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Sevim Ak Öykülerindeki Deyimler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Sevgen Özbaşı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Culture and vocabulary are among the fundamental elements of the identity of a language. The culture reflects itself in the nature of the words, and therefore in the language. The changes in the vocabulary of a language display themselves in the culture in return. An investigation into these reflections can yield valuable insights regarding changes in a language over time as well as the syntactic features of a language and cultural values. Vocabulary of a language encompasses many linguistic elements such as proverbs, idioms, reduplications. These elements reveal themselves most vividly in spoken and written cultural productions. Analyzing these lexical units in literary works written both for children and adults may allow us identify the level and structure of the language, the use of lexical elements, and cultural values. To this end, this particular study aims to examine the idioms employed in the stories by Sevim Ak as well as analyze their semantic values for the text. For the analyses of the lexical elements, idioms were specifically chosen because they are widely used both in daily life and other areas and they suggest clues for linguistic and cultural elements. This study is a descriptive study in which 19 stories by Sevim Ak and idioms used in these stories were found. The findings revealed that the author utilized idioms to a great extent, therefore, contributed to its originality and semantic richness. Moreover, they were found to be useful in developing children's vocabulary knowledge and enhance their conceptual understanding.

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Libyan Student Teachers’ Perceptions on the Attributes of the Effective EFL Teachers

Author(s): Najma Salem / Language(s): English Issue: 97-1/2019

Given the undeniable influence of effective language teachers on successful language teaching and learning practices, this study was set out to address the attributes of effective language teachers based on Libyan university level student teachers’ perception. A multi-method approach including both qualitative and quantitative means of data collection was employed in the study. Results indicated that Libyan student teachers placed high importance on 1) Knowledge and credibility including possessing the knowledge of grammar and vocabulary; 2) Delivery principally by encouraging student participation and increasing students’ self-confidence; 3) Fairness as mainly characterized by teacher impartiality; 4) Rapport specifically through features that involved care and attention students; and 5) Organization and Preparation as manifested by prior preparation for every lesson and provision of supplemental material by teachers. The findings have important implications for student teachers and language teachers to improve the efficiency of their teaching practices.

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Lexical Categories in Eleven by Sandra Cisneros: A Pedagogical Stylistic Study

Author(s): Safiye Çiftlikli / Language(s): English Issue: 97-1/2019

The present study applies a checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories developed by Leech and Short (2007) to examine the short story “Eleven” written by Sandra Cisneros. Stylistic analysis is the study that examines the level of efficacy in the utility of words or language in a sentence or any writing. In this sense, this study is concerned to provide stylistic analysis of the selected short story concerning its underlying theories from a method of prose text analysis that affianced by literary stylists Leech & Short (1981) to be able to determine its stylistic efficacy concerning lexical category. This study provides awareness in developing and presenting a model for EFL teachers how to use this kind of analysis in EFL context. In this regard, as the analysis is made up the aspects of lexical pattern, it would be prominently crucial in understanding the importance of how to select literary texts for language learners to be able to promote language learning. Thus, this study is useful and worthy endeavor in foreign language teaching as it sheds light in the awareness of selecting appropriate literary texts depending on students’ needs, interest and levels for not creating dilemma in learning process and demotivating learners, and clarifying to what extent pedagogical stylistics provide contribution to learning foreign language.

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Polskie nazwy pojazdów lotniczych na podstawie Wojskowego słowniczka lotniczego polsko-francusko-niemiecko-rosyjskiego [1922]

Author(s): Paulina Faliszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2020

The paper is based on an analysis of names of aviation vehicles included in the Wojskowy słowniczek lotniczy polsko-francusko-niemiecko-rosyjski (Military Polish–French–German–Russian aviation glossary), published in 1922. The lexemes are examined in terms of the origin (whether they are loan-words or of Polish origin) and their structure in order to determine the rules underlying this linguistic process. Extralinguistic factors and events are also taken into consideration in the analysis, e.g. the development of Polish aviation, the social tendencies in the 1920s, conditions of military service.

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Antysemityzm w polskiej prasie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Leksyka nagłówków prasowych tygodnika „Pod Pręgierz”

Author(s): Milena Wojtyńska-Nowotka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2020

This paper is dedicated to the lexical issues of the Polish language of the interwar period approached from the angle of language ethics. It represents the stream of structuralist research and has been prepared in accordance with the synchronic method. The author concentrates on describing selected aspects of the language of newspaper headlines. The object of the research paper is the lexical corpus of 106 issues representing 5 annals of a radical antisemitic weekly titled „Pod Pręgierz” (“In the Pillory”). The outcome of the performed analysis of the vocabulary of headlines has shown that the dominance of the lexical linguistic measures which negatively evaluate the Jewish community fully fits the lexis of „Pod Pręgierz” into the phenomenon of language aggression.

