GLOCALIZATION OR "LOOKING IN BOTH DIRECTIONS"
The paper analyses and compares glocalization and GILT processes in general and also applied to website localization. Glocalization is considered from several perspectives.
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The paper analyses and compares glocalization and GILT processes in general and also applied to website localization. Glocalization is considered from several perspectives.
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The present paper aims at presenting the research methodological risks for creating a Romanian-English contrastive collection of food idioms and proverbs. This instrument intends to make use of new scientific lexicographical methods in the field of phraseology, providing an answer to the challenge regarding the research strategies of studying language from the perspective of cultural universals. Although the cross-linguistic similarities of idioms according to their cultural foundations seem to gain ground in today's research, phraseological collections are less convincing. In response to the current situation of the onomasiological cross-linguistic corpus of idioms, our Romanian-English contrastive collection of food idioms and proverbs exceeds the perspective of a simple compilation of phrasemes that are separately treated and alphabetically ordered, but organised as organic elements related to a coherent system. We consider that, due to the essential position that food idioms and proverbs hold in the reflection of the mechanisms of language expressivity, compiling a Romanian-English collection is very productive.A contrastive collection of food idioms, will illustrate the main dimensions of the phrasemes which reveal, on the one hand, conceptual structures and metaphorical modes of conceptualizing the world, and, on the other hand, “cultural taxons” based on social interaction, phenomena of material culture, intertextual phenomena, fictive conceptual domains, cultural symbols. The contrastive approach of this project, focusing the attention on Romanian and English language, enables us to answer more precisely various questions concerning the relationship between language and culture and questions regarding potential explanations of cross-linguistic similarities of idioms – be they genetic affiliation, the increasing influence of English upon other languages or the “common European cultural heritage”, as well as to define the theoretical and methodological questions more clearly.This contrastive collection can be a useful research tool for linguists, anthropologists and for the general public interested in the English and Romanian languages, taking into account their expressiveness and documentary significance, which occasions the spotlighting of some fundamental constructs of the European mentality.
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Can the use of linguistic devices to achieve persuasion, such as metaphor, irony and hyperbole, ever be “too persuasive”, i.e., overshoot its rhetorical aim? More specifically, can the combination of such devices be “too much of a good thing” in that it commits speakers (and approving hearers) to actions that they were not part of their persuasion intentions? This paper investigates the semantic and pragmatic development of the Brexit-related applications of the metaphorical proverb, You cannot have your cake and eat it, during 2016–2019 in British public discourse. At the start of that period, the proverb’s reversal into the assertion “We can have our cake and eat it!” by the then Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson and other “Brexiteers” became a highly prominent endorsement of Brexit and its supposed benefits for the UK; it even temporarily set the agenda for the public perception of UK–EU negotiations. Over time it became an object of hyperbolic praise as well as derision and recently seems to have lost much of its persuasive force. The paper argues that the proverb’s new reversed application by Johnson was initially successful in reviving its metaphorical meaning and framing it in a hyperbolic rhetorical context but that it also pushed Brexit proponents to an “all-or-nothing” outcome of the conflict narrative, both vis-à-vis the EU and within the British political debate. Thus, rhetorical success can lead to argumentative (and political) commitments that may have been not foreseen by the speaker and may run counter to their persuasive interests.
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This article studies figurative uses of metaphors and metonymies utilized to frame the discourse of transplantology. We assume a somewhat wider view of framing than is usually found in the literature and argue that framing effects can be observed on a cline stretching from the private to the institutional pole. We combine this approach with the findings of the prospect theory that distinguishes between gain-framing and loss-framing as two strategic choices in tackling an issue in discourse. The framing tools, as we show in our analysis of authentic materials, in order to be effective need to be adapted to the section of, or the point on, the cline occupied by a particular subtype of discourse. Although the focus in the cognitive linguistic literature is on how conceptual metaphors are employed in framing discourse, we point out that metonymies, interacting with these metaphors, can also play a very important role. The framing tools used in public campaign aimed at winning new organ donors are strategically mostly gain-framed, and as a rule globally based on the GIFT metaphor. It seems that the metaphorical use of GIFT as a global choice in institutional contexts is not very efficient since it is too general and vague to make discourse more persuasive at the personal level, as expected in the light of the exemplification theory. This metaphor is more effective when adapted accordingly, as we demonstrated on some campaigns supported by or based on metonymic presentation of various aspects stressing the quality of life after transplantation
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According to political realism, conflict is an immanent feature of world politics (Morgenthau 1948/1973). Drawing on this basic premise, it can be expected that the CONFLICT frame is routinely exploited by politicians to explain and justify their foreign policy (Musolff 2016). Conflict is especially prevalent in populist narratives, where the “pure people” are juxtaposed with the “corrupt elite” (Mudde 2004). Accordingly, we hypothesized that the current Hungarian populist government would also frame its turbulent relationship with the EU by metaphorically conceptualizing it as a violent conflict. Drawing on a discourse dynamics approach to metaphor identification (Cameron et al. 2009; 2010), we analysed the metaphorical framing of the term Brüsszel (‘Brussels’) found in articles published on official government websites between 2015 and 2017. Our results indicate that explicit manifestation of the CONFLICT frame in the form of violent conflict (such as a military operation) is less prevalent in contemporary government rhetoric, as opposed to the EU AS PERSON frame. This latter conceptualization, however, is manifested by metaphorical scenarios that evoke conflictual relations with varying degrees (and thus feed into populist narratives) by making sense of the EU as an authority figure, a partner in a joint venture, a bully, and an opponent in a battle.
