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The diffusion of Pacific English-lexifier pidgins and creoles: Evidence from Australian Kriol

Author(s): Andrei A. Avram / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Australian Kriol is an English-lexifier creole, spoken in the Northern Territory and adjacent areas of Western Australia and Queensland, which has generally not been considered in previous comparative work on English-lexifier pidgins and creoles. In this paper I adopt an approach used in research on the historical-linguistic relationships among English-lexifier contact languages (Baker and Huber 2001), which takes into account specific diagnostic features recorded at any time in their history. The findings have several implications. First attestations in Australian Kriol provide further data relevant to any investigation into issues such as the origin and diffusion of diagnostic features and the genetic relationships holding among the Pacific English-lexifier varieties. Also, the feature-based approach adopted allows for the quantification of the degree of affinity of Australian Kriol with other potentially relevant Pacific English-lexifier pidgins and creoles. Finally, evidence from Australian Kriol – corroborated with that provided by other Pacific English-lexifier contact languages (Avram; 2004-a) – demonstrates that a number of diagnostic features hitherto believed to occur only in Atlantic varieties (Baker and Huber 2001) have in fact a world-wide distribution.

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Generic bare plurals in Russian and beyond

Author(s): Daria Seres / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper focuses on indirect reference to kinds achieved by means of bare plural nominal expressions in Russian, which is a language without articles. These NPs refer to sums of individuals, whose denotation is built on Number. Their default interpretation is indefinite, while generic and definite readings are a result of a pragmatic strengthening, i.e. these readings appear only in certain environments (argument position of k-level predicates, subject position of characterising statements) and depend on the world knowledge of interlocutors. Generically and definitely interpreted expressions are similar to each other, being characterised by maximality, identifiability and presupposition of existence. However, the former ones cannot be spatiotemporally localised or anaphorically anchored. Going beyond Russian, it is suggested that in some languages genericity (along with definiteness) may be encoded semantically by means of a definite article, while in others it is pragmatically inferred on bare NPs; this difference can account for the inter- and intralinguistic variation in the expression of genericity.

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An unexplained difference between reflexive and copular clausal passives in Romanian

Author(s): Alexandra Cornilescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Romanian possesses a reflexive passive structure, the se-passive, where se is a reflexive clitic, and a copular passive, formed with the auxiliary fi ‘be’. For both passives, the passivized object is either nominal or clausal. While for nominal objects there is a balanced distribution of the two passives, with clauses, there is a sharp difference of acceptability between clausal se-passives and clausal fi-passives. Clausal se-passives occur with any transitive verb and sound perfect. Clausal fi-passives are infrequent and sometimes even unattested. The aim of this paper is to present an account of this difference, while also predicting which syntactic means improve the acceptability of fi-passives. We argue that the contrast between clausal fi- and se– passives springs from the different manner in which the features of Tense, in particular the uD feature, are checked, and show that it is only in se-passives that all the features of T are valued.

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ENGLISH IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Irina-Ana Drobot / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

The impact of English in Romania can be seen function of historical ages, which lead to various developments in research, in the academic domains, as well as in the introduction in the Romanian language of Anglicism and even the introduction of Romanian words in the English language. Borrowings from the English language show the strong impact this language had over our own, together with its culture. Anglistics has developed various fields in literature and linguistics, lexicography and phonetics, right from its beginnings. Philological and non-philological departments of English in various universities do their best to keep up with the trends requiring Romanians to know English.

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From “Burning Bridges” to Bridging Cultural Gaps: Water and Fire Idioms in English and Romanian

Author(s): Alexandra Stan / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

The relation between culture and language can offer important information to the language learner. In fact, one way to understand a culture is through its language. Teachers of English as a foreign language (ought to) provide knowledge of the culture along with the mandatory curriculum items as a means to support students in bridging any cultural gaps. This paper aims to analyze English water and fire idiomatic expressions by describing their meanings and origins and identifying their Romanian equivalents. The research starts with a theoretical overview of the definitions and classifications of idiomatic expressions in the specialized literature, followed by the contrastive analysis of twenty English idioms functioning as verbs. More specifically, the description of their meanings and origins is provided, as well as the Romanian counterparts, and where possible, the origins of the translated items. The last part of the paper draws some conclusions on the significance and practical teaching implications of this analysis.

