Словообразувателни модели на жителските имена (nomina habitatorum) в съвременния български и чешки език

Author(s): Tsvetanka Avramova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 51/2016

The article analyses the word-formation models (WFM) of the nomina habitatorum in Bulgarian and Czech. The term WFM is very similar to, but not conterminous with, the concept of word-formation type (WFT) as defined by Miloš Dokulil. WFT is understood here as superordinate in relation to WFM. WFT is defined by the same set of properties as WFM but differs from the latter according to the character of the formant; while in FM the character is physical (formal, based on sound), in WFT the character of the formant is functional and structural. The formant assigns the derivative to affixation, paradigmatic or composition word-formation pattern. As lexemes naming a person in accordance with a particular place, the nomina habitatorum constitute a subcategory within the word-formation category of nouns of belonging (nomina pertinentia). The word-formation meaning of nomina habitatorum can be represented by the paraphrase “X belongs to Y,” where X is a person and Y – a place in a broad sense.

Ortograficzne i ortoepiczne zróżnicowanie słowacko‑serbskich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych

Author(s): Ivan Faško / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2016

The paper is a presentation of the results of a qualitative formal analysis of different types of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximates (false friends, interlingual homonyms). In his earlier research on Serbo-Slovak approximation, the author of this paper defined the appropriate terminology and the meaning of the notions similar and identical in terms of quantitative analysis. The results of the study are based on lexical material containing 266 pairs of Serbo-Slovak approximates. They have been classified into four groups – interlingual homonyms, homophones, homographs and paronyms. We found that the differences between approximates are similar in their nature within the groups they were classified into. The existence of these types of differences is possible due to the presence of numerous spelling principles in the Slovak orthography – which features a combination of the phonetic, morphological, grammatical and etymological principles. In the Serbian language, the phonetic principle is the only one consistently present, and the morphological principle can be seen only in a few exceptions. Orthoepic differences are closely related to the orthographic ones. In addition, we can distinguish other kinds of differences which result from a different etymological development or are accidental. Comparing and understanding differences gives a comprehensive and clear view of the formal differentiation of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximation.

Wpływy polskie w jidysz według History of the Yiddish Language Maxa Weinreicha – przegląd i próby weryfikacji

Author(s): Michał Gajek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2016

The Article concentrates on the findings regarding Slavic influence on Yiddish, described in the newest English-language edition of Max Weinreich’s History of the Yiddish Language – a canonical title for modern Yiddish studies. Its first task is to acquaint Polish readers with M. Weinreich’s propositions and findings on the general character of Polish-Yiddish and Slavic-Yiddish language contact. This will also be taken as an opportunity to briefly review the research on this subject conducted by Polish scholars. Additionally, the article will elaborate (albeit not exhaustively) on the attempts to question and verify M. Weinreich’s theories which may prove interesting from the point of view of Slavic studies. Its second, equally important task is to describe chosen examples of the results of Slavic influence, in which Polish played a significant role, as they present themselves in the lexicon, morphology, word formation and syntax of Yiddish.

Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa Мови Європи в стані оновлення (Kijów, 20–21 kwietnia 2016)

Author(s): Jakub Lubomir Banasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2016

The article is a report from an international scientific conference, organised on 20–21 April 2016 in Kiev by the Institute of the Ukrainian Language, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The conference, entitled Мови Європи в стані оновлення, was devoted to innovations in European languages, including especially the Slavic languages.

За статута на "чуждите думи" в български и чешки език

Author(s): Yordanka Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 100/2015

The study analyses and compares the interpretation of concepts „lexical borrowing“ and „loan words“ in the Bulgarian and Czech linguistic literature of XX century. It is suggested in the synchronous study of vocabulary the etymological criterion to be replaced by structural one and the traditionally inherited concept lexical borrowing – by „lexical interaction“. It is presented arguments in defence of the thesis that from a structural point of view there are more reasons the so called process of borrowing to be defined as „contact motivation“, i.e. as one of onomasiologique processes by which the new words are formed.

