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Ludic role of religious rituals

Ludic role of religious rituals

Author(s): Tudor Cosmin Ciocan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This paper was made as part of a wider research I made about rituals and their meaning and roles they are playing in the religious system of thinking. The way they are thought, displayed, precisely followed as instructed and believed, makes them a powerful social act that has been always provided by any religion, and also a tool for religion to make the human society what it is today. After I speak about what is a ritual and its religious content in general, I am enumerating roles and functions of play and theatre in particular have, both for profane and religious purpose. Do we still use play/games as adults because they are rewarding, they give us pleasure? They are used as means of relaxation, or for continuing the age of childhood; or it is in our nature to play games in everything we do? In this paper I have emphasized play as adaptive potentiation or adaptive variability useful both in therapy, as in religious ceremony. The relation and comparison of rituals with play is due to the fact that playing is the most engaging behavior performed by man and animals, and it can be found as foundation of almost any ritualist activity.

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A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma: Deception, Truth and Modernism

A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma: Deception, Truth and Modernism

Author(s): Roland Boer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This article deals with the widespread assumption that a significant collection of texts known as the Bible is inherently ‘deceptive’. That is, the Bible does not – it is assumed – say what was ‘really’ going on in the ancient world. The truth, therefore, must be found by going behind or beneath the text (the spatial metaphors should be noted). Here the real story may found, through archaeology or reading the text against itself. This approach may be described as a modernist ‘depth model’, in which the surface attempts to conceal the truth, while the truth itself must be found by going around the surface text. This remains a dominant approach in biblical criticism. However, it cannot be understood without earlier and indeed, in some quarters, current assumptions concerning the realist nature of the text. In this case, the text reflects in a reasonably trustworthy fashion the context of the text, if not the ideological assumptions and positions of the putative authors. Modernist ‘depth models’ may then be seen as attempts to respond to realist assumptions. A third moment is what could be called postmodern: in this case, the distance between surface and depth is challenged, so that the various possibilities become equal contestants for the dominant position. This entails a shift away from the assumption of a singular truth of the text, characteristic of both realist and modernist assumptions, to the understanding of multiple truth claims – not as relative but as absolutes that permit other absolutes. The argument emphasises that these approaches should be seen as dialectically related to one another, rather that mutually exclusive approaches.

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Kultura czasu, kultura życia, czyli czym jest Szabat?

Kultura czasu, kultura życia, czyli czym jest Szabat?

Author(s): Justyna Łapaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: XIII/2015

The article discusses some aspects related to the handling of the Sabbath, and its symbolism. The author has focused on approximate basic principles and an explanation of some of them, in order to familiarize the reader with the idea of the Sabbath, as well as, it’s position in Judaism. There were also raised some doubts and obstacles faced by persons, who would like to faithfully observe all of the Sabbath rules.

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The sersera of the guembri: anthropological approach to the device in the context of Gnawa diasporas in Brussels and Morocco

The sersera of the guembri: anthropological approach to the device in the context of Gnawa diasporas in Brussels and Morocco

Author(s): Martina Hanáková,Itzana Dobbelaere,Hélène Sechehaye / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (30)/2016

In Gnawa music, the three-stringed lute called guembri plays a central role. According to Sum (2012, p. 52), “the guembri attracts the mluk (supernatural entities summoned in gnawa ceremonies) by sounding their musical identities, effectively sounding their names (...), (as well as) calling on the adept (...). Upon arrival of the spirit, the guembri, as the adept, becomes possessed.” The guembri is equipped with a detachable idiophone consisting of metal loops or rings fixed around the edges of a metal sheet, inserted into the neck. This device, called the sersera, is mostly audible during solo moments. It has been often noticed, or briefly described (Baldassarre 1999), but never analyzed in detail. However, it seems important for us to include the sersera in the analysis of the status, meaning and roles of the guembri timbre. Taking it into consideration will provide a new approach leading to better understanding of many facets of the instrument, including its cultural value. The sersera was used before and it is still made and carried by musicians, but nowadays it is barely employed either in Morocco or in Belgium. Through confrontation of the acoustical analysis and the information found in literature with the musicians’ experience, this paper tries to find the reasons of this obsolescence.

