За специфичността на именната фраза в българското и чуждестранното езикознание

Author(s): Kunka Molle / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

This article is the first part of a series dedicated to the cognitive characteristics of noun phrases (NPs), namely to the taxonomy of indefinite NPs related to their referential status in view of the opposition specific ~ non-specific. This opposition carries particular importance for the logical-semantic representation of the utterance. In the study of foreign linguistics both terms are often used in an inconsistent and contradictory manner; consequently, this work represents an attempt to bring theoretical clarity regarding their semantics and use.

Българска лексикология и фразеология. Т. II. Българска фразеология (Ст. Калдиева-Захариева)

Author(s): Maria Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Българска лексикология и фразеология. Т. III. Проблеми на общата лексикология (И. Касабов)

Author(s): Maria Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Б. Вунчев. Семантични и синтактични особености на активните интранзитиви в новогръцкия език

Author(s): Elena Chausheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Samatähenduslike sünteetiliste ja analüütiliste verbide kasutamine

Author(s): Pille Eslon,Heleriin Paeoja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 25/2015

The first author of this paper developed an interest in synonymous syntheticand analytic verbs while editing Russian-Estonian-Russian translation dictionaries,upon discovering regularities in the relationships between aspect in Russian verbs and the choice between synthetic and analytic Estonian verbs as translation equivalents.While this phenomenon is rare and difficult to notice, it nevertheless raises questions: when do native speakers prefer to use synthetic and analytic verbs,respectively? In addition to synonymy and simplicity of form (synthetic verbs have only one component, while analytic verbs have at least two), are there other features that affect the choice of synthetic or analytic verbs? The present study aims to answer these questions.Five pairs of synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs are analyzed: igatsema– igatsust tundma ‘to long for, miss’, lahkuma – ära minema ‘to leave’,nõustuma – nõus olema ‘to agree’, muretsema – muret tundma ‘to be worried’,töötama – tööd tegema ‘to work’. We look for linguistic structures characteristic of both members of the given pairs, analyze the limits of their lexico-semanticand morphosyntactic variation, and compare the verbs’ meanings. On the basis of these features, it is possible to determine whether the pairs consist of two distinct verbs or two forms of the same verb. The theoretical-empirical aspect of the study is connected to the hypothesis of contraction of synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs, according to which semantically related synthetic-analytic verb pairs emerge, wherein the synthetic verb is used to denote abstract (inde"-nite) actions and the analytic verb is used for concrete (de"nite) actions. This process is accompanied by structural, morphological, morphosyntactic and lexico-semantic limitations on the usage of the verbs in question. The contractionof synonymous synthetic and analytic verbs is a process that takes place on the lexico-grammatical periphery. These verbs contribute to general linguistic variation,but in addition, a number of lexico-semantic, grammatical and structural restrictions develop on the usage of these verbs. Opposite tendencies – petrification and variation – work toward the same goal.

Secondary predication in the Baltic languages: a preliminary overview

Author(s): Benita Riaubienė / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2016

The paper discusses semantic and morphosyntactic features of secondary predication in Lithuanian and Latvian. The types of secondary predication, viz. depictives, resultatives and adverbials, are distinguished according to the semantics: adverbials are event-oriented, while depictives and resultatives are participant-oriented (the former denote an event which is simply simultaneous with the main event, while the latter denote an event which is related to the main event via causal relation). However, a rigid delimitation of the three types is impossible as there is a number of constructions which oscillate between them both semantically and morphosyntactically. It is proposed that the zone between depictives, resultatives and adverbials is occupied by transitional, or borderline, types of secondary predication. The borderline types analysed in the paper include posture constructions, “grow up” constructions and “slice” constructions. In order to visualize the relationships between the main and the borderline types the principles of the semantic map method are applied and an extended preliminary semantic map of secondary predication is proposed.

Why Modrić and Real rather than Real and Modrić?

