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Начальная пора верхнего палеолита Восточной Европы

Author(s): Mikhail V. Anikovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2000

The article gives an up-to-date overview of the earliest Upper Paleolithic sites and cultures on the Russian Plain. Special attention is paid to the oldest assemblages of the Kostenki-Borshevo area, their chronological position and industrial affinities. The final conclusion is that the archaeological and palaeoanthropological evidence available for Eastern Europe suggests acculturation of the local Mousterian people by incoming populations of anatomically modern humans.

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Раннеславянское поселение Великие Будки (Хутор)

Author(s): Valentina M. Goriunova,Vlasta E. Rodinkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/1999

The settlement near the village of Velikiye Budki in the Nedrigailovo district of the Sumy region (the North-Eastern Ukraine) is one of the largest and the most interesting sites of the Kolochin culture. It was explored in 1981-1982 by the Dnieper left bank expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was ascertained that all materials at the site divided into two groups: of the Early Roman and the Early Middle Ages periods. A number of fragments of ceramics has exact parallels on settlements and cemeteries of the Late Zarubintsy culture of the II — the beginning of the III cc. in the Seim-Donets region (fig.43:1-8). The dwelling 7 and the pits 22 and 26 also belong to the Late Zarubintsy culture. Some objects of the Ukhnovo culture which were found on the settlement of Velikiye Budki (fig. 44:14; 45:5; 43:18) may be related to this group of things, and it gives us the opportunity to raise a question about relations between Late Zarubintsy and Ukhnovo cultural-ethnic communities in the Seim basin. The majority of the finds at the site and the complexes of structures 1, 3-6 and pits 1-21, 23-25, 27-37 belong to the Kolochin culture of the V-VII cc. Only the materials from the dwelling 2 (fig. 11:1-11) have real parallels in early Pen’kovka or late Kievan antiquities of the east part of the Dnieper basin. Some finds from the settlement can give an important indication about the existence of the whole craft zone here which is related with jewelry and work of blacksmith. Among them there is a hoard conditionally related to the so-called «Hoards of Antiquities of Antes». The objects in this hoard can be divided into three groups: fragments, raw materials, finished articles (fig. 47-49). The first group includes the fragments of a large silver radiate-head fibulae and a silver anthropozoomorphic fibulae, the end of a silver neckring, two fragments of silver bracelets with thickened ends, a half of a bronze bracelet with a greatly thickened cut end, the bronze catchplate from a belt-buckle, a large lamellar decoration and also a lamellar binding and scraps of silver rolled into a ball. The second group includes pieces of a cloven silver bar, an oval pewter bar with a hole in the middle, narrow plates rolled into a spiral and wastes of pewter casting. The third group includes two small double radiate-head fibulae and over 1200 small sewn plates of different shapes. All these things date to the VI (V)-VII cc., but the date of burial of the hoard established on the base of small radiate-head fibulae is the end of the VII – the beginning of the VIII cc. And in order to determine the chronological boundaries of the existence of the whole settlement one should examine not only things of the hoard but also other dating finds from the site, such as fragments of Cherniakhov potteries (fig.43:16,17), a strap end (fig.45:2), a black glass bead (fig.45:3) etc. This investigation has made it possible to date the Kolochin period of the settlement to the second half of the V – the beginning of the VIII cc. Thus the analysis of the material shows the heterogeneous composition of the collection of Velikiye Budki. At the early Roman time it unites the Late Zarubintsy and Ukhnovo elements. The presence at the site Kolochin and Pen’kovka traditions as well as objects of Danube, Baltic and even nomadic origin at the Early Middle Ages is a result of a very difficult cultural-ethnic situation in the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the Eastern Europe during the Migration Period. Besides the long period of the existence of the Kolochin settlement allows to research the material culture of Slavonic tribes without chronological lacunae and makes the finds from the site Velikiye Budki particularly important.

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Украшения роменского времени (вторая половина VIII – конец X вв.) из Курской области

Author(s): Andrei G. Shpilev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2010

This article is the first attempt to create a corpus of adornments that existed on the territory of modern Kursk region in Romny culture time. The analysis of the collected material allowed to create rather objective picture of formation, borrowings and development of the corpus of adornments produced by Slavic tribes known as Severi, who lived in Kursk province on the banks of the rivers Seim and Upper Psiol in the second half of 8th — late 10th centuries.

