nor the author of an autobiographical gaweda, if fully aware of the agreed upon rules of the genre, will not find themselves lost in the peculiar juxtaposition of the literary (“fictional”) and the non-literary (“factual”) reality one gaweda inevitably forces upon both of them. The above considerations are exemplified by two cases of an autobiographical gaweda: Sto lat. Gawęda o kulturze środowiska [One hundred years. Gaweda about certain milieu’s culture] by Zofia Kozarynowa and Tędy i owędy [Here and there] by Melchior Wańkowicz.

Konkurs „Pamiętniki Pandemii”. Założenia, wyniki, wstępne refleksje

Author(s): Maja Głowacka,Monika Helak,Justyna Orchowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event in the modern times and as such needed to be documented. This paper presents documentation gathered thanks to „Pandemic Diaries” – Polish journal competition on COVID-19 pandemic experience announced in March 2020. The paper presents competition methodology, basic sociodemographic data on diaries’ authors and preliminary analysis of the diaries. The most of the competitors were women, big cities residents and people with tertiary education. The diaries’ authors documented the historic moment of an epidemic threat in the repetitive manner – noting administrative decisions, relations from political life, and description of pandemic social symbols (masks, #stayathome, visuals of empty shelves in the stores). There were significant number of therapeutic journals.

Czy mózg może przeszkadzać w nauce języka obcego? Neurolingwistyczna i neurokognitywna reprezentacja negatywnych emocji

Author(s): Małgorzata Szupica-Pyrzanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Speaking anxiety is a fact. Although it is real, speaking anxiety is not always properly acknowledged or recognized by foreign language teachers. Consequently, negative emotions, manifested physiologically and cognitively, impede the process of foreign language learning. The article provides insights into neurolinguistic and neurocognitive representations of negative emotions experienced by language learners. The aim of the article is to raise teachers’ awareness about the negative impact of (debilitative) speaking anxiety on learning outcomes. Ultimately, teachers are advised to take preventive measures that would help facilitate foreign language acquisition, design brain-friendly language curricula, and create an emotionally safe learning environment.

Będę mówić tylko po naszemu! Jak wspierać przedszkolaka w radzeniu sobie z trudnymi emocjami

Author(s): Monika Szymańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Emotions constitute a basic element which needs to be taken into account when planning preschool language education. When positive, they spring into action; when negative however, they may discourage students from participating in activities. The aim of this article is to present some useful techniques of supporting kindergarten pupils in dealing with emotions. First of all, the sources of foreign language learning motivation among 3- to 6-year-old children and the impact of preschool education on learning in the future are discussed. Furthermore, the introduction of didactic games during a foreign language class, adapted to the emotional development of preschool children, is analyzed. The final part of the article focuses on the Non-Violent Communication method, applied to an efficient conflict-solving process.

La spontanéité des émotions mise à l’épreuve sur internet : exprimer, susciter, manipuler

Author(s): Laura Ascone / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

Due to the development of the computer-mediated communication, the expression of emotions has undergone significant changes. This paper proposes à linguistic analysis of the verbalisation of emotions on the Internet. The goal was to examine the way the expression of emotions can be exploited by the speaker. Therefore, the study was conducted on a propagandist discourse available on the Internet. More particularly, Dabiq and Dar alIslam, the official online magazines published by the Islamic State, constituted the corpus of this analysis. This way, it was possible to investigate how emotions, which are spontaneous by nature, become carefully formulated productions.

Americans’ cultural attitudes to group work: Insights from the proverbs

Author(s): Mohammad Tamimy,Rahman Sahragard / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The role of culture, especially the American culture, in group work is relatively understudied because it is often presumed to be no different from the colonialist West, or is alternatively stereotyped as individualistic and competitive. Thus, this paper studies English-language proverbs used in America, as culturally rich symbols, at three levels of discourse, conceptual metaphor, and content to discern what attitude American culture, as represented in the proverbs, has to group work, and what world views and psychosocial factors can inform such attitudes. The findings suggest that American culture is marginally cooperation friendly, with a considerable penchant for individualism and competition. This ambivalence was not simply a proverbial phenomenon, rather a cultural reality because it was observed to be the result of the interplay between heterogeneous conceptual metaphors, representing different world views. Psychosocially, many factors were observed to have molded the American culture’s attitude to group work, noticeably, egoism, distrust, altruism, and socially shared cognition.

Contactul Lingvistic și Situatia Interferențelor Lingvistice

Author(s): Mădălina Bălu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

Linguistic contact (interlinear contact) or contact between languages - signifies all situations in which the simultaneous presence of two languages affects the language behavior of the individual (Weinrch); the term refers both to the psycholinguistic function of the individual who possesses more than one language (hence, the bilingual individual) and the bilinear environment in which the individual has to adapt his or her behavior. Contact between languages looks like the pursuit of interference - the reciprocal influence of languages. Degree however, the influence is directly influenced by the linguistic factors: structure and origin. In this respect, two languages closely related to one another or with a very similar structure will influence each other much more strongly than two languages related to one another or typological. Whatever the point of the interest in following the contact between languages, the starting point is always a certain stage of bilingvism. The problem of contact between languages and, implicitly, the problem of bilingualism cannot be studied except on an interdisciplinary basis. The search for research involves an important sociological dimension, because we want to examine the contact between languages and, implicitly, bilingualism, this is, of course, we need to know the sociocultural framework in which we have a cultural and social contact

Children’s comprehension of the verbal aspect in Serbian

Author(s): Maja Savić,Maša Popović,Darinka Anđelković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the study was to investigate how Serbian native speaking preschool children comprehend perfective and imperfective aspect in comparison to adults. After watching animated movies with complete, incomplete and unstarted actions, the participants were asked questions with a perfective or imperfective verb form and responded by pointing to the event(s) that corresponded to each question. The results converged to a clear developmental trend in understanding of aspectual forms. The data indicate that the acquisition of perfective precedes the acquisition of imperfective: 3-year-olds typically understand only the meaning of perfective; most 5-year-olds have almost adult-like understanding of both aspectual forms, while 4-year-olds are a transitional group. Our results support the viewpoint that children’s and adults’ representations of this language category differ qualitatively, and we argue that mastering of aspect semantics is a long-term process that presupposes a certain level of cognitive and pragmatic development, and lasts throughout the preschool period.

Discourse strategies of handling denials in police – suspect interaction in Ibadan, Nigeria

Author(s): Adesina Bukunmi Sunday,Temidayo Akinrinlola / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

Studies on police interrogation have examined interrogating police officers’ (IPOs’) deployment of power abuse in gleaning confessional statements from suspects. However, studies on how IPOs handle denials during interrogation has not been given adequate attention. Therefore, this study investigates discourse strategies of handling denials in police-suspect interaction in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Spencer-Oatey’s rapport management theory served as theoretical anchor. Recorded police interrogation sessions at the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department (SCIID) Ìyágankú, Ibadan constituted the data. Four cases (assault, stealing, Internet fraud and robbery) were sampled, owing to their robust manifestation of facial, sociality and interactional cues between IPOs and suspects. While suspects adopt empathic and explanatory forms of denial to threaten IPOs’ goals, IPOs engage lexical, discursive and paralinguistic choices to negotiate discursive acts of appealing to suspects’ needs, constructing testimonies against suspects, emphasising suspects’ rights and engaging detention and investigation to threaten the face, sociality rights and goals of suspects.