Koncepcja kodów kultury w rosyjskich i ukraińskich badaniach lingwokulturologicznych i etnolingwistycznych

Author(s): Iryna Chybor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2015

This article presents the concept of cultural codes which was earlier discussed in the works of Russian and Ukrainian scholars in the fields of ethnolinguistics and linguoculturological perspectives. The key linguoculturological terms, such as cultural code and ethnocode, are explained. The author of this article has analysed the existing Ukrainian and Russian linguistics theoretical basics of defining, isolating and classifying cultural codes.

Symbolika leszczyny w polskiej kulturze ludowej. Fragment definicji kognitywnej

Author(s): Olga Kielak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2014

The article discusses the symbolism of the hazel plant which constitute a segment (one facet) of the cognitive definition of a hazel bush. The symbolism of the hazel is a category which terminate and gather in together other facets constituting the entry ‘Hezel’ in the Lublin ethnolinguistics dictionary (Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych, red. J. Bartmiński, S. Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska): i.e. the plants’ provenance, image, time and place of flourishing; its magical, apotropaical, thera-peutical, ritual and practical use etc. The symbol is thus – next to the stereotype – the second key concept in this dictionary. The author shows the different symbolic meanings attributed to hazel in Polish folk culture – the symbolism of the space tree, the symbolism of sacredness, a symbol of life, duration, recovery and growth; symbol of power and health, the symbolism of fertility and abundance, and a symbol of girl.

За някои тенденции в езика ни

Author(s): Marta Karpacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2015

Свое и чуждо в съвременния български политически дискурс

Author(s): Kristiana Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2015

A more specific type of lexis is being viewed, that has often been defined in the Bulgarian language vocabularies as literary, old or both or foreign. But as my personal field recordings as the rich Archive of Bulgarian Vocabulary of Dialects give reason this lexis to be joined in the Bulgarian Vocabulary of Dialects.

Българска лексикология и фразеология. Т. III. Проблеми на общата лексикология (И. Касабов)

Author(s): Maria Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Aký je vid existenciálneho slovesa byť

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2025

Explanatory dictionaries of standard Slovak published since the second half of the 20th century in the entry for the verb to be uniformly state that the verb to be is imperfective and rarely also perfective. The question of the perfectiveness of the verb to be was raised by Štefan Peciar in his 1958 report, one year before the publication of the first volume of Slovník slovenského jazyka, in connection with the drafting of the entry for the word to be for the forthcoming explanatory dictionary. There he notes the rare occurrence of the verb to be as a perfective verb. On the other hand, the representative works – the collective Morphology of the Slovak Language (1966) and Pauliny‘s Slovak Grammar – mark the verb to be as monoaspectual imperfective. Explanatory dictionaries, however, have not taken this opinion into consideration. The author critically points out this inappropriate lexicographical tradition and confirms the monoaspectuality and imperfectiveness of the verb to be in Slovak. He also refers to the same situation in some other North Slavic languages.

O ustaľovaní a variantnosti lexikálnej jednotky check-out a jej domácich ekvivalentov

Author(s): Romana Krolčíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2025

The aim of this paper is to analyse the anglicism check-out and to describe its linguistic properties in the Slovak language. Our focus is not only on the orthographic and morphological adaptation of this foreign word, but also on its spelling variants check out and checkout. By corpus analysis of the word check-out we demonstrate how the adaptation process of foreign words depend on the linguistic system of the Slovak language and the needs of the users. We also focus on the Slovak equivalents of the word check-out, in particular, on the verbal noun odubytovanie, the verb odubytovať and the imperfective verb form odubytovávať. On a basis of a comparison of their frequency in the main corpus of written texts and the web corpus of the Slovak National Corpus we observe the variation, or the preference of borrowed and native words in selected corpora.

The Folk Image of a Human Preserved in the Dialectal Plant Names. An Overview of the Issues

Author(s): Ilona Kulak / Language(s): English Issue: 97/2024

The aim of the article is to present the folk image of a human based on the plant names used by Gorals from the north-west part of the Podhale region. The material was gathered through informal interviews with inhabitants of nine villages conducted between 2016 and 2017. The first part of the text includes a detailed account of the methodological approach employed. Additionally, the research problems arising from the specificity of the collected material are presented. The second part of the article discusses the features of the rural society which are indirectly preserved in the folk names of plants, e.g. anthropocentrism, aristocratism, a binary view of reality, sensory perception of the world, instrumental rationality, attachment to Catholicism, magical beliefs.

