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The Firbasian theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) has been an integral part of the research into information processing. Analysing clauses (horizontal axis) and texts (vertical axis) from the point of view of distribution of the degrees of communicative dynamism, and studying the dynamic processes in functional macrofields, FSP logically deals with cohesion of discourse. The paper will discuss the cohesive means functioning in the text in the light of FSP, namely in terms of co-referential strings and dynamic semantic tracks. It will also look at the phenomenon referred to as semantic (notional) homogeneity. The paper analyses and interprets cohesive relations found within one New Testament theological text of epistolary character, employing FSP methods of analysis.
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The aim of this article is to verify the thesis that František Drtikol was a ‘patriarch of Czech Buddhism’, an epithet widely used in the scholarly literature. Based on an analysis of biographical materials we find such a characterization to be considerably oversimplified. Although the photographerdefined himself in these categories and was fascinated by Buddhism, he is not its representative.Rather, from a philosophical point of view, his biographies and works have an eclectic character, consisting of a conglomerate of artistic, modernist and theosophical ideas. At the same time, Drtikol’swork is an example of the integration of the two logically contradictory paradigms of Marxism andBuddhism, which is related to the larger problem of the communization of Buddhism.
More...Decoding Dedications at the Samian Heraion
The paper examines the Near Eastern and Greek dedications at the Sanctuary of Hera in Samos during the 8th to 6th centuries BC. Contextualising the types of dedications and their origins indicate the identity of the dedicators, and whether they were Samians, other Greeks or from the Near East. Much scholarship has been devoted to the Samian Heraion and this paper contributes to these discussions by tracing the socioeconomic and political objectives of the dedicators and bringing different theories into a single narrative. The paper presents a selection of votive dedications that embody broader exchanges: firstly as a political act between states; as a display of social power; the growing trade routes and role of sanctuary markets; and finally, the other modes of contact that emerged, such as mercenaries and pirates. Overall, the Samian Heraion played an essential role as a timely crossroads between the East and West, where the dedication practices shed light on the various groups of dedicators.
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Mastaba AS 104 is located above the Wadi Abusiri, to the south-east of the tomb of Kaaper (AS 1). It was preserved almost to the height of the former roofing, hence almost completely. The whole structure was built on a platform with a trapezoid section and, looking from the south, it must have appeared as a two-stepped structure. The core of the upper step was built of rather small undressed blocks of local limestone and contained a rectangular room (Serdab 2) and three deep shafts. It was covered with a layer of large and heavy mud bricks. The superstructure contained the main focal point of the funerary cult (cruciform chapel and Serdab 1). Contrary to other similar structures of roughly the same date, niching decorated only the eastern wall. The tomb was built for a custodian of the king’s property, Nyankhseshat, whose other titles reflect his position in the organization of work, the overseeing of gold procurement and a religious connection to metallurgy. This tomb represents, at least in the Abusir area, currently the last known tomb of transitional type. Apparently, in the Fourth or Fifth Dynasty, the main chapel fell into disuse and the mastaba was used by new owners (scribe of the treasury and royal wab-priest Sekhemka and his spouse, king’s acquaintance Henutsen), which is demonstrated by a limestone stela inserted into the eastern outer wall. Altogether five limestone basins were uncovered, four of them in situ. A number of interesting finds were collected in the shafts (wooden coffin fragments, copper and travertine models, a clay sealing, human bones, animal bones). This article presents an architectural and archaeological description of tomb AS 104 and offers some preliminary analyses of the finds, supplemented also by concise information on human and animal bones found. Last but not least, it describes documentation and methods used in the field.
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This paper aims to confirm or revise the dating of a dozen Old Kingdom tombs in the Giza necropolis (precisely Western,G I-South, Eastern and Central Cemeteries), monuments whose chronology is still debated. The 12 mastabas here commented onare often dated to more or less extensive periods, which can sometimes spread over two dynasties. Moreover, when absolutedating is proposed, it is generally based on questionable elements and events with uncertain chronological positioning. TheEgyptian chronology is still subject to perceptive bias and archaeological happenstance, new discoveries being liable tochallenge previous dating. Thus, the present study draws up lists of criteria that give the opportunity to propose clear datingfor each tomb. A wide range of evidence is taken into consideration: decoration (including palaeography), prosopography,anthroponymy, location in the cemeteries, architecture, tomb dimensions, furniture, etc. I believe that an overview of thesevarious aspects is the only way to suggest precise dating for each tomb. Moreover, this paper shows that two main periodsstand out during the whole of the Old Kingdom, periods covering one or two reigns. This conclusion is very interesting forthe architectural and political history of the Old Kingdom; a conclusion we may come to through the distribution of thetombs in the cemeteries, their dimensions and decoration, etc.