Rozważania nad kreteńskim hydronimem Κυμαῖος

Author(s): Elwira Kaczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The ancient river name Κυμαῖος, attested in two inscriptions describing the boundaries of the Cretan cities Hierapytna and Lato, referred to a seasonal stream which is today called Kseropótamos (Mod. Gk. Ξεροπόταμος, literally ‘dry river’) or Fruzí Potamós (Mod. Gk. Φρουζή Ποταμός, literally ‘Fruzis’ river’). It is impossible to derive the ancient hydronym from the Greek appellative κῦμα (gen. sg. κύματος) n. (t-stem) ‘wave, billow’ because of formal reasons (it is not ‘a seething river’) as well as some problems connected with Ancient Greek word-formation (no traces of a t-stem are visible in the river name under analysis). The derivation from the Ancient Greek noun κύμη f. ‘a kind of cabbage’ is the most probable explanation. River names derived from plants were widespread in both ancient and modern times.

Konstytucja

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2016

Spotkanie tradycji ze współczesnością w Psalmach króla Dawida w przekładzie Bohdana Drozdowskiego

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2017

The aim of this paper is to analyse the phraseological layer of the poetic paraphrase of The Psalter in Bohdan Drozdowski’s translation. Published in 2008, King David’s Psalms are an interesting example of dynamic equivalence in the area of translation. They also make an attempt at finding, at the level of the system of the Polish language, specifi c syntactic, semantic and stylistic equivalents of the same values as the original Hebrew text. The purpose of the conducted analyses is to answer the question whether, and to what extent, Bohdan Drozdowski retains the layer of traditional phrases, which are associated with the Psalter style. To what extent his poetic paraphrase breaks with the Polish tradition of translation, which has been developing since the Middle Ages, and to what extent it has remained faithful to it. In Bohdan Drozdowski’s paraphrase, traditional biblical phrases are intermingled with Polish idioms that are abundant with marked colloquial lexis and expressive formations, which permits the conclusion that although the poet wanted to modernise Psalms and adapt them to the mentality and sensitivity of the modern reader, he did so while protecting the layer of traditional phrases. This layer, although slightly depleted in comparison to traditional translations, is noticeable and penetrates deep into the text of the translation, becoming, so to speak, a basis for the innovative ideas of the translator. This intended coexistence of lexical and phraseological layers that are so stylistically and genetically varied is a characteristic feature of the paraphrase in question. In this multitude of voices, the voice of many epochs can be heard, which seems to be emphasised by the timeless character of the Psalter, visible in the Polish language since the mediaeval times. This means that Bohdan Drozdowski’s paraphrase links, as it were, the old times and the modern times and becomes a meeting place of the tradition and the present day.

O broni i borykaniu się

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2017

Warsztaty dialektologiczne i konferencja „Dialog pokoleń”, Augustów, 1–6 sierpnia 2016 r.

Author(s): Maria Asman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2017

A Conference Report

Trybunał

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2017

Nesuvokiamoji tikrovės motina: materijos sampratos formavimasis antikinėje filosofijoje