Etymology and development of semantics of ‘Angel’ and ‘Demon’ in English, Dutch, and Ukrainian: a comparative study

Author(s): Nataliya Lemish,Oksana Kaliberda,Olena Kryzhko,Iryna Ovchynnikova / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2024

The paper deals with a dichotomy of an angel and a demon as opposed creatures that embody the good and the evil in various cultures. An interdisciplinary overview of angels and demons outlines their roles and significance in philosophy, literature, religion, and arts. Common and particular ways of ‘angel’ and ‘demon’ reflection in English, Dutch, and Ukrainian are identified with three types of linguistic analysis: etymological, componential, and that of dictionary definitions. Thus, the paper gives the results of an etymological analysis for the two key lexemes based on English (‘angel’, ‘demon’), Dutch (‘engel’, ‘demon’), and Ukrainian (‘ангел’, ‘демон’) etymological dictionary entries followed by comparison and contrast and identification of both isomorphic and allomorphic features. It also provides the semantic changes in the meanings of ‘angel’ and ‘demon’ in three languages under study. The dictionary interpretations for the studied lexemes are added to present the ideas/images of angels and demons reflected in the consciousness of the English, Dutch, and Ukrainians. In fact, the obtained data enable readers to witness similarities and differences in perception, conceptualisation and categorisation of the good (embodied by angels) and the evil (embodied by demons) by speakers of different languages. This can both contribute to improved dictionary definitions and facilitate intercultural communication making it more efficient in today’s globalized world.

Tarminio suvokimo kiekybinė patikra Kauno marių apylinkėse

Author(s): Žydrūnas Šidlauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

The article analyses two poles of dialectal data: the subjective one (emic) and the objective one (etic). 50 hours of recorded interviews with 52 inhabitants who were evicted from the Nẽmunas valley in the 1950s when the Kaũnas Hydroelectric Power Plant was being built (the Kaũnas Lagoon was formed by flooding the Nẽmunas Valley) are analysed. The article quantitatively reveals the overlap (or no overlap) of data regarding informants, ordinary members of the language community, dialectal perception (emic) and objective (etic) data. This goal was achieved in three steps: 1) based on the features of the reconstructed local dialectal variant of the flooded settlements of the Kaũnas Lagoon, indicators of the dialecticism of the informants were determined; 2) having structured the dialectal perception responses, a quantitative model of dialect awareness was created; 3) having established the correlation between the emic and etic data, an examination of the dialectal perception and the actual usage was carried out on a vertical and horizontal continuum. The collected data shows that the language of the interviewed inhabitants is characterised by the features of the dialectal variant of the southeastern part of Western Aukštaitian of Kaũnas (Priedzūkis); however, only a part of the population considers themselves to be representatives of a dialect. The quantitatively measured level of dialecticism also varies (especially due to intermittent usage). When these indicators of dialecticism were compared with the categorised dialectal perception data, a (paradoxical) reality was determined: there is a mismatch between dialectal perception and actual usage. The mismatch results due to a variety of reasons, one of which is education: informants that have obtained higher education have a better knowledge of the dialect and/or admit it more readily (however, their language is not more dialectal).

Viešieji Vilniaus užrašai: kalbos ir tipai

Author(s): Inga Daraškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

This article introduces the results of Vilnius’s linguistic landscape research. The analysis focuses on which signs make up the linguistic landscape of Vilnius and which languages are used on the signage. The study material consists of 2,442 public and private signs collected from various neighborhoods in Vilnius in 2020, March-October. The research employs quantitative statistical descriptive analysis and qualitative content analysis. The data shows that 76% of all signs include Lithuanian: 49% are monolingual Lithuanian, and 27% are multilingual with Lithuanian. The remaining 24% of signs use other foreign languages. Lithuanian is used in all types of signs, and the only monolingual Lithuanian signs are road signs and street names, apart from decorative plaques with foreign languages on them. Lithuanian is the first language in most multilingual signs, followed by other foreign languages. This language pattern is usually seen on commercial establishments or public institution signage, such as opening hours or services provided. Multilingual signs where Lithuanian is not the first language account for 8.3% of all Vilnius signs analyzed in this study. English-Lithuanian is the most frequent language pattern in these signs. If Lithuanian is not the first language used on a sign, the most common language model is English-Lithuanian, and mostly bilingual English-Lithuanian signs are names of establishments. Research shows that the first foreign language used in a sign does not always play a stronger communicative function, as it may be used because of its symbolic power. The analysis of monolingual signs in foreign languages shows that the most significant proportion of such signs are stickers, shop signs, and graffiti, and the most common languages are English, Russian, Italian, German, French, Latin, and Latin.