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Kolektivna agentivnost i toposi u funkciji gradnje rimskog nacionalnog i nadnacionalnog identiteta u historiografskom narativu V. Paterkula

Author(s): Seada Brkan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2023

Language, as the linguistic manifestation of extralinguistic experiences, often functions as a means for the creation and expression of societal inequality. In addition to the fact that the participants of social reality are almost never socially equal, which means that someone has power over others, the linguistic reflection of those relationships always derives from the author, who has the power to control the context; his practical instrumentation comes from his own lexical and grammatical choices, as well as their conscious and targeted combination. In this paper, the focus is on noticing and distinguishing, and analyzing and interpreting the choices of V. Paterculus as an author within the framework of collective agency and the topoi with which the Roman national identity is first built, and then positioned as superior to the identities of the peoples with whom the Romans came into contact. While for authors from the 1st century A.D. the language strategies touched on in this paper were not available, since they were neither described nor defined before the 20th century, ancient writers used them completely unconsciously in their spontaneous writing; therefore, these texts, as well as modern ones, are subject to linguistic analysis, interpretation and criticism precisely according to the guidelines of modern language criteria. In this paper one of the possible methods of analysis of the construction of the national and supranational identity of a nation in the historiographical discourse will be offered; the analysis will be based on discursive strategies and macro-strategies offered by the discursive-historical approach and based on empirical data gathered in tabular reviews. An indispensable part of the analysis will be the analyst’s criticism, which derives from democratic norms, human rights and the criteria of rational argumentation from today’s temporal, cultural and political context, because the purpose of critical discourse studies is to expose and point out how domination, i.e., the abuse of social power and inequality, are realized and reproduced in text and speech, but also on how to oppose them in a social and political context (van Dijk 2001, 352).

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WORDS THAT SELL: EXPLANATION AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE STRATEGY IN THE CURRENT ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

Author(s): Crina-Ancuța Macovei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Through this research, we aim to open a window to the complexity of advertising argumentation, highlighting its role in shaping perceptions, forming attitudes and influencing consumer behavior. As an argumentative strategy, the explanation helps to create an overview of the characteristics, composition, use and benefits of a particular product, as well as recommendations for its maintenance and storage. All this leads to the performative act of argumentation, embodied by the action of buying the promoted product or service.

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Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Author(s): Daniela Katunar,Jan Defrančeski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

This study investigates the role of meteorological expressions in conceptualizing and contextualizing local identities with special reference to Lovranski list, a local news publication of the municipality of Lovran, Croatia. From a linguistic perspective, meteorological expressions refer to lexical and syntactic means that serve to describe and categorize the domain of meteorological weather and meteorological events (Eriksen et al. 2012; Katunar and Simeon 2023), and they also play a role in the study of linguistic data from the perspective of folk meteorology (cf. Sijerković 1996; Gluhak 2004). From the perspective of ordinary language philosophy (e.g., Wittgenstein 1998, 2007, 2009), meteorological expressions can also be understood as lexical-syntactic means that contain semantic features relevant for understanding the (local) identity of certain communities (e.g., Zagreb fog and March bora).

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POGLED U JEZIK MARTIĆEVA EPA OBRANA BIOGRADA GODINE 1456., SLAVJE SVETOGA IVANA KAPISTRANSKOGA

Author(s): Marijana Galić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 29/2023

The paper studies the language in Martić’s epic poem Obrana Biograda godine 1456, slavje svetoga Ivana Kapistranskoga (The Defense of Biograd in 1456, the celebration of Saint John of Capistrano). This literally work is divided into four parts: Poslanstvo, Vieće, Sprema i Pobjeda (Mission, Council, Readiness and Victory). At the beginning of the epic, there is an annual felicitation to Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer, and at the end of the epic, Bojna molitva (The Battle Prayer). The epic was printed in Đakovo in 1887 in the diocesan printing house. In the epic, which is based on a historical-religious theme, it can be seen that Martić followed the Franciscan writing tradition, oral literature, and language principles of the Zagreb philological school, while adhering to the Central Bosnian idiom. This is observed through spelling, orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis.

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Русско-чешские субстантивные межъязыковые омонимы в экономико-юридической лексике

Author(s): Marta Vágnerová / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2017

The issue of Russian-Czech interlingual homonyms has been developed inadequately systematically and only in part. The aim of our thesis is to examine some semantic unusualness of Russian-Czech substantive interlingual homonyms in economic and legal lexicon to show the ways in which they originate and to contribute to the clarification and extension of knowledge about this language phenomenon. The basic methods are the descriptive and comparative method, the diachronic-synchronous analysis of the collected corpus of homonymous pairs. The article proposes a refined classification of Russian-Czech interlingual homonyms in terms of the expression plan. There are three cases from the point of view of the form: homonymous pair consisting of only Russian lexemes, only Czech lexemes or both Russian and Czech. By analyzing the content plan it was found out that the lexemes which are members of the homonymous pairs, were originally the same, but due to the development of the meaning of the words, there had been semantic changes that led to the emergence of interlingual homonymy. The lexemes under investigation have a significant shift, narrowing or widening of meaning, to semantic differentiation in the acquisition of internationalism. In two cases, homonymy was caused by a random sound match.