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Ecclesiam de Glasinac – arheološka istraživanja na Crkvini u Bjelosavljevićima

Author(s): Aleksandar Jašarević,Snježana Antić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 46/2017

More than one century after the initially discovery, Glasinac is still one of the most important archaeological areas in the Balkans. Extensive research at Glasinac started in 1888, along with the establishment of the National Museum in Sarajevo. In the last few decades the main focus was on the interpretation of already existing, numerous, materials from more than thousand prehistoric tumulus. In addition to this, very small quantity of archaeological materials from historical periods have been published. Basically this has created a problem in understanding Glasinac as a region that was occupied by many different cultures and populations through, not just prehistoric but also historical periods. This paper presents results from rescue archaeological excavation from site Crkvine in Bjelosavljevići on Glasinac conducted from 2013–2014 and in 2017. The archaeological excavations discovered the remains of medieval church, decorated with frescoes, and 48 graves from the necropolis. The archeological sites is located on the elongated hill plateau, loosely connected in its western part to the neighboring massive. The plateau is oriented East-West with a clear view on Glasinac field and other known archaeological sites in surrounding. The church is dated based on architectural features in the first half of the 14th century. The object shows similarities with the churches from medieval Raška (Serbia), mostly built as a mausoleum for the nobility. During the late 14th century around the church a large necropolis is being formed, with characteristic Bosnian medieval tombstones – stećci. All the burial pits were cut into bedrock. The characteristic of this site are well-preserved wooden structures in graves. Some structural shapes are, for now, only known from this site. All deceased are buried in an extended position, oriented east-west, with a couple of exceptions. A greater number of children’s graves indicate a high mortality rate of this population in the Middle Ages. The children had a different funeral practice, buried in shallow pit near adults without tombstones. Some of the graves contained luxurious material and indicate to the high status of the deceased. This is also confirmed by the remains of luxurious textiles, imported most probably from Dubrovnik.

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Wczesnośredniowieczne grody nad Chodelką i ich zaplecze osadnicze

Author(s): Łukasz Miechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

In the Valley of the Chodelka River (tributary of the Vistula River) located in the west part of the Lublin region, in close proximity to each other four early medieval strongholds, dated for 8–12th c. are located. The largest of them is located in the village of Chodlik, Karczmiska municipality, founded in 8th c. It is one of the largest and oldest early Slavic defensive fortifications in Poland. In its immediate vicinity smaller strongholds were built in 8–10th c. in Żmijowiska and Kłodnica, Wilkow municipality. The last one, most likely performing the function of a watchtower castle in Podgórze, Wilków municipality is located on a high Vistula escarpment at the mouth of the Chodelka River. The article discusses issues related to the construction and support base of stronglods in  Chodelka River basin, their functions and mutual connections. An attempt was made to reconstruct the settlement transformations that took place in the region in the early Middle Ages.

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Date istorice şi arheologice de la Isaccea – Noviodunum (jud. Tulcea). Rezultate preliminare ale cercetărilor din sector Curtină 1 şi 2

Author(s): Dan Aparaschivei,George-Aurelian Bilavschi / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2009

In the eastern side of the city of Isaccea (Tulcea County) the ruins of the Roman-Byzantine fortifications of Noviodunum were identified. The settlement was located at the most important ford along the section between the bends the river makes turning to East and the Black Sea.In a large project initiated in 2000, two other research points were inaugurated in 2007 and 2008, C1 (Curtina 1) and C2 (Curtina 2), in accordance with the scientific project from previous years. Thus, between the TA (Tower A) and TC (Corner Tower), just at halfway (about 15 m from the two towers discovered in prior excavations), sections C1 andC2 were drawn, having the dimensions of 4 × 20 m, respectively, 3 × 20 m, oriented roughly NE–SW. According to the objectives outlined and brought into operation from previous campaigns, in 2008 the work of uncovering the walls of the Roman-Byzantine and Late Byzantine fortifications continued, on its southern side. Research objectives set for this sector were to clear up over the technique of construction of the precincts, to identify the chronological sequence of steps for restoration work and constructive activity from the inside and outside of the fortress and to connect the present architectural elements with the situations arising in the other investigated sectors. Together with the collection of an impressive quantity of ceramics, terracotta and tiles, few other artifacts were also recovered, consisting in objects of adornment (bracelets made by braided metal wires or glassy paste, beads, bells etc.), small fragments of colored glass, pieces of various household objects, several types of bone artifacts decorated by incision, coins (Roman-Byzantine, Byzantine, Tatar or Genoese-Tatar), nails, spikes, cramps etc.

