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Comparative study of the structural and semantic type of communicative statements (declarative sentences) is presented in the paper. A number of features that are typically significant for marking modal values (confidence, probability, possibility, necessity, prohibition, uncertainty, doubt, and negation) as expressed in declarative sentences of the studied languages are analyzed.
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This paper describes the basic morphological (synthetic) and lexical means of representation of event structures in the Tatar language based on iterative and multiplicative verbs. It is shown that affixal iteratives also express other categories: incompleteness of action (raritive) and agent qualifying characteristics (usitative). Lexical iteratives and multiplicatives are investigated. Their semantic classes are distinguished. Considerable attention is paid to the verbs denoting optical (light) effects. The study is carried out using the data of the National Corpus of the Tatar Language “Tugan Tel”.
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The cognitive semantic research into spatial prepositions has focused on their polysemous nature and the coherence of cognitive categories they constitute. At the same time, the question of their categorical status has not yet been resolved causing disagreement about their membership in the content or function word group. The present corpus-based study investigates the semantic structure of the English spatial preposition at regarded as a typically English preposition not present in other languages. The investigation attempts to establish the primary sense of the preposition and to find motivating principles behind the individual senses. For the purpose of the study, 2168 linguistic items extracted from the British National Corpus and containing the preposition were analyzed yielding 18 distinct senses and one group of miscellaneous expressions. The research suggests that the semantic structure of the preposition at is best seen as a semantic network with the primary sense functioning as a prototype and other related senses as more peripheral extensions. The research reveals that the polysemy of the preposition at is relatively extensive and that the word at does not belong to morphological categories other than the prepositional one.
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The autoress analyses differences and ambiguities about Croatian and Polish word order in their grammars or media. In both languages there are no precise rules about order of subordinate words in sentences, which causes ambiguit meanings. The paper consists of 4 parts: 1. description of word order in Croatina grammars; 2. description of word order in Polish grammars; 3. ambiguities during communication in Polish and Croatian media; 4. as a result of this research the autoress shows 10 rules that should be considered in the sentences without ambiguities or mistakes.
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The purpose of the article is to clarify the concept of grammatical category of animateness / inanimateness in Russian. After analyzing the history of the study of this category and the history of its development, the author concludes that the grammatical category of animateness, despite its name, is intended to mark not living objects, but objects with a potential of activity. The main function of this category is to distinguish nominative and accusative cases in such sentences as modern informal Russian Dzhip podrezal “ forda” (Jeep cut in “Ford”), where without such а distinguishing feature it could be unclear which of these two nouns is the subject and which is the object.
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The Article concentrates on the findings regarding Slavic influence on Yiddish, described in the newest English-language edition of Max Weinreich’s History of the Yiddish Language – a canonical title for modern Yiddish studies. Its first task is to acquaint Polish readers with M. Weinreich’s propositions and findings on the general character of Polish-Yiddish and Slavic-Yiddish language contact. This will also be taken as an opportunity to briefly review the research on this subject conducted by Polish scholars. Additionally, the article will elaborate (albeit not exhaustively) on the attempts to question and verify M. Weinreich’s theories which may prove interesting from the point of view of Slavic studies. Its second, equally important task is to describe chosen examples of the results of Slavic influence, in which Polish played a significant role, as they present themselves in the lexicon, morphology, word formation and syntax of Yiddish.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the phraseological layer of the poetic paraphrase of The Psalter in Bohdan Drozdowski’s translation. Published in 2008, King David’s Psalms are an interesting example of dynamic equivalence in the area of translation. They also make an attempt at finding, at the level of the system of the Polish language, specifi c syntactic, semantic and stylistic equivalents of the same values as the original Hebrew text. The purpose of the conducted analyses is to answer the question whether, and to what extent, Bohdan Drozdowski retains the layer of traditional phrases, which are associated with the Psalter style. To what extent his poetic paraphrase breaks with the Polish tradition of translation, which has been developing since the Middle Ages, and to what extent it has remained faithful to it. In Bohdan Drozdowski’s paraphrase, traditional biblical phrases are intermingled with Polish idioms that are abundant with marked colloquial lexis and expressive formations, which permits the conclusion that although the poet wanted to modernise Psalms and adapt them to the mentality and sensitivity of the modern reader, he did so while protecting the layer of traditional phrases. This layer, although slightly depleted in comparison to traditional translations, is noticeable and penetrates deep into the text of the translation, becoming, so to speak, a basis for the innovative ideas of the translator. This intended coexistence of lexical and phraseological layers that are so stylistically and genetically varied is a characteristic feature of the paraphrase in question. In this multitude of voices, the voice of many epochs can be heard, which seems to be emphasised by the timeless character of the Psalter, visible in the Polish language since the mediaeval times. This means that Bohdan Drozdowski’s paraphrase links, as it were, the old times and the modern times and becomes a meeting place of the tradition and the present day.
