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Jezične karakteristike Povelje Kulina bana

Author(s): Helena Dragić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2017

The Paper is about the most legendary Bosnian ban Kulin who ruled from the year 1180 to the year 1204. His famous charter was written on August 29th 1189 and it established friendship with Republic of Dubrovnik giving its people privileges, freedom of movement and stay in Bosna. Kulin ban’s charter is the oldest written document by Bosnian-Hum rulers. The charter was written in Bosnian Cyrillic. The paper analyzes orthographic, phonologic, morphologic and lexical characteristics of the charter. Alongside the philological and historic importance of Kulin ban’s charter, it had an exceptional general social significance which was reflected in the development of economy, building of churches and monasteries, health facilities, etc. in Bosnia and Hum. Kulin ban was and remained loyal to Roman Catholic Church. Pope Alexander II delivered a letter to Kulin by means of his envoy Tebald. In the letter Pope addresses “the noble and powerful Kulin ban of Bosnia” stating a great wish that his envoy delivers Kulin his blessing. During the period of Kulin’s rule in Bosnia and Hum there was prosperity and so even today it is possible to hear a saying “Since the Kulin ban’s good days” and “During the Kulin ban’s good days”. Historical sources say that he really was a great ruler, but also the tradition because his name remains in the folk memory up to our days. Popularity of Kulin ban is also affirmed by microtoponyms Kuline in Uzarići near Široki Brijeg and in Prebilovci near Čapljina.

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"Земя" и "пустиня" в българската фразеология

Author(s): Ekaterina Struganova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2017

This article is dedicated to analyses of Bulgarian idioms stemming from semantic fields centred round "earth” and "desert” from the point of view of cultural linguistics. An attempt has been made to classify cultural markers which were found in our material published in the phraseological dictionaries.

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Lexical bleaching of the verbal construction fail to x

Author(s): Andrej Stopar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The English verbal construction fail to x allows two interpretations: in the first, the verb has the full lexical meaning of not being successful in what you are trying to achieve, whereas in the second, it shows signs of semantic bleaching, and is thus interpreted as a grammaticalized marker of negation. Taking into account the syntactic and semantic properties of the construction fail to x, the present analysis examines its distribution in two types of corpora. General corpora (the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English) are used to examine the distribution of both – the non-bleached and bleached – meanings in English. To further elaborate the findings and contrast them on a cross-linguistic level, the parallel English-Slovenian corpus (European Commission’s DGT Translation Memory) is used to observe the translations of the construction fail to x into Slovenian. The parallel corpus of legislative language demonstrates the impact of register on the use of fail to x, and addresses the claims that the bleached fail is characteristically found in more formal reg-isters.

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Insights into Terminological Anglicisms in ESP Teaching

Author(s): Valentina V. Budinčić,Tijana Dabić / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2017

Having in mind the fact that, due to the powerful and uncontrollable influx of Anglicisms in recent years, terminological Anglicisms in Serbian are predominant in the fields such as economics, IT, sports, as well as in many other specialized fields, the paper investigates the ways how these Anglicisms should be treated and whether their dominance in different fields may facilitate process of vocabulary acquisition in ESP classrooms. The analysis showed that these terms deserve specific attention in the process of vocabulary acquisition in ESP due to various reasons, which are elaborated on in the paper.

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Ema ja isa rahvakeelsed nimetused

