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Rosyjskie modele zdań ze znaczeniem żalu w konfrontacji z językiem polskim

Author(s): Zofia Czapiga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2010

The article discusses Russian sentences of the adverbial-predicative type with the meaning of mercy, with Dative of the subject, in comparison with Polish language. The main model with predicates жалко, жаль, обидно, неприятнo (N (Pron)d cop Adv) undergoes certain structural and semantic alterations: 1. N (Pron)d cop Adv Na/g; 2. (cop) Adv; 3. N (Pron)d cop Adv Inf; 4. N (Pron)a cop Adv; 5. Nn Adv Vf; 6. Adv, что... In most cases Polish material preserves this type of structures, but other models can appear as well. In such cases usually it is the type of subject that differs, not its semantic features. Russian predicates with the meaning of mercy have in Polish language, apart from lexical, also textual equivalents, e.g. another adverb (usually a synonym), adjective, noun or verb.

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О КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯХ ПОЛОЖЕНИЙ ВЕЩЕЙ

Author(s): Aleksei Prokopchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 126/2009

A number of typologies of states of affairs/situations/propositions have been proposed in the literature. Those typologies differ in many ways. In a bottom-up approach, the types of verbs/predicates as individual base elements are fi rst specifi ed in great detail. Behind each class of situations stands a class of verbs. In a top-down approach, an over-view of the system, of the type of discourse or text as phenomena of human communication and interaction is first undertaken. The analysis constitutes an attempt to show the inadequacy of the accounts using an approach to the whole as a sum of its parts.

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Ekwiwalencja polskich czasowników przyjechać, dojechać, zajechać i czasowników rosyjskich приехать, доехать, заехать

Author(s): Leokadia Strycz-Przebinda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 128/2009

The article deals with three verbs — zajechać, dojechać and przyjechać — in Polish and Russian. The meaning, syntax and — partially — word-formational character is concerned here. Although the mentioned verbs seem to be very similar in both of the languages, the meaning is not totally the same. As for Polish, in some cases they can be used alternatively in specific syntactic contexts. In Russian, however, this concerns only two of those: приехать and доехать. It’s also distinctive here that заехать does not have the basic meaning of reaching the border.The work indicates as well ways of expressing that same meaning in other Slavonic languages, those that are more similar to Western ones. Polish and Russian language are analyzed more precisely concerning meanings created by prefixes in verbs dealing with move. The way of describing these verbs in dictionaries has also been included. Леокадия Стырч-Пшебинда

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Subiekt semantyczny w rosyjskich zdaniach typu никому нельзя верить w porównaniu z językiem polskim

Author(s): Anna Rudyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 128/2009

The article deals with the way of expressing a semantic subject in Russian sentences of the type Никому нельзя верить and their Polish equivalents. The semantic subject can be conveyed explicitly in the form of the dative case. It can also appear from the context or remain unnamed due to meaning generalization or the absence of information concerning its referent. The personal flexion of the verb can express the subject in Polish translations well.

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Sind der „Relativisator“ то und die Syntax anderer Enklitika als klare Beweise für die Authentizität des Igorlieds zu werten?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2005

According to Andrej Anatol´evič Zaliznjak, the evidence for the particle to as a “relativizator”, as it is encountered in Old East Slavic texts and in particular in the Novgorod birch bark documents merely up to the first half of the 13th century, can be used as a more or less irrefutable argument for the authenticity of the Igor’s tale, where it appears once in connection with kotoryj. As linguistic knowledge about the usage of to as a “relativizator” in East Slavic has been acquired only recently, no falsificator would have allegedly been able to use kotoryj to perfectly in accordance with pre-1250 Old East Slavic syntax. A comparative view, however, as it was once initiated, but then abandoned by Zaliznjak (1981) himself, demonstrates that to as an enforcing particle and also to as a “relativizator” in particular has been widely used in other Slavonic languages. Który to as such is known to Old, Middle and Modern Polish, as well as to Middle Ruthenian. Therefore, those who believe that there are polonisms in the Igor’s tale, which prove it to be a falsification, could also use the evidence of kotoryj to in the Igor’s tale as an argument for their own purposes. The significance of the “relativizator” to, thus, seems to be limited. Analogically, the same holds true for some other syntactic arguments put forward by the Moscow linguist in his latest book, namely as regards the enclitic elements in the Igor’s tale.