Author(s): Naglis Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 10/2015

The author of the article, drawing upon the data from the history of Classical philosophy and linguistics, presents an analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in the philosophy of Classical Antiquity. In the first chapter of the article, a few preliminary remarks are given concerning with the differences of conceptual economy of the concept of matter in two different spheres – that of ideology and that of pure theoretical philosophy. In the author’s opinion, the understanding of matter in ideologically oriented materialisms, such as the so-called dialectical materialism and the so-called historical materialism, serves certain ideological goals and has nothing or almost nothing to do with genuine efforts to elucidate the concept of matter and to grasp – in terms of pure philosophy and theoretical analysis of purely philosophical nature – the nature of matter and the conceptual economy of this concept. In the preliminary chapter of the article, the author also presents some observations concerning the narrowness and particularity characteristic of the analysis of matter (or materiality understood in various senses and from different angles of view) both in materialistically oriented analytic philosophy, driven by reductionistic agenda, and in materialistically oriented continental philosophy concerned mostly with practical (especially ethical and political) aspects of materiality and corporality. In the second chapter, the author analyses the commonly held views about matter, characteristic of everyday consciousness, as well as the understanding of matter prevalent in the pre-philosophical stage of Classical culture. The author is of the opinion that the most informative corpus of data about the specific features of the understanding of matter in the earliest (pre-philosophical) period of Classical culture can be drawn from the history of language. Therefore, the etymologies of Classical Greek, Latin, and Lithuanian words, meaning matter, materiality, and other similar concepts, are discussed in connection with various possible lines of philosophical interpretation of presented linguistic data. The author shows the philosophical potential inherent in the language itself, even in its most archaic, pre-philosophical, layer, and even in the common, pre-terminological strata of everyday linguistic usage. The Latin words materia “matter (also subject matter as a thing under discussion); the raw material; the mother-stem of a tree; the cen- 40 trally located essential part of any living thing”, matrix “matrix, mother (thought of as giving birth, generating); womb, receptacle; hard form (stereotype); template (prepared in advance for some soft, liquid mass, or molten matter); pattern, form (either material or ideal); etc” (in connection with their common etymological ancestor, the Latin word mater “mother”), and silva “forest; felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, the ancient Greek word hulē “forest; felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, the Lithuanian words medžiaga “matter (also subject matter as a thing under discussion); felled trees, logs (collectively); the raw material”, mediena “felled trees, logs (collectively)”, medis “tree”, medžias “forest”, and other relevant lexical examples are examined at some length. In the third chapter of the article, the author presents an analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in Presocratic and late Platonic philosophy. It is argued that the Presocratics, although lacking any definite, exactly articulated, concept of matter in, say, Aristotelian or late Platonic sense, each viewed their postulated principle (arkhē) of reality as some sort of material substance (sometimes thought of as inherently possessing some ideal, or spiritual, qualities). The author of the article stresses the conceptual relation between the Greek concept of phusis “nature”, commonly employed by the Presocratics, and the concept of hulē, which is evidently the ultimate source of the Latin word materia, understood as a philosophical term and coined by the Romans after hulē, although this latter word began its career as a clearly defined philosophical term only with the writings of Aristotle). The understanding of matter characteristic of the Presocratic Ionian philosophers (Anaximenes, Heraclitus, etc), the ancient Greek Atomists (Leucippus, Democritus, etc), and Empedocles is briefly touched upon in the context of the author’s analysis of the formation of the concept of matter in this period. After that is discussed the late Platonic notion of matter, presented in the Timaeus (in the context of a philosophical myth) as a very vague and inscrutable principle of reality. The late Platonic notion of “Receptacle” (the “Mother” and “womb” of all reality), which might be thought of as ingeniously combining the notion of matter, as a soft substrate of “hard” forms, and the notion of hard matrix, as a receptacle of “soft” material mixture under formation, might be viewed as a great step in the direction of Aristotelian understanding of prime matter. This inscrutable “Mother” of all Reality is given by Plato a lot of different and imprecise names, thus evading strict, non-ambivalent definition. Exemplifying a very significant milestone in the evolution of the concept of matter, the Platonic notion of “Receptacle” – and Plato’s understanding of matter in general, closely related to this vague notion – is given by the author of the article much more attention than all previous stages in the development of the concept of matter. 41NESUVOKIAMOJI TIKROVĖS MOTINA: MATERIJOS SAMPRATOS FORMAVIMASIS ANTIKINĖJE FILOSOFIJOJE In the fourth chapter of the article, the author discusses the Aristotelian understanding of matter. The Aristotelian theory of matter is viewed as a pinnacle and ultimate expression of Classical Greek thinking about matter. The prime matter, thought of as matter par excellence and the purest exemplification of the principle of matter as such, is understood by Aristotle as pure potentiality and contrasted with the conceptually opposite principle of form, that is, the principle of pure actuality. Therefore, the Aristotelian concept of prime matter might be viewed as some kind of a liminal concept (or a conceptual limit), that enables the human mind to think about substances and is employed in order to grasp the difference between substance and its form. The difference between the Aristotelian concept of prime matter and that of secondary matter is also briefly discussed by way of analogy. It is argued that the Aristotelian understanding of matter is significantly removed from the everyday experience of materiality, substantiality and corporality. It is, therefore, somewhat counterintuitive for most people lacking philosophical training, but, nevertheless, despite its counter-intuitiveness – and, arguably, namely for that very reason – it has become part of a very powerful and universal conceptual tool that might be productively employed in the analysis of various and very different manifestations of reality. In the fifth chapter of the article, the author, combining and synthesizing the results achieved in all previous chapters, somewhat extends the Aristotelian understanding of matter and projects it into the context of contemporary science, thus revealing a few contradictions inherent in the very concept of matter. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that matter, as it is understood in contemporary physics, is almost synonymous with energy, while the Aristotelian concept of matter underscores its closest affinity to the concept of potentiality (thought of as a polar opposite with respect to the concept of actuality, that is, the concept of form). Secondly, the concepts of matter and matrix, after closer analysis, reveal both mutual conceptual proximity and conceptual opposition: in different conceptual contexts, each one of them – both matter and matrix – although usually understood as different types or aspects of matter (the etymology of both two words, linking them to their common source, the word mater “mother”, testifies to their conceptual relation) might acquire an aspect of form (and, so to speak, “masculinity”) in relation to its conceptual counterpart. Thus, viewing them from different interpretative angles and in different conceptual settings, we notice that both matter and matrix might appear, if not as a “mother” and a “father” with respect to its “conjugal” counterpart, yet, surely, as a “more motherly” mother and “less motherly” mother in relation to its “spouse” – and changing places in different conceptual settings. Thirdly, we notice 42 that our commonly used English expressions, such as the “subject matter” (and similar others), which underscore the conceptual relation between the meaning of the word matter (thought of as referring to some sort of subject of thought or speech) and the idea of the “material” content of a grammatical or logical form, are used to express the notion of information (thought of as a material mass “poured” into some sort of “matrix” as a “hard” form). Therefore, information, the nature and essence of which is, necessarily, of an ideal, abstract, and formal (that is, strictly immaterial) kind, in some conceptual settings appears as something material – as a material mixture poured into a matrix as a hard “form”, despite the fact that the pieces of information themselves might be viewed as mental forms (that is, ideal entities constituted in the process of thinking). The conclusion is made that the concept of matter, which is the result of long conceptual evolution in linguistic prehistory, Classical times and afterwards, is irremediably vague notion, yet, nevertheless, very conducive to productive philosophical thought: the very paradoxes of this concept exert a benign effect on human thinking, liberating it from its stupor.