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 62/2016

In 20th-century Estonian dialects, in familiar informal speech, the words nänn, nann, eit, äidi (and other variants), emm, memm, mamma (mammi), moor, and mutt (muti) were used as synonyms for the standard ema ‘mother’, while the words ätt, att, taat, tata, tätä, and papa (papi) were used as synonyms for the standard isa ‘father’. The oldest of these are eit, emm, nänn ‘mother’ and ätt, taat ‘father’ along with other variants of these stems. Alongside the older words, also used in 20th-century Estonian were the relatively recent German loans mamma and papa, which were regarded as snobbish until roughly the middle of the century. In the 1960s, the Estonian caregiver speech forms emme ‘mum’ < ema and a bit later issi ‘dad’ < isa began to grow in popularity. Today, these have evolved into nearly standard terms of endearment. The informal names are typically used only family-internally, and therefore neutral, so-called formal terms of address are preferred when talking to strangers. The concept of ‘parents’ was expressed in the vernacular typically by a coordinate structure, such as eit ja taat, memm ja taat, mamma-papa etc., literally ‘mother and father’. Some of these were used in particular dialect regions, e.g. nänn ja ätt in the Mulgi dialect, emm ning taet on the island of Saaremaa, eit ja at́t on Kihnu. The meaning shifts ‘mother’ > ‘grandmother’ and ‘father’ > ‘grandfather’ are connected with the introduction of new words denoting mother and father. The choice of names has also been influenced by the dialect background of the parent or grandparent or the tradition of his/her hometown/region and family. In addition, the meaning of these words has expanded to also cover notions such as ‘lady/man of the house; spouse; old woman/man’. In some cases, polysemous foreign words are borrowed with the polysemy preserved, e.g. moor < Estonian Swedish mor ‘mother; woman; wife’. In Estonian, we find the same structures as in many Indo-European and Turkic languages: words for ‘father’ are often formed from syllables containing the plosive p (b) or t (d) and the vowel a, while words for ‘father’ have the nasal morn instead of the plosive. Some of the words used in Estonian are borrowings, although not all of their origins are clear. Names for parents which resemble one another in structure and phonemic composition in numerous languages not in contact with one another are considered to derive from local child or caregiver language forms. The analysis of Estonian words for ‘mother’ and ‘father’ compared to the equivalents in related and contact languages indicates that the division of longtime dialect words into the categories of “formal” and “informal” is quite complicated and may eliminate interesting opportunities for comparison.

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Paa(-paa), pibi, poppa ja (h)äbä

Author(s): Meeli Sedrik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 62/2016

The distinctive lexicon of child and caregiver speech consists primarily of adaptations of words belonging to the standard language, but also contains loanwords. The article examines four words found in Estonian caregiver speech, paa(-paa), pibi, poppa and (h)äbä, which indicate pain or injury and which are used to warn a child against doing something that is forbidden or may cause pain. paa(-paa) is found in Northeastern Coastal dialects and Northern Estonian dialects, (h)äbä primarily in South Estonian dialects. pibi and poppa are less widespread; both are known in Northeastern Coastal dialects, and pibi is also found in three parishes of southern Estonia. All four words have a similar structure: two syllables and a repeated stem (with small differences in the repetition). The words paa and pibi have hitherto been considered adaptations of the words paha ‘bad, ill’ and kibe ‘sore, acute’ respectively, while poppa has been borrowed from Finnish. The word pibi is found in two separate regions of Estonia: in Northeastern Coastal dialects and also sporadically in three parishes in the South Estonian dialect area. In the Northeastern Coastal dialects and neighboring areas, the word is an adaptation. Synonymous and phonologically similar words are also found in Latvian and in Baltic German dialects; such words are most frequently attested in Baltic German spoken in Latvia. Presumably, the usages recorded in southern Estonia have been influenced by Baltic German dialects, cf. Baltic German Bibi ‘pain, small wound’. In Finnish the word poppa denotes fire, and the Karelian verb poppoa ‘to burn’, borrowed from Finnish, is also related to fire. However, in Northeastern Coastal dialects of Estonian, the meaning of fire is secondary, and in Votic the word only carries the meaning of pain(ful). The origin of South Estonian (h)äbä remains unclear. Upon closer investigation, it emerges that paa(-paa) is not an adaptation of the word paha, but rather has been borrowed into Estonian from Baltic German dialects, ← Baltic German baba ‘painful, bad, forbidden’, cf. German bäbä. Estonian in its turn may have influenced Estonian Swedish dialects, compare Estonian Swedish baba, with a long vowel, to the Swedish dialect form babba.

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Leksikografska obrada frazema s promjenjivom glagolskom sastavnicom u hrvatskome

Author(s): Ivana Filipović Petrović,Jelena Parizoska / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