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Applying conceptual blending theory, the paper analyses the construction of the meaning of a satirical text ridiculing the language employed by politicians to frame the debate on current political and social issues. In particular, it focuses on the language used by Donald Trump in explaining his anti-immigration stances through a poem based on the fable about the farmer and the viper, and a satirical text providing a new version of the poem, which criticizes Trump’s immigration policy. The paper examines the creation of the humorous meaning of the text in conceptual blending. The humorous meaning is created in the blended space due to the unusual combination of related structures, which results in incongruity (Coulson 2002; Marín-Arrese 2003). Furthermore, as blending can be used as a rhetorical tool influencing the audience to change the reality and even act upon it (Coulson 2006; Coulson & Oakley 2006; Coulson & Pascual 2006; Oakley & Coulson 2008), the analysis of the construction of the meaning of the satirical text as a product of conceptual blending can reveal rhetorical and argumentative goals in political discourse.
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The researchers' interest in the field of language teaching and learning was based on the lexicon as it represents the basis for language proficiency. As a matter of fact, it is considered as a basic input for learning it whether it is a mother tongue or a second language. Furthermore, recent studies in language teaching and learning have confirmed the importance of the lexicon in developing language skills and achieving learning goals. The lexicon is a key factor to the development of the linguistic competencies of the learner: both at the production and the understanding levels. It is also an important component of language ownership and acquiring knowledge of it while considering pedagogical problems and the educational constraints presented by the subject of educational lexicon. Taking into consideration of all what was mentioned above, we chose the subject of this research, which seeks to authenticate to which extent the morphological awareness is contributing to the development of the Arabic mental lexicon of non-Arabic speaking learners (Faculty of Theology! at Sakarya University, Turkey), based on the results of researches on the relationship between linguistic awareness and language learning. We will emphasize the assumption that sensitive processes, especially morphological awareness, have an impact on the development of the lexicon. This has also implications on the processes of understanding and production.
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This paper analyses the semantic role of the subject in constructions with sensory verbs from a cognitive-grammatical perspective, and primarily its agentivity. Namely, the basic categorisation of perception verbs is established precisely in relation to the semantic role of the subject in constructions with perception verbs, while the main semantic determinant of the subject, based on which sensory verbs are divided into volition or active perception verbs, non-volition or passive perception verbs and flip-verbs, is its agentivity. The main goal of this paper is to review the generally accepted categorisation of sensory verbs as stative verbs or state verbs, especially when it comes to verbs like see and hear, which are often classified as passive perception verbs and stative verbs based on superficial and imprecise language tests, while the subject is often described as passive, non-volition, and non-agentive, which then leads to imprecise grammatical descriptions and misunderstandings, not only of perception verbs but also of other grammatical concepts important for studying verbs in general, such as event structure of construction or aktionsart, semantic verb extensions, syntactic environment in which they appear, transitivity, etc. In this paper, the analysis of the semantic role of the subject in constructions with sensory verbs of sight and hearing is based on the methodology of cognitive linguistics, i.e. cognitive grammar, with emphasis on the idea of language embodiment, which includes an encyclopaedic view of meaning, the concept of canonical event model and the idea of gradual categories based on prototype effects.
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Two publications by Rolandas Kregždys – Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodyno specifikacija / Charakterystyka słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim [Specification of the Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian] and Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodynas / Słownik polonizmów w języku litewskim [Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian], both published in Vilnius in 2016 in the series Studia Etymologica Baltica – enable a closer look at Polish-Lithuanian relations through the prism of lexis. As discussed in this article, there is a clear disparity in these relations. While the Lithuanian language adopted a lot of Polonisms (maybe even about 3,000), Lithuanian borrowings in the general Polish language are a resource of at most a dozen or so words. This can be explained by the power of the Polish language. Polish loans in Lithuanian are mostly old words (extracted from documents from the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries), including those originating from Western European languages. Thanks to them, the Polish language has enabled and strengthened cultural transmission, perpetuating the position of Lithuania in the sphere of Western (Latin) culture.