Nino De Vita: poezja sycylijska między dialektalnością a zwierzęcością

Author(s): Paulina Malicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the issue of human‑animal relationships in contemporary works of poetry and prose by Nino De Vita (b. 1950) – a Sicilian born in Marsala, for whom the local dialect of Cutusiu contrade becomes the language of expression. The author leaves out of his writings anthropocentric models and introduces into them narratives concerning various forms of life marked by common and indivisible history. Both animal and human characters share similar fates, experience the same emotions, reciprocate feelings, suffer and feel fear. Still, what unites the human and animal world most is the language, or rather the dialect, of Marsala – a common channel of interspecies communication. The expression of the animal nature in people who wish to most spontaneously and sincerely express their own emotions and moods, resorts to dialectal sound, the mother tongue, characterized by great intimacy but also violence. Finally, the dialectality and animality of Nino De Vita’s work involve going beyond the boundaries, tracking and leaving traces as well as marking the territory for fear of loss and being left. This poetry is written in the name of ‘another him’ and for him.

Инструменти за измерване на интеркултурната компетентност

Author(s): Raya Zhivkova-Krupeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The aim of the present article is an overview of existing instruments for measuring intercultural competence. The wide variety of instruments is due to focus on different aspects of intercultural competence in the design of each of them and the lack of a unified notion as to the components of intercultural competence. The majority of instruments for measuring intercultural competence are oriented towards teamwork in international corporations, which defines their characteristic features. Since they are not directly applicable in FLT, an instrument based on Byram's model of intercultural competence is more suitable.

Новият литературен жанр „Транслит“

Author(s): Madeleine Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article looks at the way the new hybrid genre of the biofiction functions in the postmodern age. It examines this new genre against the background of such notions as Coupland’s “TransLit” and Hutcheon’s “historiographic metafiction”, as well as Bauman’s “liquid modernity”. It also traces the development of the genre of biography and its use in the subtle play between fact and fiction in contemporary literature. A specific attention is paid to the biographical fictions based on the life and the works of Henry James, one of the canonical figures in Anglo-American literature and in particular to one of the less known biofictions, Liebmann-Smith’s The James Boys: A Novel Account of Four Desperate Brothers (2008). The article reaches a conclusion that the “TransLit” of today destroys the temporal and the spatial boundaries creating a patchwork of fragments united by the power of the writer’s imagination.

Nelietuviški XIX a. galo – XX a. pradžios katalikų katekizmų terminai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Кип. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balsam) MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10), Belorussianisms (тūkа (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.