More...Considerations about the emergence of the Cult of Osiris, Oxford: Archaeopress
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The treatise De tribus dubiis written by John Hus in 1412 is currently listed in the records of seven manuscripts. Other manuscripts were known more than one hundred years ago but were not included in more recent inventories because they contained a shorter version of the text. However, they contain the wording of the second redaction of Hus’s treatise and are inseparable from the tractate. The number of extant manuscripts has thus increased to twelve.
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MS Prague, National Library of the Czech Republic, IV H 9, ff. 259v–262v contains an anonymous short treatise Insolubilia pulchra (Modus solvendi insolubila secundum Magistrum Johannem Wyclif). In 1915 Jan Sedlák attributed this tract to the Czech Realist Stanislav of Znojmo (d. 1414), nonetheless, his attribution was not fully accepted in the historiography. The first part of the study provides a content analysis of the preserved treatise in the manuscript. Insolubilia pulchra closely follows John Wyclif’s Logicae continuatio and the basis of his doctrine on being, propositional realism as well as his attitudes on how to eliminate logic and semantic paradoxes (e.g. so-called ‘Liar-paradox’ or paradox of self-reference with the proposition ‘This is false’). The second part of the study presents the palaeographical and context analysis of the MS Prague, National Library of the Czech Republic, IV H 9. Further also introduces other two preserved sources of the tract. One copy, extent in MS Worcester, Cathedral Chapter, F 118, ff. 150v–151r. Here is the treatise entitled Insolubilia and attributed to the Oxford Realist Robert Alyngton (d. 1418). Another copy was discovered in MS Prague, Prague Castle Archive (former Metropolitan Chapter by St. Vitus), N 19 (1543), ff. 110vb–114rb among the logical treatises of John Wyclif. The tract preserved in MS Prague, National Library of the Czech Republic, IV H 9, ff. 259v–262v is not a genuine work of Stanislav of Znojmo, nevertheless, a treatise Insolubilia which was compiled by Robert Alyngton.
More...Komentář k Tractatus de universalibus Jana Wyclifa a Opera logicalia z let 1391–1393
MS Prague, National Library of the Czech Republic, X H 9 contains anonymous treatises dealing with the issue of universals, confusion, consequences, signification, reference, properties of terms and propositions, restrictions, obligations. Nevertheless, one of the extant tract (Disputata confusionum, on ff. 76r–92r) is attributed to the Prague Realist Štěpan of Paleč (d. 1423). In 1970, František Šmahel proposed a thesis concerning Paleč as an author of these works, i.e. Commentarius in I–IX capitula tractatus De universalibus Johannis Wyclif on ff. 1r–68v, De suppositionibus on ff. 92v–95r, Notabiliora confusionum on ff. 95r–97v, Notabiliora consequentiarum on ff. 98r–101r, Notabiliora super Billingham on ff. 101r–108v, and Collecta obligationum on ff. 109r–111v. The first part of the study provides a content analysis and comparison of Paleč’s quaestio Utrum universalia habeant solum nude pure esse in intellectu divino vel praeter operationem intellectus creati subsistant realiter in propria forma and his Argumenta de universalibus realibus with the anonymous Commentarius in I–IX capitula tractatus De universalibus Johannis Wyclif preserved in the manuscript and published in 2009. Nine evident cases of intertextuality, along with further apparent borrowings, provide proof of evidence for Paleč’s authorship of the commentary. The second part of the study presents the palaeographical and context analysis along with contextualisation of other treatises (De suppositionibus, Notabiliora confusionum, Notabiliora consequentiarum, Notabiliora super Billingham, and Collecta obligationum). The determined cross-references between them have revealed that all texts, together with Disputata confusionum, comprise Paleč’s parva logicalia circle of treatises from 1391 and 1393 heavily reliant on English logic textbooks (Richard Billingham, William Heytesbury, Richard Ferrybridge or Richard Brinkley). The extant treatises derive from Štěpan’s lectures on logic held at the Prague Faculty of Arts during the early 1390s. All texts shed new light into the context and process of John Wyclif’s proliferation in late medieval Bohemia.
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The article deals with the issue of ecumenism and the most important examples of its “institutionalisation”. It is stated that ecumenism considers doctrine, universal inter–church movement and proclaimed mission statement related to achieve Christian unity. It possesses at least theological, sociological and political determines. The World Council of Churches represents universal inter-church forum for dialogue and cooperation that lacks clear ecclesiological identity but getting characteristics of typical international–political movement. The Conference of European Churches represents similar European organization. The Parliament of World Religions pretends to found and promote “global ethics” in order to accomplish pacifistic goals in the world.
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„Mitologiile sunt religiile altor popoare”, spunea, ironic, un celebru istoric al religiilor. Chiar și astăzi, într-un Occident secularizat, această prejudecată dăinuie în rândurile credincioșilor: miturile altor religii sunt doar mituri; miturile religiei proprii sunt istorie.