Corpus studies show that in some languages, English being a case in point, verbal idioms exhibit the greatest degree of variation, with the verb being the most variable component. Unsurprisingly, monolingual dictionaries of English and other languages tend to list verb substitutions. Croatian dictionaries adopt the same practice with variable consistency: they list all the lexical variants in certain entries, and only some variants in others. In the latter case, abbreviations such as i sl. ‘and similar’ and itd. ‘etc.’ are used. Moreover, in cases where verb variability is indicated in the entry, no illustrations of the use of the other verbs are provided. All this may present difficulties for users, with the use of itd. ‘etc.’ being particularly problematic, because it signals that the variable verb may be replaced by (presumably any) semantically unrelated verb. The conventionality/innovativeness of idiom variants may also present a problem for dictionary users, because the dictionaries are not consistent in providing examples of use, or indicating creative uses.The aim of this paper is to show that the number of verb substitutions in idioms is limited, which is not signalled by abbreviations such as i sl. ‘and similar’. Furthermore, we will show that the choice of verb substitutions is not completely free, but depends on conceptual motivation, which has important consequences for their lexicographic treatment. We extracted 187 verbal idioms containing the abbreviations i sl. and itd. from the Croatian Dictionary of Idioms (2014) and tested their use in the hrWaC corpus. The results show that there are significant differences between variant forms in frequency and use, and that some idioms occur in forms and meanings which are not listed in the dictionary. Based on this, we argue that conventionalized lexical variants should be listed in the dictionary to enhance users’ idiom comprehension and confidence of use. Based on our data and current lexicographic practice in other languages, we propose several possibilities of treating idioms with variable verbal components in monolingual dictionaries of Croatian.

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Motivacije jezičnih promjena

Author(s): Irena Marković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

This paper examines the phenomenon of popular etymology in relation to other factors that lead to language change. From a certain number of examples taken from different localities on Adriatic coast the majority are romance loanwords. Due to the fact that standard languages generally avoid regionalisms, we are looking into the differences in variation of language standard as opposed to dialectal vernaculars and what separates popular etymology from other variations in language. Finding motivation and factors that can lead to language change, we are trying to explain the very fine line that theoretically separates popular etymology from other related phenomenon like word crossing or hybrid derivatives. In order to clarify some vaguely defined concepts in relation to language change at different language levels, we have linked all concepts associated to the theory of languages in contact, as well as sociolinguistic and variational linguistics (using concepts of theory of language change) with the traditional and formal terms of diachronic linguistics. The variational sociolinguistics is usually present in the framework of urban speech or explaining sociolinguistic stratification and in the Croatian language often deals with the attitudes of speakers. Traditional etymological dictionaries cite a large number of variations, mostly in rural areas, and are directed to their formal and semantic features. While in language contact and language change theory we encounter mainly classified areas, as phonetics, morphology and semantics. In this work we connect methods and concepts linked to all three fields, since popular etymology should be a product of leaning on the word form, as well as on the meaning and on the other side it is present in already cristalized lexems as much as in neologisms and loanwords. Its formation is as important as any innovation in the field of linguistic change. Therefore, initially we explain the concept of popular etymology and other known language changes and variations, at all structural levels. Then we try to find a place of popular etymology in the dynamics of language change. Since the classification of popular etymology from our corpus is not entirely clear, coming often in touch and crossing with other language changes, through some factors and causes we have tried to explain its specific motivation (which can vary on the scale from involuntary errors on one side to voluntary language innovations).

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Perception of the English element in the scientific register of Croatian ICT university educational material with graduate ICT students

Author(s): Daniela Matić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper focuses on the results of a questionnaire distributed to 54 second-year graduate information and communications technology (ICT) students at a Croatian university who used to have English in computer science as a mandatory course in the first year of their undergraduate studies, but who have been, since then, exposed to English in less formal environment and situations. The questionnaire, prepared as an acceptability judgment test, contained the questions on the English element, i.e. anglicisms at various levels of adaptation to Croatian and unadapted expressions collected from Croatian university textbooks and educational materials on information and communications technology recommended in the students’ undergraduate and graduate curricula. The main aim of the research was to establish whether the examined students, according to their language intuition, found the English element acceptable in the scientific register of the standard Croatian language. The questions also tested the comprehensibility at the sentential level and the students’ agreement with certain statements regarding Croatian and English terminology. The data were processed by the SPSS software for statistical analysis. The results of our research showed that the English element in the scientific register of ICT textbooks and educational materials is found fairly acceptable among the examined students and not perceived as a foreign element, whereas Croatian forms and adaptations, that is, Anglicisms are usually less acceptable.