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Ружа Нейкова. Етнокултурни паралели по пътя на старите българи в Балкано-Кавказкото пространство и Поволжието. София: Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“/ Фондация „Тангра ТанНакРа“, 2015
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Ружа Нейкова. Етнокултурни паралели по пътя на старите българи в Балкано-Кавказкото пространство и Поволжието. София: Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“/ Фондация „Тангра ТанНакРа“, 2015

Author(s): Veselka Toncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Book Review

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Co kultura popularna zrobiła z Żydem Wiecznym Tułaczem? Współczesne renarracje legendy o Ahaswerze.

Co kultura popularna zrobiła z Żydem Wiecznym Tułaczem? Współczesne renarracje legendy o Ahaswerze.

Author(s): Szymon Makuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The main purpose of the article is an analysis of the ways of existence of the Wandering Jew character in contemporary culture. Considerations include literary texts, movies, comic books and computer games. In the 20th and 21th century this motif is still present in pop culture, and the apocrypha is very interesting material for many reinterpretations and renarrations. The analysis is based on two types of narration – “biblical” and “non biblical.” The first group includes works where the Wandering Jew participates in the suffering of Jesus and has a possible impact on the course of events. The second group includes works where the Wandering Jew does not participate in life and death of Jesus; however, characters have his name or there are references to the legend.

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ORTAÇAĞ’DA ŞARAP TİCARETİ, MEYHANELER VE BUNLARA GETİRİLEN KISITLAMALAR

Author(s): Ahmet N. Özdal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2016

Islam, unlike other religions, prohibited alcohol consumption, its production and trade. This prohibition accelerated the production and trade of nebiz (non alcohol), must and soft-drink around Islamic geography. On the other hand, production of alcoholic drink sometimes continued secretively and sometimes not. Publicly wine production was generally associated with whether the producers are Muslims or not. Substantial numbers of wine producers in Persian region were magi. Christians (Assyrian and Armenians, etc…) in Southeastern Anatolia, Iraq and Syria, and Jews and Coptic Christians in Egypt have taken this job. It is possible that the publicly consumption was related to cultural habits. During the Medieval, wine was mostly consumed in some Persian regions, Mediterranean coasts, and great and crowded cities such as Baghdad and Cairo. The taverns were businesses that presented alcoholic drinks and other services for entertainments along with costumers’ tastes. In some periods, the governing authority released activities of tavern likebusinesses without ignoring the advantages offered (high portion of tax revenue). However, such kind of businesses were always open to intervention of public outrage or under personal savings of sovereign who was sincerely depended on his religion.

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MODERN TÜRK TARİHÇİLİĞİNDE TÜRKLERİN MÜSLÜMAN OLUŞU

Author(s): M. Serkan Taflioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

In the social and the humanitarian sciences, throughout the historical process, presenting the concepts and the facts is one of the most hard issue. The core reason of this meanwhile studying the facts and the concepts are evaluated in varied perspectives. Convertion Turks to Islam is not an exception.Convertion of Turks in such a extensive area occured afterwards hundred years. Perception and discourse of the Historians in transfering the knowledge to the generations are vital. In our study we try to set forth How the contemporary Turkish historians analyze the convertion of Turks.