Pagrindiniai mėlynos spalvos pavadinimai lenkų ir lietuvių kalbose: prototipai ir konotacijos

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2024

The article presents the results of the contrastive semantic analysis of the main Polish and Lithuanian blueness names. The aim is to compare the collocability of color names with names of various objects and phenomena including the identification of the prototype references and connotative meanings. The research shows that the categorization of the blue spectrum is more complicated in the Polish language: in the Lithuanian language, blueness corresponds to two main names – mėlynas and žydras, while in Polish, in addition to the two basic terms niebieski ‘blue’ and błękitny ‘light blue’, the special name granatowy ‘very dark blue (almost black)’ and poetic modry ʻintense blue’ are widely used. The last two words have no direct equivalents in the Lithuanian language. The difference in linguistic categorization creates certain difficulties in translating assigned contexts from Polish to Lithuanian. In terms of synchronicity, the semantic prototype of the main Polish (niebieski / błękitny) and Lithuanian (mėlynas / žydras) terms can be considered sky, although etymologically, such a nominative model characterizes only the Polish niebieski < niebo ʻsky’. According to the primary semantics, the Polish term corresponds to the Lithuanian dangiškas < dangus ‘sky’, but it does not belong to the main names of this color. The prototype of the Polish side name siny is not a natural phenomenon, but an area of the human body that has turned blue due to cold, anger or a beating. In the Lithuanian language, in this case, the semantically close forms of the participles pamėlęs, pamėlynavęs or the main term mėlynas are used. The connotative meanings of the main names of blueness, such as ʻdistant, endless’, ‘being in heaven’, ‘divine, excellent’ have been identified for both languages. The latter meanings are characteristic of one of the main Polish terms – niebieski, and in the Lithuanian language it corresponds to the secondary, less frequently used name for blueness – dangiškas. The connotation ‘homosexual’ (žydras) occurs only in the Lithuanian language.

Translators’ Resource Dominance and the Success of Finding the Target Terms in Human Translation and Post-editing of Machine Translation

Author(s): Márta Lesznyák,Eszter Sermann / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

This study presents the first results of process-oriented research on the types of online translation resources used by first- and second-year translation trainees when translating and post-editing a legal text from English into Hungarian. Based on the screen recordings of the students’ workflow, the possible relations between resource dominance (termino-lexicographic or text-based), time on task and the success of finding the correct target terms were analysed. Our results indicate that students generally prefer termino-lexicographic sources to text-based sources. Interestingly, in most cases, the success of finding the correct target terms showed no significant correlations either with time on task or with resource dominance. The only exception was the post-editor group, where there was a significant correlation between the frequency of using text-based sources and the success of finding correct terms. In addition, evidence was found that post-editors worked more efficiently than from-scratch human translators in terms of time and search effort. The paper ends with possible explanations of the findings and suggestions for translator training.

Movements and Directions, Constructions and Forces: Prevalent Metaphorical Source Domains in Hungarian Legal Texts

Author(s): Réka Sólyom / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

By employing a functional cognitive frame, this paper focuses on the semantics of metaphorical technical terms in the Hungarian legal language. Although the importance of unambiguous terms in such language use is often emphasised, conceptual metaphors foster understanding of technical texts. The present research concentrates on three types of frequently occurring metaphors in the Hungarian technical texts of quality management and Hungarian laws. These metaphors and metaphorical expressions contain the source domains MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES. The analysis characterises these prototypical metaphors and their functions in legal texts, employing examples from the Hungarian texts of two important laws, namely the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and Act C of 2012 the Criminal Code of Hungary.

Mitoniminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 31/2024

The article structurally dissects the psychiatry terms made with the names of mythological creatures that appear in the 1935 Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry) by Juozas Blažys, the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist – the first psychiatry textbook to be published in Lithuania in the period between the two world wars. Nearly all terms are derived from the classical (Greek and Latin) languages or are readily borrowed from them through intermediary languages and adapted to the system of the Lithuanian language. While writing the textbook, Blažys relied on printed work by his colleagues and most probably adopted the terms from those sources. Mythonyms of Greek and Latin origin that appear in the structure of psychiatry terms are archaic universalities with unequivocal meaning across all languages; as a result, the psychiatry terms that derive from them travel from one language to the next, constituting an important part of the international eponymic terminology of psychiatry. Most of the terms featured in the textbook are mythonyms made by way of absolute (direct, affixal, and composite) and, on very few occasions, partial appellativisation. The most common are composite appellatives (such as kleptomanija (kleptomania)) that include a component grounded on a post-positional mythonym. Among affixal appellatives, suffixal appellatives with the productive suffix -izmas (such as morfinizmas (morphinism)) have prevalence, while prefixal appellatives (such as amnezija (amnesia)) are uncommon.