Author(s): Mario Brdar / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

The order of the constituents within a coordinated NP construction is in theory open, i.e. either constituent can occupy either the initial or the final position. When it comes to specific realizations of the coordinate constructional template, the choice of the initial constituent need not be random at all. It is well-known that in some phraseological units, i.e. in the so-called irreversible binomials, their order is as a rule quite fixed (e.g. duša i tijelo ‘body and soul,’ kruh i sol ‘bread and salt,’ život i smrt ‘life and death,’ iće i piće ‘drinks and food,’ muž i žena ‘husband and wife’) and seems to be dictated by a number of cognitive factors, among which iconic principles play an important role. Apart from such conventionalized phraseological pairs, the relative order of constituents seems to be guided by the speaker’s communicative intentions, and therefore in principle be quite flexible. However, it appears that in cases of coordination of proper nouns denoting parts and wholes there is a clear preference for the construction in which the part precedes the whole (Osijek i Slavonija rather than Slavonija i Osijek, Modrić i Real rather than Real i Modrić, etc.). The differences between their distributions on the one hand, and the distributions found with comparable inanimate nouns and animate common nouns in coordination on the other, are explained in terms of the reference point construction (Langacker 1993). The proper noun denoting a person functions as a cognitive reference point facilitating the resolution of indeterminacy due to the fact that the second proper noun in coordination can have more than one metonymically related sense. Such coordinated constructions are shown to be functionally similar to associative plurals as they are also a means of referring to heterogeneous collectives that have a prominent, focal member.

Dative of external possession in Croatian

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

External possession constructions are defined as constructions in which a semantic possessor-possessum relation is expressed by coding the possessor as a core grammatical relation of the verb and in a constituent separate from that which contains the possessum. One construction representative of this phenomenon is that with the dative case as a marker of the possessor, which is known as the dative of possession (DP) and is widely attested in European languages as an areal feature. In this article, I analyze the DP in Croatian, both its standard variety and dialects, particularly from a (micro-)areal-typological perspective, to locate the place of Croatian among Slavic, paying special attention to the correlation between the use of DP and its areal tendency. My analysis led me to conclude that Croatian occupies a place between West Slavic and Slovene, which tend to have a narrower sphere of the use of DP, and Balkanized Slavic, which has a wider sphere of it. This finding can be explained by the fact that West Slavic and Slovene are more habere-type languages than Croatian, which still preserves more esse-type language features that can be also found in the Balkanized Slavic languages.

Modeli poučavanja značenja glagolskih prefikasa i prefigiranih glagola u nastavi hrvatskoga kao inoga jezika

Author(s): Darko Matovac,Sanda Lucija Udier / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

In the first part of this paper two existing models of teaching meanings of verbal prefixes and the process of verbal prefixation in Croatian as a second and foreign language are discussed – the verb-centric model known as the verbs in context model and the prefix-centric model known as the prefix by prefix model. In addition to several positive aspects of these two models, their shortcomings are identified as well, and consequently the need for the development of a new model of teaching verbal prefixation in Croatian as a second and foreign language is recognized. The paper proposes a new model based on the description of verbal prefixes and their uses as produced within cognitive linguistics theoretical framework. It can be presupposed that this newly devised model will be superior to the previous two models since it is more concrete, simple, logic and clearer concerning the presentation of the process of verbal prefixation.

РУССКОЕ РАЗГОВОРНОЕ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ИНОСТРАННОЙ АУДИТОРИИ

Author(s): Rais Niyazovich Safin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The paper considers the perception of derived words related to Russian expressive wordformation by foreign students. Analysis of literary translation is used as a research tool. The author defines special methods of rendering a word-formation meaning of derived adjectives and nouns in a typologically close language as well as determines the semantization strategy for the derivatives of this type in a foreign audience.

HOLOPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS AS A MEANS OF OCCASIONAL WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH POPULAR FICTION

Author(s): Marianna Goltsova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article examines the theoretical aspects of holophrasis as a means of occasional word formation in the English language. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of holophrastic constructions as they function in modern English fiction. The methodology of this study involves the application of complex methodology via general scientific methods, such as induction, deduction, introspection and analysis. Holophrasis can be defined as an occasional lexical and semantic means of word formation, which transforms a syntactic unit into its lexical equivalent. Although a holophrastic construction comprises several words, it is argued to be processed as one single word. According to their lexical and grammatical characteristics, holophrastic constructions can be either nominative or attributive types. The holophrastic construction, with its complex syntactic structure and built-in predication, is capable of conveying a large amount of expressive information in a concise manner. The cоnteхt of hоlоphrаstic construction use is usually limited by the sentence in which it is used. The emphatic nature, vivid expressiveness, self-contextualisation and ability to conserve linguistic efforts are distinguishing features of holophrastic constructions. They are often used with the aim of adding originality, unique character and vivid expressiveness in modern fiction.