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On Some Aspects of Enrichment of Czech and Russian Fashion Design Terminology Through Borrowings and Internationalisms

Author(s): Andrej Artemov,Tatyana Dolgova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

The article is focused on the research of borrowings and international words in contemporary European languages in the field of fashion design and clothing terminology. The first part of the article presents the reasons for borrowing and considers different scholars’ points of view. Further on the authors provide the periods of terminological borrowings into Russian and Czech languages and determine the supplier language of borrowings into these languages. The body of international words used in five European languages belonging to different families (English, German, French, Russian and Czech) is distinguished on the basis of the terms analysis. In the conclusion the authors emphasize the increasing influence of American English on languages in general and terminologies in particular.

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Kontaktmittel in den Schlagzeilen der Deutschen Boulevardpresse

Author(s): Jana Šarlingrová / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2015

Dieser Beitrag orientiert sich an den Sprachmitteln, die in den Schlagzeilen der deutschen Boulevardpresse BILD verwendet werden. Aufgrund der ausgesuchten Artikel aus dem Sportgebiet wurde der Korpus geschaffen, der mehr als 400 Schlagzeilen umfasst. Wir haben versucht, die Ausdrucksmittel zu erfassen, die zur Anknüpfung des Kontakts mit dem Leser und zur Erhöhung, bzw. zur Festigung seines Interesses dienen. Wir haben vor allem darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie die Sprachmittel zur Realisierung der persuasiven Funktion beitragen und wodurch ihre Auswahl in den Schlagzeilen der Boulevardpresse beschränkt wird.

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Základní lexikální jednotky konceptu „pracovní činnost“ v ruštině v komparaci s češtinou

Author(s): Andrey Artemov / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

The differences in cognitive perception of the concept ‘work activity’ in both languages influenced the onomastic mechanism of designation of work. The paper deals with the semantics of Russian lexical units ‘work’ (дело) within the concept ‘work activity’ in comparison with Czech. The selected lexeme is language-specific in Russian. The presented research focuses on one of the possibilities of signification ‘work activity’. The exact definition of the lexical meaning of the selected lexeme is questionable in Russian; therefore the proper use of the expression is for a non-native speaker very difficult. The amount of expressions, in which the lexical unit work (дело) acquires other meanings, is worth further exploration in terms of conceptualizing the work process within the Russian language picture of the world.

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Ни риба, ни рак. Предложните изрази: между колокацията и съставната дума

Author(s): Laska Laskova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

In this paper, we argue that multiword prepositions such as “съответно с” (‘following’) and “в разрез с” (‘contrary to’) constitute a fuzzy type of set, where the membership function correlates to the degree of lexicalization. There is a number of parameters to be considered when calculating the degree of lexicalization for multiword prepositions of the pattern p1 N p2, namely, noun inflection, p2 omission, insertion of modifiers, pronoun substitution, semantic idiomaticity. Here we present a comparative analysis of the results of the application of the aforementioned criteria for two synonymous expressions “въз основа на” and “върху база на” ‘on the basis of’.

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Специфики на преподаване на лексика на чужденци, изучаващи български език

Author(s): Elena Runevska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Teaching lexis has primary place in defining the communication competences in the foreign language teaching. There is a focus on the grammar in the practice of teaching Bulgarian as foreign language whereas texts and the lexis included in the grammatical exercises are relied on for the lexical progression. The theoretical work in teaching lexis to advanced students is focused on choosing words, their volume and range (thematic areas) as well as various techniques for introducing, contextualizing, automating and grading. Introduction to words, used in the studied texts, individual retrieval of the meaning from the context, visual aids for lexicalization, semantic fields work, word formation, synonyms, antonyms, compound words, phrases, idioms as well as the contrast semantics’ methods are among the means designed to develop the lexis.