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Методика за формиране на автономна терминосистема. Формиране на словника на терминосистема

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Методика за формиране на автономна терминосистема. Формиране на словника на терминосистема

Author(s): Marx Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

One of the ways to fight the chaotic enlargement of terminology is the use of certain methods for the linguistic construction of autonomous terminological systems (Ats). The linguistic construction of Ats has two basic phases: the formation of the lemmas to be defined and the construction of a classificatory network (C-net) of Ats. The current paper is devoted to the development of the methodology for the formation of the list of lemmas and is structured into three basic parts as follows: basic terms and central assumptions; operational methodology for the formation of the list of lemmas and its skeleton and preliminary analysis.

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”Preserved like an insect within the amber of a poetic formula”- A Brilliant Display of Scholarly Endeavour: Adrian Papahagi, Wyrd. Ideea destinului în literatura română veche, Cluj-Napoca: Eikon, 2014

Author(s): Eugenia Gavriliu / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2015

Eugenia Gavriliu - ”Preserved like an insect within the amber of a poetic formula”- A Brilliant Display of Scholarly Endeavour: Adrian Papahagi, Wyrd. Ideea destinului în literatura română veche, Cluj-Napoca: Eikon, 2014

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Ta rpta utinių sta ndartų naudojimas terminologijos mainams

Author(s): Klaus-Dirk Schmitz / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2012

The creation of high-quality terminology and professional terminology management are both time-consuming and cost-intensive activities. The access to and the reuse of already existing terminological resources can considerably reduce the effort for terminology work. These economic issues are in many cases the main arguments for the interest in terminology exchange.

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Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai XVII–XVIII a. lietuvių leksikografijoje

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2012

The article provides the linguistic description of morphological variants of anatomy terms, their types and subtypes and gives a brief overview of the reasons for such variation in the main general translation dictionaries (mostly bilingual German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German) of 17–18th century Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor. Three types of morphological variants (of gender, number and ending) have been found in the researched dictionaries. The majority of morphological variants are one word terms; variants of complex terms are rare – there are some variations of their generic or specific elements.

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Challenges of Phrasal Verbs to Ecology and Environmental Protection Students

Author(s): Carmen Opriţ-Maftei / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02/2014

Phrasal verbs have always posed a significant challenge for those involved in the English language learning and teaching processes. This might be due to the fact that they are so many as there are numerous possibilities of recombining the lexical items that already exist in English. Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions that have special meanings, which can be sometimes challenging. The present paper aims to provide some theoretical aspects regarding phrasal verbs, including various classifications and syntactic patterns focusing on those frequently used in the selected field. It also aims at identifying the main problems students may face when they try to use phrasal verbs in their own speech or when they encounter them in various texts, which are specific to their area of specialty.

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Mikroturinio ir struktūrinio turinio (Įskaitant terminiją ir kitus kalbos bei turinio išteklius) skirtumai ir panašumai

Author(s): Blanca Stella Giraldo Pérez,Christian Galinski / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2014

Previous contributions have shown that the concept of content – here in the meaning of digital content generally referred to as ‘eContent’ – is subject to an array of interpretations depending on different purposes following diverging interests. As there are many kinds of eContent, there consequently are several kinds of content management systems (CMS): “In reality, a CMS is a concept rather than a product. It is a concept that embraces a set of processes. Institutional needs are often highly individual (reflecting the heterogeneity of their processes and back-end information systems) …Moreover, the boundaries of the CMS space are blurred. Substantial overlaps exist with document management systems, knowledge management systems, enterprise application integration systems, e-commerce systems and portals.

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Simono Daukanto ir Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynų lietuviškos terminologinės medicinos leksikos vedyba

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2015

The paper deals with bilingual Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries compiled by the famous figures of Lithuanian science, culture and education from the first half of 19th century S. Daukantas (1793–1864) and L. Ivinskis (1810–1881). It focuses on terminological lexis of Lithuanian origin (derivatives) naming various concepts of medicine. Attempts are made to identify ways of word-formation of derivatives and derivational categories, to discuss derivational types of the latter, to establish what groups of medical concepts are named using derivatives, to identify their relation with the living language and the language used in writings, to identify possible neologisms of the authors of dictionaries and to evaluate the survival of derivatives in modern standard Lithuanian and in the terminology of medicine. Both lexicographers are viewed as men of merit in Lithuanian medical terminology. Their input is important not only because of the medical lexis (the majority of which is of Lithuanian origin) included in their dictionaries, but also because of their attempts to find Lithuanian equivalents of Polish words in the living language and to create words for naming medical concepts. 46% of Lithuanian terminological lexis of medicine presented in both dictionaries is derived words - suffix, prefix and ending derivatives.