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Beitrag zur Anthropologie Spätrömischer bis Spätmittelalterlicher Bevölkerungen Jugoslawiens

Author(s): Živko Mikić / Language(s): German Issue: 22/1984

U priloženom radu je učinjen pokušaj, prvo, da se na jednom mestu sakupi i interpretira sav antropološki materijal istorijskih perioda Jugoslavije prikupljen i publikovan zaključno sa 1982. godinom i, drugo, da se uz pomoć multivarijabilnih biostatističkih metoda dobije slika o antropološkoj strukturi i etnogenezi stanovništva od rimskog perioda do kasnog srednjeg veka. Tematski, ovaj rad je zapravo nastavak studije o stanju i problemima fizičke antropologije praistorijskih perioda na tlu Jugoslavije. Jedan od glavnih ciljeva ostao je praćenje mikroevolutivnih procesa, pre svega procesa brahikranizacije i dinarizacije stanovništva — paralelnih bioantropoloških procesa najkarakterističnijih za antropogenezu na Balkanskom poluostrvu. Tu, svakako, spada i proces metizacije autohtonog stanovništva sa različitim doseljenicima (npr., romanska retorta, seoba naroda, slovenska ekspanzija). Osnovu za ovu studiju čine 42 raspoložive antropološke serije (pojedinačni nalazi zbog metodoloških pravila nisu uzeti u obzir, a sem toga oni svojim brojem predstavljaju sasvim zanemarljiv deo) sa ukupno oko 5000 individualnih skeleta, od čega je autor obradio 17 serija sa oko 2000 individua (lokaciju videti na karti I). Za razumevanje i diferenciranje elnogenetskih i antropogenelskih procesa neophodno je u najkraćim crtama osvrnuti se na ključne istorijske elemente pomenutog razdoblja (prema Istoriji Jugoslavije, Beograd 1972). Da rezimiramo, jedna od najstarijih etničkih poznatih grupa na teritoriji Jugoslavije bili su Hiti, tj. plemenski savez nastao pretežno u zapadnom delu Balkanskog poluostrva. Vrlo brzo je došlo do neprijateljskih odnosa sa Rimskim Carstvom, pri čemu su Iliri bili poraženi. Osvojene su najpre seveme oblasti istočne jadranske obale, a u nastavku ratovanja — za vreme vladavine Oktavijana Avgusta — ćelo Balkansko poluostrvo je postalo deo Rimske Imperije. Na početku velike suprotnosti između balkanskih starosedelaca i rimskih pridošlica vremenom su se izmenile, tako da je iz antagonizma stvorena jedna vrsta simbioze. Jezik i kultura starosedelaca su, na određen način uključeni u rimsku svakodnevnicu na Balkanu i obrnuto. Stanovnici provincija služili su u rimskoj vojsci, tako da su veliki deo svog života provodili na granicama Carstva, šireći u isto vreme rimski način života i kulturu uopšte. rojevima od 1 do 17), polna pripadnost individualnih skeleta je određivana na osnovu 21 polno-morfološkog elementa na lobanji i postkranijalnom skeletu (1. tuber frontale et parietale, 2. glabela — arcus supercilialis, 3. processus mastoydeus, 4. protuberantia occipitalis externa, 5. squama occipitalis, 6. margo supraorbitalis, 7. arcus zygomaticus, 8. faciès malaris, 9. corpus mandibulae, 10. trigonum mentale, 11. angulus mandibulae, 12. capitulum mandibulae, 13. angulus pubis, 14. pelvis maior, 15. pelvis minor, 16. foramen obturatum, 17. incisura ischiadica maior, 18. sacrum, 19. caput femoris, 20. femur-linea asperae i 21. clavicula). Kod nepotpuno očuvanih skeleta pol je određivan na osnovu očuvanih primarnih elemenata na karlici, lobanji i femuni. Kod određivanja individualne starosti dece (do oko 14 godina života) primenjivana je lista po Kronfeldu (1954). Za period života od 15 do 21, odnosno do 23 godine korišćeni su dijagrami Wolf-Heideggera (1954). Za određivanje smrtnosti odraslih osoba korišćeni su kombinovani klasični metodi (obliteracija šavova Iobanjskog svoda, kompaktnost mase spongioze u glavama femura i humerusa, površinska struktura karličnih simfiziona (naročito važno kod ženskog pola), kao i atricija gornje krunične površine zuba-molara). Iz rimskog