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Глагольные отделяемые наречия-приставки в славянском, германском и финно-угорском как объект контактной грамматики

Author(s): Aleksandr D. Duličenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2005

The object of the study of contact grammar is those changes of linguistic elements that are influenced by the contact language. The clear example which belongs to the field of the Slavic-German-Hungarian contact grammar is the separable, adverbial by origin, prefixes of verbs. In some Slavic languages and dialects, this unusual phenomenon appeared during the lasting contacts with German. As seems, in Hungarian the development of the same phenomenon was also caused by German, and in turn it influenced neighboring Slavic dialects. In the present article, the author have studied the separable verbal prefixes of the Gradiščan dialect of Croatian, have indicated their German and Hungarian equivalents and have compiled the list of the verbs with the prefixes of this sort. The analysis resulted in the conclusion that the given adverbs not only specify the meaning of the verbs but also dominate in the coining of new words and affect syntax. The research into this most interesting problem, initiated by the prominent Hungarian scholar Laszlo Hadrovics on the basis of South Slavic material, requires the more detailed examination of the Slavic linguistic area and its history.

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Бессонница

Author(s): Mihály Péter / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2005

The рарег attempts а comparative analysis of five poems about insomnia written bу eminent Russian poets through the interval of 125 years. Performed on the rhythmic, phonic, syntactic, lexical and stylistic 1evels, the analysis displays the “narrowness of poetic space”: over and above their individual character, аll the five poems аrе based upon the Puškinian poetic principles, i.е. on the functional synthesis of different stylistic layers, the “architectonic” arrangement of phonic devices, and others. At the same time, the peculiar mental state of insomnia bringing to the surface some essential (mostly harassing or anxious) thoughts and feelings of the sleepless subject, the poems reveal deep-rooted elements of the authors’ vision of the world.

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ON THE ORIGIN OF THE DIRECTIVE CASE IN TURKIC

Author(s): John A. Erickson / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

This paper investigates the origin of suffixes in Turkic languages with forms similar to -yaru ~ -gärü and -ra —rä, -ru —rü, -ri — ri, referred to in grammars as markers of a “directive case”. There has been considerable uncertainty about the historical development of these suffixes as case markers, leading to a number of attempts to reconstruct their original form and function in both Proto-Turkic and Proto-Altaic, all of which have proven inconclusive. This study examines the problem from a new perspective. It begins with a reassessment of attempts at reconstruction, considering the various benefits and shortcomings of each approach. Then, based on morphological and syntactic data from Old Turkic, it offers a reconstruction of the original form and function of the directive case in pre-Old Turkic.

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Особености на подчинените обстоятелствени изречения в „Болгарска граматика“ на Неофит Рилски

Author(s): Aleksandra Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2017

The features of the adverbial clauses in the “Bulgarian Grammar” by Neofit Rilski are the main topic of this paper. The article studies syntactic models and structures, types of the adverbial clauses, their position in the complex sentences and the subordinating relations. The observations are based on the excerpt of syntactic material taken from “Bulgarian Grammar” by Neofit Rilski.

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TEKSTY PUBLICYSTYCZNE W PROGRAMIE KURSU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO DLA GRUPY EKONOMICZNEJ

Author(s): Grażyna Balkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2013

The article includes the review of the newest handbooks used in teaching economy and Polish in business. It justifies the need of including journalistic texts in the language course program. It also proposes a set the criteria of texts selection: currentness of the topics, connection with the area of future studies, making use of students' knowledge and language skills determined by vocabulary, syntax complexity, reality knowledge, clarity of reasoning, the manner of dispute. The article lists the positive effects of including journalistic texts. They include the broadening of students' knowledge, the development of particular language skills, the improvement in teacher-student relationship, the enhancement of motivation, and the development of students` intellectual independence. The author describes different lesson plans with the use of journalistic texts, at the same time stressing the possibility of introducing various learning strategies and techniques.