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A critical appraisal is attempted of the three structurally-designated theses that are typically voiced in relation to what etymology is and what it consists in: (i) etymology is diachronic in scope, (ii) etymology involves the reconstruction of protoforms and proto-senses, and (iii) etymology is based on the earliest possible attestations. The examination is guided and motivated by Yakov Malkiel’s etymological research as well as by selected studies of the Lublin-based cognitive ethnolinguists. It is, then, concluded that etymological investigations are more likely to be productive and successful if (i) the temporal perspective employed is that of panchrony, not of the diachronysynchrony distinction, (ii) the reconstruction aims at identifying ways of cross-generational conceptualisation (mentalities), rather than original forms, and (iii) the examination includes the whole of the historical spectrum of attestations, not just earliest records. This all leads to a full appreciation of the kind of etymology that feeds on texts, not words or lexemes, and on cognitive and experiential contexts, not on purely linguistic abstractions.
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The artricle compares the concept of home/house in Polish, Serbian, and Russian. It is a continuation of research carried out by the authors within the EUROJOS project and the volume on home/house of the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and their Neighbours. The analysis aims to identify the common conceptual base, as well as the culture-specific aspects that distinguish each of the languacultures under scrutiny. The relevant cultural concepts in the three languacultures share a common base image but are distinguished through their culture-specific characteristics. That base is universal: rather than being limited to the Slavic context, it can be found in other languages, sometimes very distant ones. In Polish, Serbian, and Russian, home is above all viewed as a non-material, social, and functional value, as a community of people that share it, one that provides the sense of security and unconditional acceptance. Common features are also found in the network of relationships triggered by each cultural concept in question, such as the notion of family. The culture-specific content, in turn, derives from different historical and cultural conditions: those contribute to the peculiarities of the Polish patriotic manor, the Serbian Kosovo, or the Russian communal apartments. These specific cultural concepts reflect changes in the culture, mentality, and worldview in each languaculture.
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The review of: Szymon Gruda, Language and Culture Contact Phenomena in the Sixteenth-Century Vocabulario trilingüe in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 20181, 218 s.
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The article deals with the elements of "foreign language" (foreign words borrowed from the Russian language) in the character's speech of spoken language, in the language of folk songs, satirical works, in fiction, describes the specifics of the use of barbarisms, borrowed words, jargons. In this regard, the following issues are covered: - the types of "foreign words" are defined, such as: barbarism, borrowed words, jargons. - the analysis of the above-mentioned linguistic elements are carried out in accordance with the direction of the research which were selected from the texts of folk songs, feuilletons, humorous poems, poetic and prose works of the outstanding Kazakh poet, writer, playwright, satirist I. Zhansugurov. - since ancient times, the Kazakh people were closely connected with the Russian nation in the economic, social, cultural and political spheres, therefore, the article describes the features of using Russian words and foreign language elements borrowed through the Russian language. -function of barbarisms. Pronunciation of words, separate words, combinations with the changed morphemic and syntactic structure are considered as barbarisms. - Barbarisms are actively used in spoken language. The authors prove the fact that the reason for this is daily communication with representatives of other ethnic groups. - In the language of folk songs foreign language elements are used for humor, ridicule, satire. - In the text of a satirical work, the elements of a" foreign language", especially in the character's speech are the basis for determining its behavior, temperament, worldview, degree of professionalism and speech etiquette. - The role of borrowed words in an artwork. Borrowing increases the lexical richness of the language serves as a source of new roots, other word-formation elements and terms, expands and nuances the nomenclature of concepts used in different areas of society. The process of borrowing is organic to the language, a natural form of language contact and a source of language change. - The role and importance of foreign language elements in the language of the character is determined. The author's speech and the speech of the characters are distinguished in an artwork. The author's language is a story about phenomena, events, characters, actions of characters, it has an assessment of people, facts. The language of the characters is a means of individualization. It is caused by age, education, profession, mood, temperament, culture of the hero.