perioda potiče svega 6 antropološki obrađenih serija iz Jugoslavije. Brojem su nešto bogatije serije ranog srednjeg veka, koje u osnovi prezentiraju predslovensko stanovništvo. Dendrogram 12 pokazuje koeficijente međusobne sličnosti tog stanovništva na osnovu Penroseove distance. Razgranatost klastera nije signifikantna, nego, naprotiv — relativna homogenost. Svega nekoliko rastojanja parova povezano je na nivou najveće sličnosti, konkretno ispod 2,00: Između serije Ptuj 1946, s jedne strane, Grudine-Čipulić i Nin-Ždrijac, s druge strane, zatim između Radolišta i Svetog Erazma. Skala rastojanja se praktično završava kod koeficijenta 0,720. Jedini izuzetak predstavlja serija iz Daraž- Bošnjaka, koja stoji jako izolovano. Relativno je bogat skeletni materijal iz perioda kasnog srednjeg veka, koji obuhvata pretežno slovenske, ali i druge starosedelačke grupe. Odgovarajući dendrogram (13) ocrtava ispod kritičnog koeficijenta (ispod .200) serije Viminacium- Nad lugom, Sombor i Sentu. Optički posmatrano, u istom dendrogramu jasno se razlikuju dva supklastera. Prvi obuhvata Dobraču (1), Vrbas (2), Brestovik (5), Kalemegđan 1972 (12); drugi Rašku Gora (3), Viminacium-Nad Lugom (6), Sombor (7), Sentu (13), Vinču (4), Pavlovac (8), Kuline (9) i Glavicu (10). Sasvim izolovano mesto zauzima serija Kalemegđan 1968, a koja je pripisana mongoloidima (Mađarima). Kao što je u uvodu već napomenuto, jedan od ciljeva ovoga rada je, svakako, pokušaj tumačenja procesa brahikranizacije. Zbog toga bi se trebalo ukratko osvrnuti i na antropološke nalaze praistorijskih perioda. Još početkom ovog stoleća utvrđeno je da se između seveme i južne Evrope prostire jedan pojas »kratkoglavog stanovništva«. Prema kartama rasprostranjenosti karakterističnih kombinacija osobina (Ripley, Biasutti, Struck) , ovaj pojas recentnog stanovništva zahvata jugoistočnu Francusku, južnu Nemačku, oblast Alpa kao i oblast dinarskih planina u Jugoslaviji. Taj pojas kratkoglavog stanovništva (alpskog i dinarskog tipa) prvi put je u prošlosti pouzdano identifikovan na nalazima iz"perioda gvozdenog doba što je autor i utvrdio u ovoj studiji. Sasvim je pouzdano da je jedan centar brahikranizacije postojao i na Balkanskom poluostrvu. Ali, pojedinačno nađene brahikrane lobanje, npr. sa teritorije Jugoslavije, vezuju se i za ranije praistorijske epohe, konkretno za protoneolitske i neolitske serije u Đerdapu. Zatim se nešto kasnije pojavljuju u starčevačkim slojevima u Vinči kod Beograda i u slojevima II—IV u Smilčiću na jadranskoj obali. U mlađem neplitu i eneolitu Jugoslavije brahikrane lobanje, s obzirom na sadašnji stupanj istraženosti, nisu utvrđene. Uopšte uzevši, ovi periodi su vrlo slabo zastupljeni antropološkim nalazima. Sasvim jasno, u bronzanom dobu na Balkanskom poluostrvu dolazi do izražaja proces brahikranizacije i uporedo dinarizacije. Počeci ovog procesa verovatno sežu u dublju prošlost, koja se, međutim, na sadašnjem stupnju istraženosti ne može sasvim pouzdano odrediti. S druge strane, i etničke pođele na Balkanu poprimaju pouzdane kriterij ume u bronzanom dobu. Sasvim globalno interpretirano, zapadni delovi su nastanjeni ilirskim, a istočni tračkim etno-kulturnim grupacijama. Razlike na dijagramu ispoljene između severnih i južnih jugoslovenskih oblasti u sklopu brahikranizacionog procesa mogle bi da ocrtavaju i etno-istorijske razlike. Naime, severne jugoslovenske oblasti (iznad Save i Dunava) manje su brahikrane od južnih, što može da bude posledica činjenice da je germansko, avarsku i kasnije slovensko naseljavanje u ravničarskim oblastima bilo intenzivnije. Nasuprot ovakvoj situaciji, u južnim planinskim oblastima udeo autohtonog stanovništva (dinarskog antropološkog tipa) u daljem antropo- i etnogenetskorn razvoju u pravcu recentnog stanovništva daleko je viši nego u prethodnom slučaju.