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İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÖĞRETMENLİK MESLEĞİNE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARI

Author(s): Nurten Kimter / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

The objective of this study is to determine the attitudes of teacher candidates enrolled at the Theology faculty theology and IDKAB departments with regard to teaching profession thus contributing to the factors that should be taken into account to educate qualified teachers of religion. Sample scanning method and survey method were used to determine the attitudes of students with regard to teaching profession. “Personal Information Form” and “Attitude Scale Towards Teaching Profession” were used as data acquisition tools. The data acquired as a result of the study carried out during the 2014 Fall semester were analyzed via SSPS 18.0 package software and arithmetic mean, frequency distribution, t-test, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA), Tukey HSD and Dunnett C tests were applied. As a result of the study carried out on 292 female and male students, it was observed that the level of having positive attitude towards teaching profession was quite high for all teacher candidates. In addition, in consequence of the study it is determined that there were significant levels and no significant levels of differences in university students' attitudes averages towards teaching profession according to the socio-cultural and demographic variables

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Funkcje toposu Szatana we współczesnym polskim dyskursie religijnym

Funkcje toposu Szatana we współczesnym polskim dyskursie religijnym

Author(s): Marzena Makuchowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

In the contemporary Polish Catholic discourse one can notice increased presence of figure of Satan and Biblical topos of his fight with God. The figure appears not only in strictly religious texts but also in discussion on up to date phenomenon of social life, such as abortion, in-vitro fertilization, homosexual partnerships and others. The article is trying to answer the question about functions of this topos. The answer is being searched with usage of sociological findings on the role of language in religion and the role of religion in social life – both issues are discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter, based on fragments from catholic press, presents ways of language construction of analyzed figure. The third chapter focuses on four functions of the topos. The first one is to support religious vision of the world; the second is to strengthen so called nomos, which is the conjunction of rules on which the society is based; the next two functions have rhetorical, persuasive character. The Biblical topos is a kind of a rhetorical formula, which enables in an easy and simple way to explain and to judge the reality but at the same time it gives a very schematic and simplified picture.

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La visión del terrorismo en “Las cloacas del paraíso” de Jorge Díaz

La visión del terrorismo en “Las cloacas del paraíso” de Jorge Díaz

Author(s): Anna Werman / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2016

The present article outlines the problem of terrorism in “The Sewers of Paradise” by Jorge Diaz. Moving it to the current times, the play uses the Biblical myth of Cain and Abel, however, with a completely changed original meaning. The world presented in the play is full of absurd situations highlighting an individual’s incomprehension of the events that shape today’s socio‑political scene. Díaz questions the ethics of the current world, emphasizing the following problems: the religious intolerance, authority abuse, opportunist manipulation, xenophobia, discrimination of women, conformism and solitude of the individual lost in a cruel and hostile universe. Generally, the work investigates the concept of terrorism and shows its complexity. The model of the “triangle of violence” by Johan Galtung is used here. Diaz presents the phenomenon of aggression in terms of structural, cultural and direct violence.

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SUBSTANŢA EPICĂ A LEGENDEI VÂNĂTORII RITUALE A ANIMALULUI-CĂLĂUZĂ LA TRIBURILE EURASIATICE ŞI LA POPOARELE ÎNVECINATE DIN EVUL MEDIU

Author(s): Victor Spinei / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2014

The legendary cycle of the ritual hunt of the so-called guiding animal (das wegweisende Tier, l’animal-guide) benefited from an ample diffusion in space and time, as it was identified among numerous ethnic groups within Europe and Asia, in Antiquity and in theMiddle Ages, sometimes with unblurred echoes in the subsequent eras. The myths circumscribed to this thematic conglomerate do not represent a simple episode within the current ritual practices, but they embody insightful connections with the overall ancestral religious beliefs, with implacable demographic restructurings and with profoundly meaningful political moments. The essence of the legends related to the ritual hunt of the guiding-animal consisted of pursuing and even sacrificing a wild mammal (more rarely a domestic one), by a human community, led by the animal towards a convenient place. In this place, an important settlement, a city, a house of worship, a state body or one that provided appropriate standards of living was founded. Either the animal was tracked down within a hunting enterprise, or the animal itself assumed the guidance of a community; the latter accepted this position because it felt that it would be profitable for its destiny. The purpose of involving the animal in the life of the human group was to help it get out of a precarious condition and to offer it better standards of living. Hence, the larval state, without any horizon, was surpassed and a preponderant position within the terrestrial universe was acquired. The animal in question was endowed with condescendence, with an infallible sense of orientation and a miraculous force, which induces the idea that it was an emissary of the divinity. Although ritual-hunt legends were created in several places of the world, one cannot exclude influences and borrowings – mostly concerning details – among neighbouring communities, stimulated mostly by the migration of human masses and by the improvement of the commercial, confessional or other types of relations. As the migratory waves crossed transcontinental routes and they adopted foreign idioms, going through acculturation, confessional proselytism and activating other complex interconnection networks, they transferred and proliferated customs, myths and rituals of highly diverse origins. That, all the more as humankind has never and nowhere had an evolution with autarchic attributes.