MANIPULATIVE PRAGMATICS OF INTERROGATION

Author(s): Larysa Pavlichenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The research focuses on pragmatic and linguistic means of manifesting the communicative roles of interrogators (an investigator and an interrogated person) in interrogation discourse. The paper identifies the characteristics of preferred and dispreferred roles of the communicators from viewpoint of manipulative interactions and interrogation efficiency. Preferred roles are marked by compliance with cooperative maxims, the use of positive and negative politeness strategies. In dispreferred roles, an investigator applies mitigated directives and invectives with the illocutionary force of discrediting an addressee. Dispreferred operative roles of an investigator rely on a set of pragmatic devices, including conversational implicatures, manipulative presuppositions as a means of manipulation, the intended flouting of the maxims of cooperation, acts of "threat" to “the face” of an interrogee. Dispreferred roles of an interrogee are marked with lexical-syntactic forms of negation, adverbs-intensifiers of the degree of negation or ignorance, adverbial deintensifiers of the speaker's confidence in the reported information, elliptical structures, rhetorical questions with illocution of negation that affect the semantic and formal-structural characteristics of the interrogation: preferred roles aimed at achieving the global or local goals of the investigator are supported and encouraged, while dispreferred roles may drastically change the course of interrogation in order to achieve the desired (preferential) speech response.

Аналитични глаголни форми или синтактични конструкции

Author(s): Viara Maldjieva,Ruska Stancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This paper addresses the challenge of distinguishing analytic wordforms within the verb paradigm from syntactic groups (phrases) based solely on formal criteria. The syntactic and morphological properties of verb phrases containing auxiliary verbs are examined with the aim of establishing clear formal criteria for classifying them either as part of the verb paradigm or as free word combinations (simple groups). As a result of this analysis, a coherent formal definition of analytic verb forms is proposed. Additionally, a part of the study is devoted to examining the inconsistencies in normative rules arising from the current interpretation of analytic verb forms.

Синтактичната група глагол + прилагателно име – формални особености и нормативни аспекти

Author(s): Tatyana Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article examines the formal characteristics of syntactic groups consisting of a verb and a dependent adjective, focusing on morphological accommodation and connotation as the two primary mechanisms for constructing grammatically correct expressions. The study outlines the structural features that give rise to normative issues in standard language use. Furthermore, it analyses several normative problems related to the realisation of verb + adjective groups in sentence structure, with particular attention to accommodation in the grammatical categories of number, gender and polarity. The causes of fluctuations are explored, and normative recommendations are provided.

Deutsch‑tschechische Konkordanzen und Divergenzen bei peripheren AcI‑Verben

Author(s): Tomáš Káňa,Roland Wagner / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

In this article, three German verbs of perception (bemerken [to notice], erblicken [to spot] and erkennen [to recognize]) are compared to three selected Czech equivalents with respect to their occurrence in AcI constructions, which at best can be regarded as a marginal phenomenon. In addition to a corpus‑based analysis, we employ structural tests in order to identify grammatical characteristics of these verbs that could be responsible for their peripheral status in AcI‑constructions. For the semantic field of ‘erblicken’, we show that there is a clear divergence between the German non‑AcI verb and the Czech AcI verb, which is apparently due to the more concrete meaning of the German verb reflected in stricter restrictions on filling the second valency slot. The other two verbs are in both languages only potential, not actual AcI verbs.