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Compoziția chiturilor istorice întrebuințate la etanșarea vitraliilor. Istoric și degradări.

Author(s): Angela Horvath,Răzvan Gavrilă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2019

The use of leaded light cement / glazing putty has a relatively recent and little-known history especially during the first years. Its composition had changed over the centuries, depending on the specific raw materials used in production. The degradation process involves complex components interactions that have not yet been completely characterized. Mechanical properties confirm the non-structural function for which the putty/cement sealant is designed. The basic cleaning methods have been „preserved” from one historical period to another, most of them being aggressive and dangerous procedures. New rules regarding the limitation of VOCs exposure/inhalation of the conservators and their emissions into the environment affects the range of solvents that still can be used. Finding an alternative to the traditional solvents for stained glass deglazing and lead putty/cement removal is the intention of our research and the results will be presented in a future material.

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Studiu pentru un proiect de restaurare. Biserica Sf. Ilie - Suceava

Author(s): Tereza Sinigalia / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2019

The church St. Elias in Suceava is a foundation of the prince Stephen the Great /Stefan cel Mare from 1488. It was painted around 1490, the inside paintings respecting the iconographic programme typical for the mural ensembles from the reign of this ruler. There are some peculiarities of the paintings of the nave: on the northern wall, The Virgin in the Deisis has a royal crown on her chef, the whole composition being named ”The Quin is standing on Yours right side”. The Votive picture occupies the southern part of the west wall and the contiguous of the southern. Composition is typical for the group of the founders during the reign of Stephen the Great. He offers the model of the church to Christ by the intercession of St. Elias, its patron. The prince is followed by Alexander, his elder son, nominated heir of the throne, died in July 1496. On a visible new preparation is painted Bogdan-Vlad, Stephan’s younger son Bogdan-Vlad, and after him, Princess Maria Voichița, his mother. The repainting of the surface with the figure of Bogdan is explained by his new political position, after 1496, when he was nominated heir of the Moldavian throne. On the original layer Bogdan was only a child. The theme dominating the narthex is the illustration of the Vita of Saint Elias, patron of the church, as usually in Stephan’s s time. On the south façade, damaged, metropolitan bishop of Moldavia, Varlaam (1632 – 1653) is represented at the lower part of the Ladder of St. John Climacus, and a written inscription gives his name: ”Varlaam Bishop Metropolitan of Suceava”. The restoration of the paintings is in progress now.

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Pictura murală de la Gura Motrului

Author(s): Elena Murariu,Bogdan Bratu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2019

The research and the restoration of the mural painting from Gura Motrului have advanced in every room of the church and thus it is necessary to bring forward some new observations regarding the inscriptions, the church’s painters and the restoration problems that have occurred. Regarding the identity of the painters, the restorer Bogdan Bratu has identified in the porch a new Brâncovenesc inscription, complementary to the one in the prosthesis, contains names of the painters involved in the original decoration project, a discovery which confirms our hypothesis on the existence of another important painter named Pârvu, other than Pârvu Mutu, namely Pârvu Fălcoianu. Also, this inscription proves that the painter Andrei was Greek. Key

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Considerente teoretice asupra cercetării stratigrafice realizate la parietalul bisericii de lemn din Plopiș – Maramureș Ioan

Author(s): Ioan Darida / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2019

The article integrates the research results of the conservation-restoration interventions from the wooden church in Plopiș township, Maramureș county. The research was part of the conservationrestoration project and focused on identifying the optimal methodological approach in order to uncover the original mural decoration present underneath the superposed historical whitewash layers and modern wall finishing materials. A series of stratigraphic tests were carried out aiming to identify the original layer of the interior mural decoration. The results of the tests highlighted the presence of fragments from the original painted mural decoration, partly preserved under the layers of whitewash. The test results contributed to the development of an archaeological approach of the methodological removal of the whitewash layers.