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История и культура «польских» староверов в исследованиях последних лет.

История и культура «польских» староверов в исследованиях последних лет.

Author(s): Helena Pociechina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 150/2015

The study of language, history and culture of the Old Believers are taught for years after World War II in various Polish research centers and universities — in Warsaw, Toruń and Olsztyn. In recent years, with financial support from the National Science Centre researches were started that have a new methodological character and join in one team both the experienced and young researchers. The conclusions of the study will contribute to the development of new fields of the humanities: cultural anthropology, history and sociology of culture, and philology in its broadest sense. The article deals with the problem and the results of two projects carried out in 2011–2013 by the research team of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.

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THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANCISCAN ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN TERRITORIES (17th CENTURY): MISSIONARY APPROACHES
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THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANCISCAN ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN TERRITORIES (17th CENTURY): MISSIONARY APPROACHES

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper studies the missionary strategies of the Observant Franciscans in the European part of the Ottoman Empire and those of the friars from Bosna Argentina Province in particular. The Bosnian Franciscan mission in the Bulgarian lands and the evangelization endeavors of the Bosnian and Bulgarian friars among the so-called Paulicians is in the focus of the research. A brief account of the missionaries’ relations with the Orthodox and Muslim population is also given. These issues are situated in the context of both the Franciscan Order’s missionary traditions and the implementation of the Catholic reforms in the Early Modern Period.

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IN-BETWEEN EMPIRES: NIKOLA STANISLAVICH, BISHOP OF NIKOPOL AND APOSTOLIC ADMINISTRATOR OF OLTENIA (1725 – 1739)
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IN-BETWEEN EMPIRES: NIKOLA STANISLAVICH, BISHOP OF NIKOPOL AND APOSTOLIC ADMINISTRATOR OF OLTENIA (1725 – 1739)

Author(s): Radu Nedici / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The emergence of the Habsburg Monarchy as a major player on the Lower Danube in the late-seventeenth century created new opportunities for the Catholic communities in the Balkans. Focusing on the career of Nikola Stanislavich and on his efforts to persuade both the emperor and the pope to support his plans for revitalizing Catholicism in Oltenia, this article aims at a comparative understanding of the environment under which missionaries operated in the territories that changed hands between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs. The slow pace of negotiations for acknowledging full jurisdiction over Oltenia, the tensions that characterized the relationship of the bishop with the Franciscan friars there, together with the fact that Catholics remained a minority in the province meant that the initial expectations were never met.

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Motivul Avestiței în demonologia populară românească

Motivul Avestiței în demonologia populară românească

Author(s): Petru Adrian Danciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Our research follows the demonic perspective on Avestiția′s activity and life. Considered today as a demonic character, she is highlighted by an activity defined almost exclusively against the killing of a pregnant woman or a baby, through appearances that cause fright (the disease called samcă) and the disfigurement of the "touched" by the demon. Because her history is unknown, the recent popular tradition has made one, Avestiția being the sister of Saint Sisoe, a murderer of children, and hence the generation of his witchcraft activity, which is why she is punished by her brother and by Archangel Michael. Newer theories claim a Semite origin (Lamashtu and Lilith), but we come with another, a totemic one, generated by the demon's descriptions. Thus, by systematizing the researched elements, we affirm that, starting from a totem (of the bear), dethroned by the masculine cults of Dacia, deity turns into a demon and encounters the demonological semite elements, prior to Christianity in our country. Subsequent intervention of Christianity "corrects" the history of the character, turning her into a legend, when Sisoe and Archangel Michael appear. This final formula is known by Romanian ethnologists. Christian syncretism almost immediately generates the incantations of samcă and the "Book of Avestiția," a charm that reveals the name and the real history of the demon, which aroused the attention of Christian syncretism when attempting to kill baby Jesus, defrauded by Michael. Sacred folk literature describes her as an extremely dangerous being, Satan's right wing.