Distopijos naujakalbė Davido Mitchello romano „Debesų atlasas“ vertime: leksinis ir morfologinis lygmuo

Author(s): Eglė Navickaitė,Robertas Kudirka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 17/2024

The article examines the lexical and morphological features of newspeak in Laimantas Jonušys’s Lithuanian translation of David Mitchell’s dystopian novel Cloud Atlas. The research material is drawn from an excerpt of the chapter “Teliūskas perkėla i visa paskum” (pp. 279–308) and its corresponding part in the original text (pp. 213–236). In the translation, the features of newspeak are conveyed through lexical and semantic neologisms, occasional and potential formations, as well as typical and atypical derivational variants. Additionally, literally translated and passive lexical layer words play distinctive roles. The findings demonstrate that formation by analogy and the recognizable variability of specifying lexical and morphological elements in relation to standard language contribute to a convincing representation of the dystopia’s artistic vision, effectively rendering the original newspeak and its post-apocalyptic impression.

TYPES OF CULTURES AND SOCIAL EMOTIONS

Author(s): Viorica Lifari / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

Emotions are associated with people and it is human to interact emotionally. The concepts of emotions may refer to both types personal and social ones.In this paper we concentrate on an inter-disciplinary study of the emotion concepts as social constructions and offer a synthesis of various researches devoted to the issue, scholars who consider the phenomenon of emotions from the perspective of Psychology, Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology and Cultural Linguistics.A very important condition in researching emotion concepts interculturally is the type of culture where this idea was born, developed and turned into a mental model or a cognitive scenario. As a rule, an apparently similar concept like “love” or “happiness”, ideas found in almost every culture are associated with certain socio-cultural environment typical of the very culture. Even if linguistically, there are equivalents to the notion of “happiness” in many languages, the situations associated with this idea might be different among cultures.This research is a contribution to the existing studies devoted to intercultural communication which are extremely necessary as they enlarge human awareness of various cultural traditions and behaviour and contribute to the development of the intercultural competence.We focus on the concepts of “shame” and “guilt” in high and low context types of cultures as well in collectivist and individualist cultures and also in shame and guilt types of cultures according to Ruth Benedict.

Diagnosing Kazym Khanty unpossessives, or how to tell a synchronically independent marker from its diachronic source

Author(s): Stiopa Mikhailov / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (55)/2024

Uralic possessive agreement suffixes often develop determiner-like functions. Several authors have suggested monosemic analyses of such functions as derived from the basic possessive meaning. However, recent studies have argued that the functions they investigate must be treated as synchronically independent markers because they do not behave morphosyntactically in the same way that their corresponding proper possessives do. Building on the work of my predecessors, I develop several unpossessive diagnostics to test whether a non-possessive function displays the same behavior as the proper possessive function of the same exponent with respect to several morphophonological, morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic parameters. I apply these diagnostics to the Kazym Khanty second-person singular possessive -en/-an in its three non-possessive functions. I argue that these functions must be treated as three distinct unpossessive markers: the associative possessive, the salient article, and the proprial article. These markers are homonymous with the proper possessive but are synchronically independent from it. Furthermore, I develop an analysis of these markers within the framework of Distributed Morphology, which allows us to model their differences while also accounting for their similarities. I address some potential weaknesses of this analysis, justifying them by appealing to how grammaticalization processes normally work. The approach to nonpossessive functions of possessives presented in this paper should be applied to data from other languages that feature extended possessives.

Цифровые ресурсы по уральским языкам Сибири: обзор, оценка и применение

Author(s): Natalia A. Koshelyuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (56)/2025

Over the recent years, the growing trend of digitalization has given rise to many independent linguistic projects worldwide. However, there is no roadmap on how to navigate between the resources and what type and amount of information one can get. This paper overviews the openly available online resources which feature the Uralic languages of Siberia, comprising the westernmost part, known as Western and Central Siberia. The majority of studies on Siberian languages are focused on compiling material from separate varieties. Likewise, the digital resources on Siberian languages, which show outcomes of research projects worldwide, are scattered and do not have any systematic reviews. In our work, we identify their scope and test applicability for different tasks in linguistic studies.We also present a case-study in Nenets, testing the possibilities of digital exploration and gaining new material. The conclusion outlines the scope of the digital resources and their applicability to individual languages. The whole picture of the digital landscape of linguistic Siberian studies can be elaborated in further studies.

KOMUNIKATIVNI PRISTUP NASTAVI STRANOG JEZIKA NASUPROT GRAMATIČKO PREVODNOM METODU

Author(s): Čedomir P. Knežević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2016

The aim of this paper is to show students of a foreign language, as well as future teachers, the contemporary approach to teaching foreign languages. As we show in this paper, the communicative approach allows seamless communication, active transmission and exchange of information. In the comparison of these two different approach to teaching a foreign language, using historical methods, we will show primarily the outcome or the result of each approach individually and its implications to the use of a foreign language to be taught.