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Yer Adları Açısından Bir İnceleme: Tosya’da (Kastamonu) Yer Adları

Author(s): Erol Topal,Bilgin Ünal İbret / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 101/2020

An important branch of onomastics (or onomatology) is the one on the names of places (toponyms). Toponymy is an interdisciplinary field of study in which many disciplines such as linguistics, geography, history, sociology and archaeology are interested. Toponymy plays an important role in the discovery of local expressions and geographical units in language, history and geography research. Due to its geographical features and being located in the central region of Anatolia, Tosya could not be opened out much. Therefore, Turkish language, national culture and traditions have survived to the present day. Thus, the place names of Tosya have been investigated and it is aimed to contribute to the literature in the field. In this study, firstly the lexical semantic classification of the toponyms in the geography covering the administrative boundaries of Tosya was made. Then, these toponyms were classified according to their structure and origin, and it is aimed to reveal them with their origins. A total of 230 toponyms were identified within the administrative boundaries of Tosya. When the lexical semantic classification of the toponyms found in Tosya district was made, it was seen that the place names are mostly formed according to their geographical situations. Finally, the affecting factors in the assignment of the toponyms were highlighted and the percentages were shown in the table.

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A Corpus Linguistics Investigation into Phrasal Verbs in British Academic Spoken English

Author(s): Fatma Kübra Durna,Okan Güneş / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This current study aims to shed a new light into the usage of phrasal verbs, which are one of the most avoided multi-word constructions for English learners but widely used by native speakers of English in BASE (British Academic Spoken English). The purpose of this study is to identify which phrasal verbs are used more frequently in BASE and how the findings might be utilized in educational settings. To do this, three lexical verbs (go, come and take) combining phrasal verbs with nine adverbial particles and forming 27 phrasal verbs were analysed using 1.742.886 running words in BASE. BNC (British National Corpus) was used as the core data for selecting lexical verbs and adverbial particles by benefiting from the research of Gardner and Davies (2007). The results reveal some similarities between BNC and BASE in terms of phrasal verb usage and the paper exemplifies some ways to teach phrasal verbs in the light of the analyses.

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Ограниченно-Кратное Значение НСВ или Суммарное Значение СВ: Использование Форм и Их Отличие

Author(s): Leyla Çiğdem Dalkılıç / Language(s): Russian Issue: 65/2020

Vid in Russian, named as an aspect in Western languages, is a complex grammatical category, especially for those who study Russian as foreign language. This difficulty is especially noticeable in cases when, within the framework of aspect category one meaning can be transmitted by different language forms belonging to the same language classification. An example of such case is the meaning of multiplicity, which can be transmitted in the language with both imperfect and perfect forms that are interchangeable. The concept of “multiplicity”, which is a part of the quantitative aspectuality, manifests itself in the Russian language primarily in various particular aspect meanings of the forms of perfective and imperfective. Besides, it comes in as modes of action, or finds a lexical expression in the meaning of the verb itself, as well as using adverbs and adverbial words, which sometimes complicates the understanding of this category in usage. In this regard, the study of the linguistic units having different aspectual meanings and analysis of general and particular aspectual meanings play an important role in understanding of this category. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to determine the general features of the semantics of multiplicity, which is manifested in the forms of the limited multiple meaning of imperfective and the cumulative meaning of the perfective, which are a particular aspect meaning, as well as identification of patterns of interaction of multiplicity in these forms. In addition, in this study the attempts are made to establish a system of language means of expression of various shades of multiplicity values by the perfective and imperfective forms. For this purpose, these forms are considered in a comparative aspect, in order to understand the differences in expression between the Russian and Turkish languages in terms of their morphology and semantics.