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Osobliwe konstrukcje składniowe w polszczyźnie kowieńskiego tygodnika „Chata Rodzinna” (1922–1940), analogiczne do struktur rosyjskich

Author(s): Tamara Graczykowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

The article presents the peculiar syntax structures excerpted from the weekly “Chata Rodzinna” published in Kaunas from 1922 to 1940. The language of the “Chata Rodzinna” is characteristic of numerous divergences in relation to obligatory rules of general Polish in a 20–year period between the First and Second World Wars. We can observe many differences in syntax compared to general Polish in discussed period. The most of them appeared under the influence of Russian language. Only a portion of origin syntax structures are demonstrated here; only those that were unknown at the earlier stages of the Northern Borderland Polish language. The author listed 28 peculiar syntax structures analogous to Russian structures. Almost all the features still function in the Postwar Northern Borderland Polish language. 18 structures were registered in the interwar period and only 6 in the Kaunas and Żmudzki sources.

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O pojęciu konotacji w lingwistyce (na przykładach polskich i rosyjskich)

Author(s): Elżbieta Bogdanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

The paper focuses on the notion of connotation functioning in linguistics at the level of syntax and semantics. Whereas syntactic connotation is the foundation of sentence formation within syntax connotation has two different meanings as regards semantic linguistic facts. Firstly, in opposition to denotation, it is the content corresponding to the name of the concept (logical and philosophical approach). Secondly, connotation refers to associative properties, complementary ones, in the semantic structure of the word (lexicographical-linguistic approach). Connotation within semantics is a direct application of the basic premise of cognitive linguistics, the statement that semantic description shows how speakers of the language understand a word. Therefore, the semantic structure of separate words includes both the features intuitively considered relevant, distinctive and typical of the denoted item, the ones essential for identifying words clearly, as well as connotative elements such as knowledge of irrelevant attributes that speakers bring to mind.

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Język piętnastowiecznej części psałterza floriańskiego. Składnia zdania pojedynczego

Author(s): Marek Cybulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/1993

Podmiot jest w Fl BC wyrażany przede wszystkim mianownikiem różnych części mowy. Przykładów mianownika w tej funkcji jest 936, co stanowi 98% całości. Zaledwie kilkanaście razy podmiot wyrażono w inny sposób.

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RAZVOJ ZAVISNE ATRIBUTSKE KLAUZE U BOSANSKOM JEZIKU U SREDNJOVJEKOVNIM POVELJAMA

Author(s): Zenaida Karavdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2017

The presupposed development of relative clauses went through repeating the same nouns in contiguous, but unconnected clauses, then both nouns were given the anaphoric or cataphoric pronouns, and finally the nouns or pronouns progressively were omitted from the main or dependent clause. The other possible way was turning independent questions and answers into one sentence, with transformation of question-word into a conjunction (Stecenko 1972: 219). This development of relative clauses in Bosnian language was completed before the first written monuments, where just few reminds of supposed phases of former development can be found, such as repeating the nouns, anaphoric or cataphoric pronouns, and in some cases, the relative clauses in preposition can be estimated as the remind of former questions and answers. The conjunctions of relative clauses found in charters are ki/koji, što, kto/tko, kakav, koliki, with sporadic occurrence of archaic iže and kolь. There are also implicit relative clauses and relative clauses that are introduced by object in main clause, which means that they were relatively well developed in this period.