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БИРКА ГРДНИХ ИМЕНА ЂОРЂА НАТОШЕВИЋА (1821–1887) КАО ИЗВОР ЗА ПРОУЧАВАЊЕ ЛЕКСИКЕ ПОГРДНОГ ЗНАЧЕЊА У САВРЕМЕНОМ СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Nenad B. Ivanović,Jovana Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

In this paper we present a description and analysis of the collection of derogatory terms in manuscript form by Đorđe Natošević (1821–1887). Đ. Natošević amassed his collection of names from various sources in the mid-19th century. In the early 20th century, the manuscript was joined with the archive of the lexical materials for the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croat Literary and Vernacular Language of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, which remained so to this day. This collection of 2,584 lexical items represents the most extensive and structurally diverse collection of derogatory terms for people in the Serbian language of the 19th and 20th centuries alike. With this in view, in the fi rst part of the paper we defi ne four main categories of derogatory terms in the Natošević’s collection: 1) common nouns, 2) descriptive adjectives, 3) multiword expressions and 4) semasiologically motivated anthroponyms. We then proceed to describe these categories according to their structural type, semantic domain and the way in which they realize a derogatory meaning. Based on these insights, in the second part of the paper we conduct an empirically-based research into the relationship between word-formation and semantic elements of ‘coarse words’ in Natošević’s collection, as well as that which concerns suffi xal synonymy and suffi xal competition in certain categories of derogatory terms. In conclusion, we state that Natošević’s collection represents a signifi cant source for the study of the Serbian (colloquial) language in the 19th century, and stands as a testimony to the continuity of the development of the system of pejoratives in the contemporary Serbian language. Based on this conclusion, we then present the needs and possibilities of turning A Collection of Coarse Words by Đorđe Natošević into a dictionary and electronic database of pejoratives in the Serbian language.

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НЕКИ „РОДНО ОСЕТЉИВИ“ ДЕРИВАТИ НА -КИЊА И ТВОРБЕНИ СИСТЕМ СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА

Author(s): Danilo S. Aleksić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

This paper studies the derivatives akademkinja, borkinja, poslovotkinja, psihološkinja, sutkinja, vatrogaskinja, vodičkinja, vojnikinja and related formations (hirurškinja, knjigovotkinja, virusološkinja, etc.). The paper aims to determine how well they fi t into the derivational system of the Serbian language, i.e. whether they have derivational precedents in the Serbian language. The conclusion is that the mentioned derivatives are derivationally irregular.

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Dubichynskyi, Volodymir/ Jaskólski, Adam/ Muszyńska-Wolny, Dorota (2021), Leksykograficzna interpretacja rosyjsko-polskich paraleli frazeologicznych

Author(s): Ewa Dźwierzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXV/2023

Review of: Dubichynskyi, Volodymir/ Jaskólski, Adam/ Muszyńska-Wolny, Dorota (2021), Leksykograficzna interpretacja rosyjsko-polskich paraleli frazeologicznych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwerystetu Warszawskiego, ss. 237, ISBN 978-83-235-4933-8

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O WYBRANYCH DŹWIĘKONAŚLADOWCZYCH CZASOWNIKACH ZWIĄZANYCH Z CZYNNOŚCIĄ JEDZENIA ORAZ ICH NACECHOWANIU EKSPRESYWNYM WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSZCZYŹNIE

Author(s): Barbara Mitrenga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2023

This article discusses the topic of echoic verbs related to the act of eating in the context of their expressive nature in contemporary Polish. The author pays attention to verbs that, according to Maciej Mączyński, indicate the “piggish” model of eating (including ciamkać, glamać, mlaskać, siorbać), verifies which of them are noticed in modern general dictionaries of the Polish language with meanings related to food, and analyses the microstructure of the entries, pointing to indications of the expressive nature of the verbs. She refers the conclusions on the contemporary expressive nature of the analysed verbs to the findings of psychologists regarding misophonia. Moreover, she bases them on observing new phenomena and trends on the Internet, including ASMR, mukbangs, and food challenges. The analysis of contexts has shown that the today’s attitude to the sounds made while eating is differentiated and determined by biological, cultural, psychological, and social factors.

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What does the Internet tell the linguist about American democracy?

Author(s): Alena Rudenka / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

This article presents the results of a study of the cultural concept of democracy in American English, mainly in its contemporary usage (20th and 21st centuries). It investigates data from online dictionaries and other sources on the semantics of the lexemes democracy, democrat, democratic, and their systemic characteristics, as well as data from an associative dictionary. Examples are taken from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) and COHA (Corpus of Historical American English). The concept closest to democracy is freedom. However, in contrast to freedom, democracy is a non-personal concept and totally belongs to the socio-political system. This is what emerges from the use of the word democracy (and related words) in all discourse types. Citizens of the United States generally value democracy highly as a political. Americans are proud of the level of democracy in their country, although this assessment may vary. In the linguistic worldview of US residents, the concept of democracy is represented through oppositions: 1) positive/negative attitude towards democracy as a type of political system; 2) “good”/”bad” (“insufficient” or “excessive”) democracy; 3) ideal/real democracy. Currently, American society is highly polarized along party lines, and any contradiction “fits” into the conceptual grid of its two-party system associated with democratic (liberal) vs. republican (conservative) views.

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