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The current research is devoted to the issue of giving name/title and (nomination), its motivation. The title is considered in various scientific aspects as the main object of science which is called onomaciology. Among them the titles of the national sports and games, as well as their approbation. The author intends to analyze the issue of Kazakh national sports, nomination of game titles and their motivation. Thus, the scientific aspect of the given research includes the content of the Kazakh national sports, the names of the games and ways of its transfer. The study of research subject in detail («indete zertteu» A. Kaidar) is based on the theory of «internal form» (V. Humboldt). The reason is that this theory is crucial in revealing the inner content of the national realities, identifying their demotivative (obsolete motivation), remotivative (revival of motivation, its birth). It is not enough for contemporary science to reveal the Kazakh national sports and definitions of games’ names. Within the ambit of modern anthropological paradigm, the recognition of the native tongue as an internal phenomenon is actual. It proves the concept of Humboldt that the inner form of the language is related to the lifestyle of the ethnos and its national identity. The empirical material of the research is aikel, bugynai (children’s games), zhedesh (hiding cup), eshmek (bone of goat), koimek (bone of sheep), khan (asyk game), myrshym (youth game) etc., simple lexical units; aigolek, aikulak (evening children's games), kyzbori (evening youth games), baltamtap (youth game) and other titles of national games were analyzed. From the point of view of the onomastics process, it can be seen that there are two stages in the formation of each names given above. The first stage consists of motives that lead to the formation of names, and in the second stage the names are formed according to the laws of language development (abstraction, transformation, etc.). For example, kures, zharys, altybakan, aksuiek, sokyrteke, karakulak, aigolek; depending the type of balls kyzmaidop, kazandop, kakpadop, tospadop; games about finding something inemtap, baltamtap; depending the types of whip kuderi kamshy, doiyr kamshy, dure kamshy; serekkulak, kyzbori, sakkulak, tenge ilu, ulek pen tailak etc. all the game names can be found as complex ones, that have the subconscious units on the basis of the original meaning of the initial elements. Therefore, it is essential that the ethnical approach to studying the motivational nature of national sports and games’ names is of great importance.
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Статья представляет собой опыт семантической реконструк- ции праславянской лексемы *koprъ, имеющей в современных славянских языках значение ‘растение укроп, Anethum graveolens’. На основе родственных форм (например, *kopъtь, *kopьno) ее исходная семантика формулируется как ‘те- плый воздух, пар’. В результате, появляется возможность пересмотреть про- исхождение славянских названий растения крапивы (Urtica) *kopriva/*kropiva. В частности, *kopriva возводится к глаголу *koprěti/*kopriti ‘подвергать(ся) воздействию теплого воздуха’, а *kropiva – к глаголу *kropiti ‘кипеть’. В обоих слу- чаях внутренняя форма наименований крапивы толкуется как ≪обжигающее, жгучее растение≫. В качестве аргументации приводятся их многочисленные синонимы в различных славянских языках, образованные по тем же словообра- зовательным и семантическим моделям.
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This paper deals with phonetic, phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical characteristics of Jovan Babić’s Jana’s Stories, with a particular focus on the ones that are marked territorially. The recorded linguistic characteristics are,then, being compared to instances noted in other folk speeches of the Herzegovina-Krajina (Eastern Herzegovinian) dialect, with which the Serbian speech of Ždralovac is evaluated in the light of this dialect as a compact speech entity.
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Language redundancy has been analyzed for years in information theory without the use of grammatical resources. It has also been censored in common language, while being traditionally admitted as a privilege of writers. This article shows that redundancy is embedded in the grammatical system of Spanish, in which it acquires various interpretations. The relationship between redundancy and information structure is addressed in detail, as well as the various ways in which redundancy can be reinterpreted as a form of lexical agreement. Special attention is paid to the redundancy observed in the processes of incorporating prepositions as prefixes, as well as the one existing in a number of syntactic structures conveying reference to the past. The numerous epithets that non-literary language admits in adjectival and adverbial structures are interpreted as structures in which the syntax is able make visible certain semantic components of lexical items that speakers wish to highlight.
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Sport has always had its place in the mass media: from the press through radio to television. The paper presents the data on the time dedicated to sport in the history of Polish television; contains a sketch of sport related problems raised in research carried out in the field of structural linguistics, semantics, lexicology, pragmalinguistics, text linguistics, and genology. In the article, sport is presented from the perspective of media linguistics and the linguistics of discourse. The author argues that sport is attractive to the audio-visual mass medium. Sport has become a significant component for television discourse and for public discourse. The article argues that the medium affects sport, the television discourse affects sport, and sport affects the discursive practices of television, as well as the public discourse The author suggests that these problems are viable research topics.
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This article presents the meanings of the lexeme patrie (lexical equivalent of the Polish ojczyzna and the English homeland). This work is a part of research on the concept of PATRIE in French language, based according to the ethnolinguistic school of Lublin on three kinds of data – systemic data, questionnaires, and textual data. The questions related to the meaning of the word patrie turned out to be crucial when the love to the homeland – patriotism, proclaimed as a republican value in the past in France, progressively considered as outdated during the second half of the 20th century, has been reappearing for several years in the French political discourse. Despite this resurgence, the word patrie is still used very rarely, and mostly in reported speech, in the French press reporting on the contemporary events in France, This lexical cautiousness of journalists seems to be linked with the „sensitive” and „non-European” features of the concept, which are described in this article .
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