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This is a book review of: Ziková, Markéta, Caha, Pavel, Dočekal, Mojmir (eds.). 2015. Slavic languages in the perspective of formal grammar
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The study examines some most typical features of Bulgarian colloquial speech and its syntax: the informality, the extreme subjectivity, the expressiveness, the lack of preparation, the strong depending on situation, the absence of etiquette stiffness, the dominance of household themes, the increased activity of paralinguistic factors (facial expressions, gestures), the specific syntactic terms, utterances and constructions etc.
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One question that has emerged from recent studies on sentence processing pertains to the nature of a specific cognitive mechanism implicated in maintenance of unintegrated syntactic information in ongoing sentence processing. In addition to evidence from language, recent research on musical syntax has suggested that processing of musical sequences may require a similar cognitive mechanism. In this paper evidence is discussed for the implication of syntactic working memory (SWM) in processing of language and musical syntax, arithmetic sequences, as well as in complex motor movements used with a specific expressive purpose. The idea is that an anticipatory structure-building component governs interpretation in each of these domains by processing relevant integrations within sequences of structurally dependent elements. The concept of SWM is anchored in representational modularity and the shared syntactic integration resources hypothesis, and empirically supported by neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence.
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The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency, the role, as well as creativity in the use of idioms in Ćopić’s literary works. The analysis focuses on two works, Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća and Ne tuguj, bronzana stražo, whereby it can be concluded that Ćopić’s writing style incorporates a large number of idioms used to express linguistic creativity. Only the group prostor/space, položaj/position, forma/form were considered. The excerpted examples were analyzed at three levels: morphosyntactic, semantic and communicative-pragmatic levels. The analysis is comparative, i. e. includes examples in the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian as well as the German language. It can be claimed that the language of Ćopić’s works is very scenic, expressive and rich in various linguistic phenomena; it is excellent way of showing the richness and creativity of B/C/S languages.
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The rapid development and globalization of science as well as formation of language varieties related to professional activities, the main layer of which is terminology,makes research into terminology very important. There is a noticeable tendency in recent years to create compounds which adhere to the principles of language economy,precision of naming, monosemy and logicality perfectly well. Compounds are researched in various aspects including semantics, word-formation, motivation, origin and standardization. One of the most popular aspects was the morphological aspect of research, which prevailed in the works of Lithuanian linguists of the first half of 20th century. This aspect is closely related to word-formation and its essence is the understanding of a compound as a combination of morphemes. This point of view is still predominant in Lithuanian linguistics. For instance, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbosgramatika (Grammar of Modern Lithuanian) compounds are classified firstly according to the parts of speech from which their components are derived. In foreign linguistics it is common to research compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view; there are various classifications based on semantic-syntactic relationship of components of compounds. In Lithuanian linguistics the analysis of solid compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view is less frequent. Usually compounds are classified into subordinated and copulative compounds without going into more detailed research of the relations between components of subordinated compounds.This paper researches solid compounds from semantic-syntactic point of view. Solid compounds in Lithuanian terminology of construction have been selected as the object of research; due to their abundance and tendencies of development, these terms can to a certain extent represent general regularities of the development of Lithuanian solid compounds. After an overview of the semantic-syntactic typology of compounds by foreign researchers and the point of view in Lithuanian linguistics in regard to relations between components of solid compounds, the paper presents a more detailed analysis of relations between components of compounds which function as generic terms in the terminology of construction. It is suggested to widen semantic-syntactic classification and to classify subordinated compounds further taking into account the variety of relations between components. The suggested semantic-syntactic classification would be less formal and wide than morphological and in addition it would focus less on the second component of the compound (as is common in morphological classification). The research revealed that the second component is the main component in attributive compounds, object-denoting compounds and comparative compounds,whereas adverbial compounds can have either the first or the second component as the main component and in amount-denoting compounds the main component is always the first.The analysis of relations between components of solid compounds which are generic terms of construction showed that there could be five types of relations between components of these determinative compounds: attributive, object-denoting, adverbial,amount-denoting and comparative. Attributive compounds make the largest group of determinative compounds – there were 379 such compounds found in 22 sources.Among the generic terms of construction researched there were also 186 object-denoting compounds, 26 adverbial and 25 amount-denoting compounds. The comparative compounds make the smallest group – only 3 such terms were found. The research also revealed that in all groups there is a certain number of terms having the same main component. The most productive components are akla-, beton-, daug-,dumbl(i)a-, ketur-, -matis, pus-, -tiekis, -traukis, savi-. In comparison with subordinated compounds, copulative compounds are rather rare – 38 terms were found. All such compounds were found in texts about construction materials and they name composite materials.