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Restaurarea icoanei Maica Domnului Hodighitria

Author(s): Maria-Valentina Dudu,Ioan Darida / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

An object exposed in a microclimate averse to conservation can be a challenge for the specialists involved in its salvage. The icon representing the case study was probably kept for decades in a wall niche, strongly affected by humidity. The inappropriate interventions carried out in time and the biologic evolution added up to the deterioration causes of the icon. The complexity of the diagnostic required an adapted intervention methodology with some changes in the classical order of the operations, repeated recursions and adjustment of common solutions.

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Intervenție de urgență la Biserica Sfântul Nicolae din satul Gherdeal, județul Sibiu

Author(s): Cristina Maria Dăneasă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

The church from Gherdeal, Sibiu County, faces an exceptional acceleration of degradations due to some inadequate interventions of roof changing, the whole structure being covered with inappropriate materials. Its condition worsens from one season to another, requiring emergency interventions to stop one of the major degradation factors of historical monuments – rainwater infiltrations. Recent interventions took place with help from specialists and volunteers for the restoration of the tile roof, for the study and preventive/active conservation interventions of the mobile heritage, for the sanitization of the interior and the surrounding vegetation of the church.

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Conservarea și restaurarea tabloului votiv al familiei Manu de la biserica din Popești-Leordeni

Author(s): Maria Coltofean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

The detachment of the murals from Popesti-Leordeni church was an extreme case meant to salvage some of the artistic components of an architectural assembly severely damaged by the 1977 earthquake. The detachment was done by the specialists of the Historic Monuments Committee, during the consolidation interventions of the architectural structure. The central part of the votive painting represents the founder Mihail Manu, as painted by Nicolae Polcovnicu. This pictural motif proves the co-existence of laic and religious, a connection that conferred a constant and specific continuity to the Romanian space. The composition is static, with fine personalized portraits reminding of the early 19th century easel painting finicality. The fragment underwent extensive conservation and restoration operations within the Conservation-Restoration Department of the National University of Arts in Bucharest. The most difficult operations were the consolidation of the painting layer and its transfer on a new support. The mural painting fragment is the property of the Bucharest Municipality Museum and exhibited at Sutu Palace since July 2018.

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Recuperarea picturii originale de sec. XVI de la Biserica Mănăstirii Coșula

Author(s): Maria-Magdalena Drobotă,Carmen Cecilia Solomonea,Oliviu Boldura / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2018

The conservation-restoration intervention of the mural painting from inside the church and outside, highlighted the historical values identified with this occasion.Even form the early stage of the project, the stratigraphic research reveald that under the 19th century oil painting exists an older one from the XVI century executed „a fresco.”The aim of our methodology was to identify and extend the surfaces with this important painting executed „a fresco”, as well as to present archaeological details of the first decoration that describes through painting the presence of the bricks. Also, the article explains why some areas remained with oil painting.The aestetic concept persued two aspects: conservation of all historical stages and integration of various types of degradation into the techniques specific to the restoration.

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PREGLED ARHEOLOŠKIH ISTRAŽIVANJA POVIJESNE JEZGRE GRADA VARAŽDINA

Author(s): Jere Drpić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 30/2019