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Rus Kişiadbiliminde Yeni Bir Adlandırma Sistemi: Sovyet Ekolü

Author(s): Şekip Aktay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2019

Having appeared in ancient eras, personal names are significant cultural codes which reflect the traditions and national-cultural values of the communities. These names, giving some clues about the life style of a nation, provide us with an idea about religious and political views of that community. Each nation has its own typical naming tradition. This tradition has developed in a different direction in Russia in comparison with Turkic customs. Except individual exceptions, all official Russian personal names are based on church Slavic canon, so they have Byzantium-Ancient Greek origins. Till the end of the 19th century, given names to the new-born babies were determined within the frame of Orthodox church canon. In 1905 the church started to lose its privilege. Limitation for name-giving was removed with the October Revolution (1917). Right after socialist regime was actualized in the country, the names to be given to the Soviet citizens were requested to be exactly new and convenient to the official ideology, so the government took important steps in this direction. Following the revolution, the duration between 1920s and 1930s was a new period in which a great number of newly-derived and lexically-borrowed personal names entered Russian vocabulary. In this paper, it is aimed to study historical, thematic, semantical and morphological aspects of these new personal names specific to the Soviets.

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Lehçede Ödünçleme ve Türleri

Author(s): Emrah Gaznevi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Linguistic borrowing is the name given to language elements taken from a foreign language that more or less constitute the mother tongue. The most important element that sets the stage for borrowing, which means word exchange in a sense, the increasing relationship level of different cultures can be shown. This increase is undoubtedly based on technological developments, internet and films. In addition, international commercial, economic, scientific, cultural and political contacts, geographical location, historical events, wars and changes in social life are among the factors that create a favorable occasion for borrowing. Borrowed words, terms, expressions of foreign origin are available in all languages in the world. It is known that hundreds of thousands of words in the current vocabulary of Polish come from other languages. The other part consists of words from old Polish language, words derived from Slavic roots or borrowed words from the other languages. These words can penetrate into Polish in two ways: through direct contact (direct borrowings) and through another language (indirect borrowings). Borrowing can occur not only on the basis of words, but also within the framework of idioms, phrases, structures, or affixes. Some of them have entered without any change, while others have been modified and adapted to the Polish word and grammar structure. However, some of the structures in Polish modelled on foreign language today are not considered correct by some linguists. In this study, it will be examined how many types of borrowing there are, the ways in which it is realized and which structures are considered as wrong.

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Başkurt Türkçesinde Hayvan Adlarıyla İlgili Aktarmalar

Author(s): Nigâr Kalkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2020

Regarded as one of the fundamental characteristics of language by many linguists and partaking at the very front of factors that create polysemy are transfers of meaning. Transfers that are approached since old rhetorical studies as part of strong figures of speech, which provide impressive expression, are shaped in line with society's characteristics and trends. Transfers, which provide the word with a large number of meanings, are evaluated under the titles "Metaphor transfer" and "Name transfer". Metaphor transfer, name transfer are ways to transfer the mental imageries of language. The most common type of transfers in every language is metaphor transfer or metaphor. Name transfer is besides being psycholinguistic and a gradually comprehension of fact also a rhetorical skill. This study evaluates the transfers related to animal names of one of the Turkish dialects, the Bashkir Turkish, which has a strong expression in terms of nature and the concrete. The name transfer, which is defined as the explaining of a concept with a related or another linked concept, is defined as "metonimiya" in the Bashkir Turkish grammar. "Metonimiya", which is also evaluated as different naming or name change, counts as the shortest way for naming. In the grammar of Bashkir Turkish the metaphor transfer however is approached within polysemy under a sub-heading called "metafora" and evaluated in three groups, which are; "atama metaforlar (naming metaphors)", obrazlı metaforalar (living metaphors)”, “individual-sitilistik metaforalar (individual metaphors)”. The innovation in transfers is based on the production of something new with semantic clarity (relevance) by using a non-specific (non-eligible) characterization path. As long as we recognize the habitual use of the word and thereby the incompatibility (mismatch) demonstrated at the level of the literal interpretation of the sentence while passing through new semantic clarity and in a sense through its semantic depth, transfers will always stay alive. Semantic novelty can be connected to the imagination of the producer. The emergence of a new semantic clarity in transfers, beautifully shows what imagination, produced according to rules may be. When the Bashkir Turks, who express the plant known as honeysuckle "ayıw balanı (bear plant)", long plants without flower "quyan qŭlaq (rabbit ear)" and to beat around the bush "at qŭlŭnlatıw (to birth a horse)", and their imaginative transfers about animals are evaluated, we can see an emerging richness, which is also an indication of the richness of the cultural structure of society.