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The article deals with the mixed types of speech in Ukraine and Belarus – Surzhyk and Trasyanka. On the basis of multidimensional research conducted by the scholars from Oldenburg University and their colleagues from Ukraine and Belarus, the author discusses the range of Russian influence on the hybrid languages. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on the basis of corpora collected in various regions of Belarus and Ukraine.
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The article discusses the choice between genitive forms without prepositions and prepositional genitives with „отъ” denoting the object in the verbs “be afraid/ scared of” with ablative relations between the object and the subject found in the Old-Bulgarian Psalter of Sinai, and the Middle-Bulgarian Psalter of Bologna and Tomic Psalter. An attempt is made to define some normative prerequisites as well as some formal semantic factors for their use in the Slavonic tradition of Psalter as compared to the Greek Protograph. The author suggests a new interpretation of a group of prepositional phrases with „отъ” in the verbs of the Old-Bulgarian Codek Suprasliensis and the Manasi Chronicle, which are traditionally viewed as exceptions.
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This article studies the particularities of spoken language in students with intellectual disabilities and the importance of a complex language assessment in order to structure a personalized intervention program for speech and language therapy. Hereby language is being evaluated in all its aspects: phonetic, phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic.Personalized intervention programs will be structured depending on the results obtained at the tests, the individual particularities of the children and the type and severity of intellectual disability. The personalized intervention program is the basis of speech and language therapy
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If you happen to be an active user of different social networks like: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Viber or Tumblr, you will be able to see that many users use English as a written medium to express their thoughts, wishes, ideas even when their native language is not English.Code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in the same stretch of discourse by a bilingual speaker. In other words, code-switching is used to identify alternations of linguistic varieties within the same conversation.In Kosova, this phenomenon is not new. The lexicon of Albanian language because of many factors such as: many conquests, geographic proximity to other countries and the subsequent globalization has been enriched with loanwords from Ancient and Modern Greek, Latin, Turkish, Italian, the Balkan Slavic languages and later on from English. Not only words were borrowed but frequently speakers of Albanian and other languages in contact used to shift codes from one language to another one. It is a broadly acknowledged fact that in recent years English has become a global language and as such, it is used all around the world by professionals and scholars in international meetings. English is often the official language of international companies, enterprises, Unions and Academic Conferences, and above all, it is the language of the internet.Nowadays, we are witnesses of the widespread use of the above mentioned social networks by the majority of people, specifically young people who spend many hours conversing with their friends and peers. In these conversations, they often switch from one language to another one. Not only this, but there are also cases when they post their statuses or comments using English language. The reasons for doing this might be of different nature: To code- switch into a high prestige language, to be understood only by their circle of friends, for easier expression and for not a specific reason.In this paper the cases of code-switching occurring on these social networks and mostly on Facebook will be researched and analyzed.
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In this paper, a contrastive analysis of a certain number of intensifiers belonging to the conceptual domain //FOLIE// (//MADNESS//) in French and in Polish is carried out. Basing on a study of corpora, the author ascertains their degree of equivalence on different levels (conceptual, semantic, morphological-syntactical, that of frequency).
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Language contacts can be studied in three directions: language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this project allthe three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing is analysed on four levels: phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes,primary and secondary changes, which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free) and according to the degree of the change of meaning on the semantic level.
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This paper deals with ‘basic’ verbal lexemes in Serbian and Russian languages denoting emotional relations, as well as with their grammatical derivatives from both the syntactic (emphasis on valence features) and aspectual perspective (aspectual specificities of both motive and derived lexemes). Given the fact that these are ‘basic’ verbs in the languages compared, the analysis is likely to show a significant level of similarity between the corpora studied.