The core of the city of Varaždin is defined as a space that was surrounded with town’s graveyards and fortifications, by the 19th century, together with the site of the Old City fortress. Archaeological researches in this area were possible to divide into three main periods, in chronological order and in terms of performance intensity. The period before and during World War II (Filić’s research), then the period after the World War II and the period after 1993 The first period is characterized by the very beginning of excavation, since 1938 until 1943 when in the territory ofthe fortress the Old Town, under the direction of Krešimir Filić, was excavated in the area, due to the need of landscaping around the Old Town. The next period after the World War II was the time of stagnation of archaeological research in the city and it was marked by only two major archaeological researches in the city’s territory; research of the so-called Brvnara (log cabin) on today’s Franciscan Square in 1954 and 1962/63 year, probe in the inner courtyard of the Old Town fortress, led by B. Vikić from the Zagreb Archaeological Museum. The rest were only minor probes around the fort, architectural character in 1970/71 and sporadic rescue interventions of the curators of the Varaždin City Museum on locations within the city; in the 1966. Kukuljevićeva street, and in 1984 at the “Varteks” department store in the very center of the town. In the last period, since 1993, when two major archaeological excavations occur in the city (Blažekova street and corner of Šenoina street and Pavlinska street), archeological surveys and research intensified, with well supporting documentation. In that way, a total of 24 locations investigated within the city have been documented up to today, while the area within the territory of the fortress of the Old City during this period, was investigated on multiple archaeological probes, on 6 occasions.

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Thomas Biller: Die mittelalterlichen Stadtbefestigungen im deutschsprachigen Raum

Author(s): Tomasz Torbus / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2018

Review of: Thomas Biller: Die mittelalterlichen Stadtbefestigungen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Ein Handbuch. Teil 1: Systematischer Teil; Teil 2: Topographischer Teil. Philipp von Zabern. Darmstadt 2016, 359 S., Ill., Kt.; 360 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-8053-4975-8. (€ 129,–.). Reviewed by Tomasz Torbus.

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Familienfotos als Quelle zur memelländischen Geschichte 1944-1960

Author(s): Ruth Leiserowitz / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2017

There are still to this day a large number of gaps in post-war Memel history in the Lithuanian SSR due to the fact that the subject was neglected prior to 1989 for ideological reasons. Until then, the history of German minorities had remained taboo along with accounts of the mass emigration out of the USSR. As part of a survey and collection project, the Institute of Baltic History and Archaeology in Klaipėda collated private image sources that contain material relating to cultural and social spheres within the investigation period, with the aim of closing and discussing historiographical gaps. The photographs document private strategies that existed beneath the level of large-scale political decision-making. They provide insights into recreational past times, religious customs, private environments as well as relationships between genders and generations. A further theme highlighted by the collection is the mass emigration movement that took place from 1958 to 1960. In the second section of the text, specific images are introduced and discussed. The aim of including these concrete examples is to demonstrate the extent to which private photographs may qualify as objective factual sources in developing our understanding of everyday social history.

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Considerații geografice privind geneza orașului medieval în Moldova Centrală

Author(s): Cătălin Iulian Hriban / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The emergence and evolution of medieval towns and cities in the central region of Moldavia has its peculiarities, which are mainly due to location, acces to resources and ease of communication. All of these may be explained either by geographical settings or by historical constraints shaped by geography and topography. The paper summarizes the main issues that can be approached from the point of view of historical geography, wiz. medievalsources (narrative and cartographical, including explanations of this process, as given by early authors) and primary utilizations of geographical data in establishing patterns of emergence and evolution of medieval Moldavian towns.

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Источники для образа Афродиты у Эмпедокла

Author(s): Anna Afonasina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

Empedocles uses two forces to describe the world process, the emergence and destruction of space - Love and Strife, which work in turn, and in due time, replace each other. It is obvious that love is responsible for unification and creation, and hostility for division and destruction. At first glance it seems quite natural that it is the power of unification that Empedocles calls Aphrodite. However, when you look closely at the fragments of the poem, the image of Aphrodite is not so unambiguous: she acts as a god-craftsman, that is, not just watches from afar as the roots of things are connected to each other, but mixes them with her own hands and is directly involved in the creation of living beings. We meet her involved in such activities as metal casting, pottery, and artwork. This naturally leads to the question from where did she get so many different functions? To answer this question, one should turn to literary sources about Aphrodite both before and after Empedocles’ life (in the context of Homer’s epos and Hesiod’s poem), consider the religious tradition of Cyprus and especially the East, neighboring Greece, from where, in the opinion of some scientists, the goddess could get into the Mediterranean cultural landscape (most important study here is the work by Nano Marinatos), to study archaeological data and findings related to Aphrodite. Taking into account Empedocles’ interest to bloodless sacrifices I will try to tie his views with the later orphic tradition. At the same time, in order to protect myself from losing the way in the forest of such huge massif it is necessary to restrict the area of this study. I will concentrate only on the activities of Aphrodite as she is presented in Empedocles.

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