Gydymo priemonių pavadinimai daktaro Antano Vileišio medicinos knygelėse

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.

Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

Some lexicological aspects of terminology and terminography

Author(s): Valentīna Skujiņa / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2008

Per beveik penkis šimtmečius latvių, kaip ir lietuvių, kalba pasiekė tokį lygį, kad dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigoje mūsų kalbos buvo visiškai pasirengusios atlikti visas aktualias valstybinės kalbos funkcijas savo šalyse. Reguliarūs latvių ir lietuvių kalbininkų kontaktai prasidėjo nuo dvidešimto amžiaus septintojo dešimtmečio, kai buvo pradėtos rengti terminologijos ir kalbos kultūros konferencijos. Septintasis dešimtmetis – tai laikas, kai terminologija, iki tol laikyta leksikologijos šaka, dėl gausių teorinių tyrinėjimų tapo savarankiška tarpdalykine mokslo sritimi, besiplėtojančia lingvistikos ir keleto gretutinių sričių – logikos, filosofijos, kognityvistikos, ontologijos, komunikacijos mokslų – sandūroje. Leksiniu atžvilgiu terminologija laikoma specifiniu kalbos leksinės sudėties sluoksniu, kreipiant dėmesį į terminų ir ne terminų santykį, terminų ir profesinių, socialinių, teritorinių, istorinių, stilistinių ir kitų leksikos sluoksnių sąsajas. Leksinę kalbos sandarą atskleidžia žodynai. Teoriniai ir praktiniai žodynų sudarymo aspektai – leksikografijos, kaip kalbotyros šakos, tyrimų objektas. Viena iš žodynų rū- šių – terminų žodynai. Bendrinės kalbos ir terminų žodynų lyginimas leidžia apibūdinti terminografiją kaip gretutinę discipliną, esančią leksikologijos, leksikografijos ir termi- nologijos sandūroje. Terminų žodynų specifika atsiskleidžia atrenkant žodynų straipsnių antraštes ir leksiškai bei gramatiškai aprašant. Terminų žodynuose vyrauja daiktavardžiai, kadangi jie pavadina pačias įvairiausias realijas – daiktus (objektus), procesus, savybes, kiekius, aplinkybes ir kt. Daiktavardžiai geriausiai įvardija sąvokas. Kitos kalbos dalys, pavyzdžiui, būdvardžiai, dalyviai (t. y. veiksmažodinės formos) paprastai atlieka termino apibūdinančio dėmens funkciją. Kartais, pavyzdžiui, kai kuriuose ISO standartuose, pasitaiko antraščių ir su daiktavardžiais, ir su veiksmažodžiais: display – „vizualinis pateikimas“ ir to display – „pateikti vizualiai“ (apibrėžčių vertimas pateiktas straipsnio autorės). Kaip matyti iš apibrėžčių, abiem atvejais kalbama apie tą pačią sąvoką, skiriasi tik žodžio gramatinės formos pasirinkimas. Toks dubliavimas yra netikslingas. Pakaktų išreikšti sąvoką daiktavardžiu, o veiksmažodis, reikalui esant, gali būti vartojamas tekste. Skirtingų kalbos dalių vietą ir vaidmenį terminologijoje padeda nustatyti terminema, kurios pagrindinis dėmuo yra daiktavardis, o kitos kalbos dalys (susijusios su ta pačia są- voka) – antraeiliai dėmenys (plg. перевод – переводить, переведен, переведенный ir pan.). Pastaruoju metu terminologijoje ieškoma naujo požiūrio, pabrėžiant kompleksinį terminologinių vienetų pobūdį, tačiau tai nereiškia, kad atsisakoma tradicinio požiūrio. Dėmesys turi būti skiriamas ir reprezentacinei, ir komunikacinei termino funkcijai, t. y. termino sistemiškumui terminų sistemoje ir vartosenos įvairovei, atsižvelgiant į kontekstą.

Белорусская и литовская терминографии: сравнительный аспект

Author(s): Vyacheslav Shcherbin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2008

The article considers the results of the comparative research of the Belarusian and Lithuanian terminographies according to a number of criteria. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the mentioned terminographies are analyzed. The necessity to introduce the amendments into modern Belarusian terminographic practice has been substantiated.