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Review of: "Einführung in die slavischen Sprachen, Herausgegeben von Peter Rehder", Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1986., XIV + 192 pp.; by: Senahid Halilović
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U Trebinju je 8, 9. i 10. decembra 1976. godine održano Savjetovanje о pravopisnoj problematici u Bosni i Hercegovini. Savjetovanje je organizovao Institut za jezik i književnost u Sarajevu, tačnije njegovo Odjeljenje za jezik. Cilj Savjetovanja je bio da se izvrši šira razmjena mišljenja u vezi sa radom na projektu Savremena pravopisna problematika u Bosni i Hercegovini — u svjetlu kolebanja i stabilizacije ortografske norme na srpskohrvatskom jezičkom području. U radu Savjetovanja su, u skladu sa uobičajenom praksom Instituta, učestvovali saradnici gotovo svih institucija koje se bave pitanjima jezika na srpskohrvatskom, odnosno hrvatskorpskom jezičkom području, tj. gotovo svih takvih institucija u četiri republike u kojima je maternji srpskohrvatski (hrvatskosrpski) jezik — Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji, Hrvatskoj i Crnoj Gori.
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Код парцијалне негације, тј. кад се не негира цијела реченица већ само неки њен дно, у руском се негација ставља директно испред тог дијела, док то код нас није увијек могуће. Преводиоци то не уочавају у довољној мјери и негација им се не односи на одговарајући дио реченице.
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First section of this paper assesses the importance of tadmin, “implication of meaning,” in medieval Arabic literature, and also reflects on its significance for the language today. What is particularly interesting about the term is that once its usage became fully established it was employed not only by some of the grammarians but also a number of scholars of rhetoric and legal theory. A further important aspect of tadmin addressed by this essay is its relationship to other syntactic and rhetorical devices. In the second section, the author handled issue of tadmīn how it transformed from a prosodic defect to a poetic device in an earlier article. But when he looked at this subject with only perspective, he felt the need to write a new article dealing with reasonable causes of this development and detailed kinds of tadmīn. In this article, he examined tadmīn in detail by separating into three as “grammatical tadmīn”, “rhetorical tadmīn” and “hermeneutic tadmīn”.
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This article is intended to explore the linguistic means of anglicization in Cuban Spanish. Thus, a corpus-driven database or glossary of this variant of Spanish has been elaborated to examine these English-induced units quantitatively and qualitatively, entailing a morpho-syntactic and semantic analysis of the anglicization process. This research study is based on two major stages: data collection and data processing of the lemmas compiled. The resulting glossary is used in this part of the study to unravel the morphological and syntactic features of the English-induced units, in particular those of gender and number. A compilation of these Cuban-Spanish units allows for a better understanding of morphological changes and lexical creativity, in keeping with the historical socioeconomic conditions of the island.
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The songs of the Epos of Kreshniks (Heroic Songs), part of Albanian folk literature, belong to an ancient period of our history, related to the Ancient Medieval. This has been proven by different aspects of these creations, one of which being the archaic elements in the grammatical structure. Among the archaic grammatical elements preserved in the Epos of Kreshnik, we can clearly note: the neutral gender of the names (for ex. ata bukë), paradigms of the feminine gender with a theme in the consonants (for ex. lodja), the ablative case without a preposition (for ex. Ndalnju gurrave), indefinite masculine names without case ending (for ex. t’vllat), the forms of the genitive-dative cases in the plural with the ancient ending -e (for ex. krushqet), the interrogative pronoun pre-articled (for ex. i cili jush sarajet m’i dojtë?), the short form of the third personal pronoun plural u, instead of the second person ju (for ex. a u ra n’mend për babë e nanë), the optative mood in the function of the subjunctive mood (for ex. kush dalsh t’ligt nuses me m’ja hjekë), paratax constructions (for ex. kanë nisë kangën e po këndojnë,/ kanë nisë lodrën e po lodrojnë) etc..
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The article analyzes the stages of formation and development of Ukrainian morphological terminology as influenced by the Greek-Roman antique tradition. The article emphasizes that the determinative influence of the ancient tradition on later European linguistics is largely due to the orientation of the tradition towards the realization of logical categories. This orientation in the language provide it with a potentially universal range. The generalization of the analyzed examples of grammatical terms in the modern Ukrainian language shows that when Ukrainian grammatical terminology was being created, the Greek-Latin grammatical terms were a kind of “prototype”. Theoretical generalizations will be used in further research on word formation.
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