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The paper is aimed at the specific class of words in the modern Turkish language. They are the functional equivalents of prepositions in Indo-European languages. The present article undertakes nouns in adpositional function just in the ablative case form.
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Presented article is the next one of several planned presentations of a larger research project. The overall goal of the presented analysis is to contribute toward improvement of the fully automatic machine translation integrated within search engines. The author tries to answer the question why language syntactic disorders occur in the process of automatic translations of phrases by the Google search mechanism. For comparison selected version of translation — Google, Yahoo and Bing has been analyzed. In the presented article a generative view (the theory of x-bar syntax) on this method theme is proposed as a possible way to avoid such kind of disorders in computer translations.
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This paper describes and analyses usages of the preposition mimo in Croatian (the only spatial preposition etymologically related to a verb). Its main goal is to present a coherent semantic description of the usages of this preposition. This presupposes the elaboration of its primary spatial meaning as well as the identification of primary spatial meaning as a motivation source for all other usages – spatial and non-spatial. The theoretical framework is cognitive linguistics, while the analysis and the conclusions are based on the interpretation of examples collected through corpus searches. In addition to the information on prepositional usages, the paper brings information on other usages of spatial particle mimo as well.
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This is a book review of: Kukorelli, Eszter. 2016. Zukunftsbezogene Tempora im Deutschen und Ungarischen in der Nähesprache
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The article reviews certain instances of syncretism in the paradigm of the Bulgarian verb, characteristic of analytical forms such as носил/гледал съм/си/(е)/… и носел/гледал съм/ си/(е)/…. The focus falls on Czech-Bulgarian asymmetries in the area of such verb forms established on the basis of contrastive analysis of the Bulgarian forms and their functional equivalents in Czech. An algorithm is proposed for the the optimal translation of such Bulgarian forms into Czech.
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Începând din anul 2007, ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ prin INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ „IORGU IORDAN – AL. ROSETTI” s-a alăturat Consiliului Naţional al Audiovizualului în acţiunea de monitorizare a posturilor de radio şi televiziune privind calitatea limbii folosite în diverse emisiuni. Această colaborare a dus la alcătuirea Raportului de consultanţă care se face public anual şi care, în anul 2010, a stat la baza editării unei cărţi destinate elevilor, în principal. Din echipa de cercetători care a interpetat datele monitorizării fac parte: Blanca Croitor, Andreea Dinică, Adina Dragomirescu, AnaMaria Mihail, Carmen Mîrzea Vasile, Isabela Nedelcu, Alexandru Nicolae, Irina Nicula, coordonator Rodica Zafiu, iar monitorizarea a vizat 12 posturi de televiziune (TVR 1, Antena 1, Pro TV, Realitatea TV, Prima TV, TVR 2, TVR Cultural, Kanal D, Antena 3, B1 TV, OTV şi N24 Plus) şi două posturi de radio (Radio România Actualităţi şi Europa FM), alese în funcţie de: audienţă, acoperire naţională, pondere a emisiunilor informative şi de dezbatere, asumarea unui rol cultural şi educativ.
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La stylistique linguistique est un domaine complexe qui rejoint beaucoup de disciplines dans un réseau discursif très intéressant. La sémantique, la lexicologie, la syntaxe, la morphologie, la psycholinguistique, toutes les sciences se plient sur l’identité littéraire et les idiosyncrasies stylistiques de chaque écrivain. Cette démarche se propose d’identifier et analyser les représentations linguistiques qui caractérisent le style du discours féminin dans To the Lighthouse par Virginia Woolf.