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Bożena Cetnarowska, Marcin Kuczok and Marcin Zabawa (eds.), Various Dimensions of Contrastive Studies

Author(s): Ewelina Mokrosz,Sławomir Zdziebko / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

Review of Various Dimensions of Contrastive Studies by Bożena Cetnarowska, Marcin Kuczok and Marcin Zabawa (eds.), Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2016

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Kilka zapomnianych ekspresywnych nazw strażników więziennych. (Nie)oczywista proweniencja

Author(s): Jarosław Pacuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2019

The author discussed a few expressions of the jailer. He excerpted lexical material from Polish historical studies from the 19th century and the beginning the 20th century. In the article the author presented the provenance of some expressivisms. He analysed less familiar and forgotten names of prison guards: i.e.: kozula (‘little goat’), stary (‘old man’), żołdak (‘marauding soldier’), żebrak (‘beggar’), socha (‘mast, pillar, column’), krzyżak (‘cross as emblem’), dziad (‘poor’), cieć (‘warden, caretaker’), kamfuła (pejorative form ← camphor), straguła (pejorative name from strażnik/ straż ‘guard, sentry’). The text is inviting to join a discussion; some observations of the author are provoking to debate.

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Google Books Ngram Viewer in Socio-Cultural Research

Author(s): Anna Zięba / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The objective of this paper is to verify if Google Books Ngram Viewer, a new tool working on a database of 361 billion words in English, and enabling quick recovery of data on word frequency in a diachronic perspective, is indeed valuable to socio-cultural research as suggested by its creators (Michel et al. 2010), i.e. the Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Encyclopaedia Britannica, the American Heritage Dictionary, and Google. In the paper we introduce a study performed by Greenfield (2013), who applies the program to her Ecological Analysis, and contrast the findings with a study based on similar premises, in which we follow the trends in changes in word frequency throughout the 19th and 20th centuries to observe if these changes correspond to one of the major socio-cultural transformations that took place in the studied period, i.e. mediatization. The results of this study open a discussion on the usefulness of the program in socio-cultural research.

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Няколко названия на охлюва от българската езикова територия

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2020

This text presents some of the words for snail and slug from the Bulgarian language territory. This analysis touches upon more than one scientific field. The aim is to show some of the ways in which the words for the concept in question arose on the Bulgarian language territory on the basis of selected material.

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Семантични изменения в някои български и чешки названия от славянската демонология

Author(s): Teodora Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2020

This article explores some Bulgarian and Czech terms from Slavic demonology, such as morava, mora, navi, bludičky and můra, focusing on semantic changes which occurred in the 19th century and the contemporary state of the terms cited. It demonstrates their denotation of demonic creatures, their etymology and their meaning as used by native speakers of Czech and Bulgarian over the course of more than a century. Semantic changes are not only indicative for language evolution but also bear significance for keeping Slavic traditions and heritage alive due to the indestructible connection between myth and language and between myth and religion.

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Phraseology in Dokładny słownik polsko-angielski i angielsko-polski… (1851) by Erazm Rykaczewski

Author(s): Monika Rychlicka / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2019

Phraseologisms, or multi-word items, occur in most languages, but they may cause serious problems for foreign language learners. This article describes what Polish multi-word items were included and how they were translated into English in the first bilingual Polish-English dictionary by Erazm Rykaczewski. No fully-fledged diachronic study on phraseology in Polish-English and English-Polish bilingual dictionaries has ever been carried out, so the present article is a modest introduction to this field of research. A modern typology of phraseologisms has been applied for this purpose.

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Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Lucyna Agnieszka Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

This article presents the results of an analysis of 940 synonymic strings excerpted from two translated medical dictionaries: Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [A Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology], published in 1881, and Słownik lekarski polski [A Polish Medical Dictionary], published in 1905. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in those strings indicates a significant persistence (703 preserved strings) and stability of synonymy (320 strings with the same number of terms and the same composition of synonyms).

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Ołeksandr Melnyczuk jako etymolog i komparatysta

Author(s): Tetiana O. Chernysh / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

Oleksandr Mel′nychuk (1921–1997) made a great contribution to the theory and methodology of historical-comparative studies of genetically related languages. His work mainly concerned three areas: the word family approach to the study of Slavic, Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, the theory of monoglottogenesis, and the historical typology of Slavic languages. After a brief overview of his life and work, this study focuses on the first area, outlining the principal features of the word family approach he developed, both theoretically and with regard to research on the origin of particular Slavic lexical items.

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej „Метамови словникiв рiзних типiв: будова та застосування” (5–6 czerwca 2018, Kijów)

Author(s): Paweł Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

This article is a report from an international academic conference held on 5–6 June 2018 in Kiev, organised by the Institute of the Ukrainian Language, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The event was entitled “Metalanguages of dictionaries of various types: Construction and application” and was devoted to the methodology of developing different types of dictionaries and metalanguages used in Slavic and non Slavic lexicography.

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