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Универсальные представления о человеке и мире в семантике соматических фразеологизмов с компонентом рус. нога, лтш. kāja, лит. koja

Author(s): Tatjana Stoikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 74/2016

Based on the comparative-typological analysis, the article considers the ideas of Russians and Balts about the person and the world imprinted in the semantics of phraseological units with the somatizm foot in the Russian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages. The results of the research show that these cultural ideas of the world and the person first cover different aspects of the person’s life (physical and emotional states, character, behavior, the relation to the world and so on) as well as the main categories of the world (space and its organization, time, movement, etc.); secondly, a considerable part of these representations is universal for Russians and Balts. The majority of these universal ideas about the person and the world are structured by a certain set of universal oppositions into which fit equivalent Russian and Baltic somatic phraseological units.

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Edīte Hauzenberga-Šturma folkloristikā

Author(s): Rita Treija,Beatrise Reidzāne,Māra Vīksna / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 8/2017

Baltic philologist Edīte Hauzenberga-Šturma (1901–1983) worked both in linguistics and in the field of folkloristics. Being still a student of the University of Latvia, she started work at the Archives of Latvian Folklore where her duties from 1927 until 1936 were to organize collecting of regional words and place-names. In her folklore collection, LFK [714], there are 478 folklore units altogether recorded in Kroņvircava, Liezēre, Mēdzūla, Riga, and Auleja. Part of the material is written in a phonetic transcription. After the World War II, Edīte Hauzenberga-Šturma lived in Germany. Her scientific experience both in linguistics and folkloristics was well-known in society, and it led her to a new stage of work life which was very noteworthy for Latvian culture. She was asked to join the editorial team of the new edition of Latvian folk songs, „Latviešu tautas dziesmas” (Copenhagen: Imanta, 1952–1956, Vol. I–XII). She was the linguistic editor of the volumes who proofread both literary and various dialectal texts of Latvian folk songs. The complicated edition required four years of intensive work, still, the published volumes were of great importance for Latvian diaspora since they provided easier access and research opportunities to a part of riches of Latvian folk songs. In exile, Edīte Hauzenberga-Šturma devoted herself to educational work with university students. First at the Baltic University in Hamburg and Pinneberg (1946–1949), and later at the University of Bonn, besides the Baltic languages she taught the stylistics of Latvian folk songs. She also carried out several studies on the linguistic issues of Latvian folk songs.

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Estonian equivalents of the Latvian verb prefix aiz-

Author(s): Ilze Tālberga / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

This article discusses the equivalents of the Latvian verb prefix aiz- in Estonian. The main purpose of verb prefixes in Latvian is to make imperfective verbs into perfective ones, but they also add some additional (i.e. spatial, quantitative, qualitative) meaning to the basic verb. Estonian lacks verb prefixes and perfectivity/imperfectivity is expressed rather differently from Latvian, for example by direct object case and/or verb particles and other means. These differences may be difficult to comprehend for language learners of both Latvian and Estonian, and therefore it is important to identify the means of expressing the Latvian verb prefixes in Estonian. This article focuses on the Latvian prefix aiz- as used with verbs of motion, leaving its other meaning variations (quantitative, qualitative) for further research. The analysis is done using a contrastive method, comparing examples from six Latvian literary works and their translations into Estonian.

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On expressions for the otherworld in Baltic languages

Author(s): Naďa Vaverová / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

The article analyses expressions for the otherworld in Baltic languages. Attention is given in particular to expressions containing the lexeme ‘world’ and to the lexeme’s origin – literally ‘a place under the sun’ – is highlighted. Comparison with close languages (Slavic) and not only linguistic approach, but also some data from folkloristics and mythology research seem to be important. Based on the linguistic analysis, comparison and folkloristic data, up to three groups of placement could be found in the analysed expressions – first: ‘beyond’, ‘behind’, included in the Latvian prefix aiz-, Lithuanian už-. Second ‘opposite to’, ‘across’, ‘on the other side’, represented by the pronoun part viņš in Latvian compounds and anas, kitas the Lithuanian set phrases. There is also possibly a third: a location conveyed by a taboo-induced concealing term in the pronoun part of the expressions. Nevertheless, the main distinction which defines the ‘otherworld’ in Baltic languages seems to be the contrast to ‘our world’, ‘the world upon which the sun is shining’.

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