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EKSPLIKATIVNI LOKATIV U ADNOMINALNOJ POZICIJI U BOSANSKOM, HRVATSKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Sedina Brkić-Međedović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2017

This paper will examine the semantic and syntactic description of explicative locative in the syntactic function of nominal attribute, determining its structural models and explaining the way these models function. These models are used for establishing particular examples. It shows that this prepositional case expression is semantically closely connected with qualitative locative, that the explicative locative meaning is, in fact, a subtype of qualitative meaning, and that explicative locative constructions should be described as qualitative.

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Poetyka przypowieści ewangelicznych

Author(s): Anna M. Komornicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1994

The author analyzes the evangelical parables by showing the particular features of the genre, their composition and dramatic construction, as well as the role of dialogue and the richness of the methods of style.

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“A Proverb a Day Keeps Boredom Away.” Anti-Proverbs, Twisted Proverbs, Perverbs and Other Animals

Author(s): Justyna Mandziuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

What hides behind such mysterious terms as perverbs, anti-, quasi-, and twisted proverbs? What is their status in modern paremiology? Do bona fide proverbs influence their modified versions or vice versa? Do modified proverbs belong to the proverbial family or are they completely distinct linguistic formations? These are some of the many que,stions concerning perverbs, anti-, quasi- and twisted proverbs, ubiquitous nowadays in newspapers, advertisements, cartoons, or health campaigns. As an illustration, the present paper deals with such sayings as No body is perfect; An onion a day keeps everyone away; Man proposes, mother-in-law opposes; He who laughs last, thinks slowest; Where there is a will, there is a war and others. By providing a glimpse into the goldmine of stylistic and conceptual devices used in their creation, this paper attempts to unveil the mechanisms that contribute to the emergence of the novel meanings found in modified proverbs.

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НАРАТИВНИ ПРЕЗЕНТ, ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛ И ИМПЕРАТИВ У РОМАНУ МОЈКОВАЧКА БИТКА ЋАМИЛА СИЈАРИЋА

Author(s): Bojana M. Veljović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 66/2018

The paper analyses temporally transposed present, imperative and potential mood in the novel Mojkovačka bitka by Ćamil Sijarević. The primary goal is to determine their frequency, their syntactic and semantic properties and stylistic characteristics. Since this is a prose text written in a dialect, the paper will examine to what extent the use of the given forms corresponds to their real use in the local idiom that is the foundation of the author’s and characters’ speech. The analysis has shown that narrative present has the widest semantic range as it is used for past events and for habitual actions. The potential mood is equally frequent but is used only for repeated past actions. Imperative mood is detected in a small number of examples belonging exclusively to the speech of characters. The described circumstance do not completely correspond to the real state of the Bihor and the remaining speeches of Zeta-Sjenica dialect where imperative is the basic means of expressing habituality and is more frequent than narrative potential. Finally, the analysis has revealed that all three categories have a stylistic potential. This is expected since temporal transpositions have stylistic effects which are not obligatory when verb forms are used in their primary functions.

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SINTAKTIČKA ANALIZA REČENICA S NECESITATIVNIM ZNAČENJEM U TURSKOME JEZIKU

Author(s): Mirza Bašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

The need for performing some actions can be expressed by various lexical-syntactic constructions in Turkish language, and there is no single opinion on the syntactic analysis of such examples in Turkish literature. The primary aim of the paper is to try to resolve the dilemma of how to syntactically analyze Turkish sentences with a necessitous meaning. By analyzing specific examples, it will be attempted to point out the fact of how the functional-semantic equivalents of Turkish sentences with necessitous meaning are expressed in Bosnian language.

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ANALIZË GJUHËSORE KRAHASUESE E NJË PËRRALLE ARBËRESHE NË DY VARIANTE DIALEKTORE

Author(s): Gianni Belluscio,Emilia Conforti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 36/2017

The authors propose a comparative analysis of the Italo-Albanian tale "Jugalla and orku" recorded at San Benedetto Ullano in 1967 (original version), with a new variant of the same tale recorded in San Basile in 2017 using the same text. This article aims to emphasize the differences between the two tales and the two linguistic variations by different points of view (phonetic, morphology, syntax and lexicon).

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