Christoph Blume XVII sajandi teise poole kirjakeele uuendajana

Author(s): Liina Pärismaa / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

This article provides an insight into the language usage in the mid-17th century ecclesiastical texts by the Northern Estonian author Christoph Blume: Das Kleine Corpus Doctrinæ (1662), Geistliche Wochen-Arbeit (1666), and Geistliche Hohe Fäst-Tahgs Freude (1667). The focus is on various morphosyntactic phenomena, such as the expression of negation and future tense, the translation of the definite article, and the relationship between analytical and synthetic locative constructions. The article also explores the extent to which Blume followed in his works the example of authoritative writers or the established norms of the written language of his time. While changes at the individual level of language usage may not be as prominent in linguistic history as broader trends encompassing the shared linguistic attitudes of multiple authors, they help to pinpoint the beginnings of linguistic shifts and offer a more detailed view of the variation and development of linguistic features by highlighting differences between authors’ texts. This study reveals that, on an individual level, the changes had begun to emerge in Christoph Blume’s ecclesiastical texts in the mid-17th century, although the changes became more widespread only in the final decades of the century. The language usage in Blume’s ecclesiastical texts reflect some characteristics typical of his time (e.g., ep-negation or the saama-future). However, his works also introduced several innovative linguistic features that his predecessors, such as Heinrich Stahl, had not yet adopted in their texts or had used differently. These include ei-negation, the negative form pole, as well as the omission of the translation for the German definite article. Blume likely adopted many of these innovative forms, which were atypical for contemporary Northern Estonian literary language, either to achieve suitable rhyming and rhythmic forms for his translations of ecclesiastical songs or as a result of his observations of the local population’s language usage.

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE AUXILIARY VERB ESTI IN THE LITHUANIAN PASSIVE

Author(s): Paweł Brudzyński / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2024

The prototypical passive voice in Lithuanian is an analytical construction consisting of a passive past participle and the auxiliary verb būti ‘to be’. Nowadays, the conjugation of this verb in the present tense is regular, except for the suppletive form of the third person yra, an East Baltic innovation, and historically, its original form was esti. Although the development and uses of the verb yra are well described, its development as a passive auxiliary verb has not received enough attention. The paper aims to trace the disappearance of the form esti from the function of an auxiliary verb in the passive constructions based on Old Lithuanian texts from 1547–1816, represented by prints from three historical dialects of Lithuanian.

KONTEKSTINĖ SUBSTANTYVIZACIJA AUKŠTŲJŲ MOKYKLŲ IR PROFESINIO MOKYMO ĮSTAIGŲ INTERNETO SVETAINĖSE

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2024

The article addresses the questions of contextual substantivisation based on empirical material collected from the websites of 25 Lithuanian educational institutions – higher education institutions (universities, colleges) and vocational schools. After discussing the concepts of contextual substantivisation and words used in a substantive position, the general trends of contextual substantivisation in the selected sources are reviewed, and the collected examples are analyzed. The thematic groups of words used in a substantive position are identified, and their expression is discussed. Since only adjectives and participles are substantivized on the websites analyzed, the article focuses on contextual substantivisation based solely on this part of speech and verb form. At the end of the article, the reasons for contextual substantivisation in the analyzed websites are discussed.

ODLAZAK UGLEDNIH HRVATSKIH JEZIKOSLOVACA

Author(s): Katica Krešić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2019

In memoriam Marko Samardžija (1947. – 2019.) and .Josip Silić (1934. – 2019.)

Специфика грамматических ошибок туркменских учащихся при изучении русского языка как иностранного (на материале Русского учебного корпуса)

Author(s): E. V. Grudeva,S. A. Soloveva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2025

The problem of dealing with typical grammatical errors made by foreign learners of Russian has been a continuous pursuit in the field of Russian teaching and learning. Its possible solutions include adapting educational materials to make grammar easier to digest and developing more efficient teaching strategies and methods to overcome barriers to mastering Russian grammar. This article overviews some common grammatical errors in the Russian speech of various categories of Turkmen students, identifies the causes for their occurrence, and suggests ways to prevent them. With this aim, a mixed-methods design, incorporating the corpus and statistical analysis and the descriptive method, was used. The findings revealed that marking grammatical errors in the Russian Learner Corpus expands their typology. Most of the identified morphological errors are due to typological differences between the Russian and Turkmen languages, particularly the absence of grammatical gender, as well as the lack of any mechanism for gender, number, and case agreement. Interlingual interference stands out as the main cause of grammatical errors in writing, as it hinders the acquisition of foreign grammatical structures and leads to violations of the principle of communicative appropriateness.