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The vocative as a pragmatic-semantic category, i.e. vocativeness as an appellative category, is a means of expressing many linguistic functions. From the functional point of view, vocative expressions are never monosemic, i.e. they do not serve only a conative function, as explicitly defined in the literature, but they very frequently perform other linguistic functions as well – especially the emotive function (expressing speaker’s feelings, personal attitude towards the interlocutor) and the poetic one. As a means of establishing and maintaining communication, i.e. checking the functioning of the communication channel, vocative expressions perform a phatic function as well. The referential function of vocative expressions is confined to the subject and predicative role in the language of folk poetry, and this paper shows that such a role in the contemporary Croatian language can also be performed by vocative expressions in the role of predicate adjuncts and adverbials with certain verbs.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss two fundamental pragmatic notions, convention and context within the framework of communication on social media. By presenting an overview of theoretical perspectives on the two notions and analyzing concrete examples from Twitter we put forward the importance of the dynamic and constant synergy between convention and context in communication on social media, but also in communication in general. Examples of tweets (Twitter posts) will show that the core principles of traditional communication – conventionalization and contextualization – remain strong and are visible in concrete realizations through new ‘communicative items’ such as hashtags (i.e. #onokad) and handles (i.e. @username). The technology behind the media opens up new avenues of creativity for the participants (users, speakers), yet the creativity remains situated within ‘contexts’ (micro- and macro-level) and perpetuated (or dismissed) through mechanisms of ‘conventionalization’. Pragmatics is shown to be a highly relevant and appropriate scholarly field for comprehensive research into language and communication on social media.
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Our aim is to study phraseological units that have numbers in their construction. The material was collected from phraseological dictionaries of Russian and Serbian languages. In both languages, phraseological units with sacred numbers appear frequently in speech and writing, for example: Rus. книга за семью печатями – Srb. књига за седам печата [a closed book, literally “a book with seven seals”]; Rus. за семью запорами – Srb. иза седамбрава/катанаца [under lock and key, literally “well guarded”]; Rus. семь смертных грехов –Srb. седам смртних греха [capital sins, literally “seven deadly sins”]; Rus. за тридевятьземель – Srb. преко седам/девет брда/планина [at (to) the other end of the world, literally“very far away”]; Rus. чувствовать себя на седьмом небе – Srb. бити наседмом/деветом/десетом небу [(be) in seventh heaven, literally “(to be, feel) boundlessly happy”]; Rus. в трех шагах от кого, от чего – Srb. два три корака [within a stoneʼs throw of, literally “ very close (to s.o. or sth.), very near”]. Phraseological units with numeric components are regarded as a descriptive meta-language. This analysis can provide an insight into relationships between culture and language.
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Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen der Fachsprachen sind von weittragender Bedeutung, denn die Fachsprachen weisen nicht nur die Abweichungen von der Gemeinsprache auf semantischer Ebene, wie allgemein gemeint wird, sondern auch auf syntaktischer und pragmatischer Ebene auf. Das Gleiche gilt für die deutsche Konzernsprache, eine Varietät des Wirtschaftsdeutschen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die Funktionsverbgefüge des Forschungsgebiets deutsche Konzernsprache nach ihrer Frequenz und morphologischen Typen zu untersuchen. Wir gehen von der Hypothese aus, dass die Frequenz der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache nennenswert höher ist, verglichen mit derjenigen aus der deutschen Gemeinsprache. Zugleich erwarten wir eine Abweichung gegenüber der deutschen Gemeinsprache, was die Frequenz der morphologischen Typen betrifft. Falls es bei den endgültigen Ergebnissen zu einem entgegengesetzten Resultat käme, würde uns das suggerieren, dass dieses Gebiet des Wirtschaftsdeutschen keine spezifischen Merkmale in diesem Sinne aufweist. Die Bestätigung der ursprünglichen Hypothesen würde diese spezifischen Besonderheiten der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache betonen.
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