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Orientalist literature has long and continuously dealt with Kipling’s novel Kim, published in 1901, after which the author’s commitment to India and at the same time to British colonization provided an excellent opportunity. It is no coincidence that its 1987 edition was prefaced by Edward Said himself, who provoked much controversy with the new definition of the concept of Orientalism. While a number of studies and books have analyzed the historical, political, or artistic dimensions of the novel and the role of the real people depicted in it, it is only a recent development that one of its fundamental backgrounds, Buddhism, has been examined. The study attempts to circuits the question of whether Kipling’s novel can be understood as a Buddhist fable that takes place between the key concepts of samsara depicting the cycle of rebirth and the liberation from it, the nirvana.
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The article presents a short overview of the complexity of written Slavonic varieties used in the Romanian Speaking Lands (Wallachia, Moldavia and partly Transylvania) between the 14th and the early 18th centuries. This epoch, usually called the (Classical) Cultural Slavonism, can be divided into three main periods: the early, the peak and the late ones. The prestigious variety in the early and peak periods was the Trinovitan (Tărnovo) variety of Middle Church Slavonic. In Wallachia, it was used together with the Resavian variety. The Church Slavonic segments in administrative texts followed a specific norm, mostly different from the one used in books. In the late phase, the Early New Church Slavonic started to be used (first in Wallachia). The chancery languages were submitted to quick development during the early period. In Wallachia, this caused the switch of a hybrid Church Slavonic with Bulgarian language background towards a Shtokavian-based language with Romanian morphosyntax (Wallachian Slavonic). The Ruthenian-based chancery language in Moldavian internal documents suffered a huge impact of Church Slavonic, which made the Ruthenian elements to be preserved only in few fixed expressions. In both Moldavia and Wallachia, the character of the language was connected to the function of the text. In Wallachia, the proportion of Church Slavonic and Wallachian Slavonic depended on the type of the document or text. In Moldavia, the most remarkable contrast raised between the internal chancery language and the letters on one hand (Church Slavonic with few Ruthenian rests and some Wallachian impact) and the correspondence with Poland using a Polonized Ruthenian on the other hand.
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Review of: Jozo Grbavac, Silvestar Kutleša, Umnici Franjevačke provincije Presvetoga Otkupitelja knj. 6. Služba Božja, Franjevačka provincija Presvetoga Otkupitelja, Split 2021., 394 str
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The pandemic of COVID 19 and the introduced measures to limit the virus have led to a restructuring of the organization of the educational process, including religious education in an electronic environment. This has led to the use of various information systems and networks equivalent to interactive teaching methods, providing new opportunities for the use of innovative practices in the work of pedagogical specialists. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning in religion and presents the pedagogical experience of implementing two interdisciplinary lessons conducted in an electronic environment in a distance form, with primary school students studying at the school "Orthodox Christian Values and Traditions".
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This article presents a short history of theological studies at the University of Shumen, from the program’s inception to the present. Emphasis is placed on the conducted program accreditations of the professional field, which provide information about the state and development of the specialty.
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Review of: Grégoire de Nysse, Homélies sur le Notre Père, texte, Introduction et notes de Christian Boudignon et Matthieu Cassin, Traduction de Josette Seguin, Christian Boudignon et Matthieu Cassin, Sources Chrétiennes 596, Les Éditions du Cerf, ISBN 978-2-204-12971-8, Paris, 2018, 570 p. (Lect. Univ.dr. Gheorghe Ovidiu Sferlea, University of Oradea).
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Shihabuddin Suhrawardi was an extraordinarily prolific writer. His works can be divided into five main categories: voluminous doctrinal works, shorter doctrinal works, visionary epistles, commentaries and translations, prayers and virds. One of his visionary epistles is the work Aql-e Sorh (The Red Intellect), which expresses Suhrawardi’s understanding of spirituality and philosophy in the symbolic language, and which is translated in the following pages.
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The fundamental right of the faithful to the sacrament comes from God’s law. It is a guarantee of the possibility of achieving the spiritual goods that are necessary for salvation. Only the law of God contained in the essence of the sacraments themselves can limit this law. Among the general conditions that must be met in order to exercise the right to the sacrament are those mentioned in can. 843 Corpus Iuris Canonici. The universal legislator cares for the equal treatment of all the faithful on the basis of their dignity. From this dignity comes the equality of men and women also in ac cessing the sacraments. This is true of all seven sacraments. In the case of Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance and Reconciliation, and the Anointing of the Sick, the Legislator does not introduce any gender differences or even mention them. The biggest discussions on the issue of equality arise from the possibility of receiving the sacrament of Holy Orders only for men. However, it must be said that the Church is free to choose candidates for ordination. Therefore, it must be said that men also do not have this right. For this reason, men and women are also equal in law in this matter. In the case of the sacrament of matrimony, woman and man are equal in law and duties (cf. can. 1055 of the Code of Canon Law). It could be said that a woman is in a sense privileged in the Latin Church as regards the obstacle to abduction. However, the intention of the legislator is to ensure that everyone has the right to free choice of their spouse. That is why all normative decisions, both canonical and liturgical, aim to emphasize this equality of woman and man.
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