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Artur Rega: „Omul în lumea simbolurilor. Antropologia filozofică a lui Mircea Eliade”

Artur Rega: „Omul în lumea simbolurilor. Antropologia filozofică a lui Mircea Eliade”

Author(s): Magdalena FILARY / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Polish exegesis of Mircea Eliade's work has grown after 1989 through monographs and studies devoted entirely to hermeneutics that the historian and phenomenologist of religions imposes on the sciences dealing with the study of sacredness, of religious phenomena and related symbolism. The book Man in the Symbol World. Philosophical Anthropology of Mircea Eliade by Artur Rega is among them.

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Antimus, Bishop of Vratsa and Lovech and Metropolitan of Belgrade
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Antimus, Bishop of Vratsa and Lovech and Metropolitan of Belgrade

Author(s): Nedeljko V. Radosavljević / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

This paper presents the biography of Antimus, bishop of Vratsa and later bishop of Lovech, who became the Metropolitan of Belgrade in 1827. After the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1831 he moved to the Kingdom of Greece. This article explains his background, and describes advancing through church structures of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Attention is also focused on his appointment to be metropolitan of Belgrade, his arrival in Belgrade and working in the new environment. The strengthen Serbian national government and more open practice of the Orthodox faith created specific circumstances for his spiritual mission that are highlighted. His relationship with Prince Miloš Obrenović, which was much better than in the case of his predecessor, is also pointed out. The data on the last months he spent in the Principality of Serbia are presented. Terms and time of his departure to the Kingdom of Greece, where he spent the rest of his life, are also known.

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Baptismal Memrāʾ of Anonymous Author of the Ninth Century
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Baptismal Memrāʾ of Anonymous Author of the Ninth Century

Author(s): Francis Pittappillil / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

“Exposition of the Church Services” (ECS) is a 9th century liturgical commentary, the first and integral liturgical work about the East Syrian liturgy after the great liturgical reformation of Patriarch Išo’yahb III. Though the Author of the ECS comments on the various memrē of the Church of the East, we shall pay attention mainly to the baptismal memrā, which is the most remarkable among the memrē commented on by the Author. At first, we shall discuss the different terms and methods of baptism together with the manuscripts and editions of East Syrian baptismal liturgy. The baptismal memrā contains nine chapters and an analysis of the content of each chapter provides us with a clear outlook about the content of the text. The Author highlights the Pauline theology that explains baptism as a participation in the death and resurrection of Christ. The Author speaks about three anointings upon the candidate: pre-baptismal rušmā, anointing of the whole body and the post-baptismal rušmā. He emphasizes the pouring out of the consecrated water before the post-baptismal rušmā. He sets the baptismal rite within the framework of Eucharistic celebration, and the reception of the Eucharist by the baptized is presupposed in the commentary. A lucid idea is depicted in the commentary about the rights and duties of the sponsors too. In short, the baptismal commentary of the Anonymous Author of the 9th century provides us with a holistic view about the East Syrian rite of baptism.

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Ориентацията на ислямските надгробия – допълнителна възможност за етноконфесионални изследвания
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Ориентацията на ислямските надгробия – допълнителна възможност за етноконфесионални изследвания

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

If examined in detail – by means of archaeological excavations plus objective dating techniques – аt least 20 Islamic burials (direct task of ethnology and archeology) they will create a database. A database can serve as an additional heuristic tool in the field studies (reverse task of ethnology and archeology) that aim to clarify the various ethno-confes¬sional processes occurred during the last seven centuries when the Islam attended the Balkans.

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