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This article presents the papal theology of the body within the scope which concerns the sacramental grace given to a man and a woman in the marriage. This grace, in a special way, concerns relationships created by a man because it is they that were deprived of the basic dimension of the unselfish gift by original sin. This gift was given to a man by the Creator and on the basis of this gift the man had to share himself with another human being. The incarnation of the Son of God was God's response to the mistrust that undermined the communion of God with a man, together with the essential human communion, that is, the marriage. Through the sacraments we have access to the fruits of the Passover of Christ. In the sacrament of marriage these fruits enable people to enter again into a dimension of the selfless gift of the self given to another person.
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The theme of this paper is an extension of Katičić's study "Hoditi-roditi" (Walk-Give Birth) and its aim is to show a number of similarities between a reconstructed old Slavic deity of vegetation and a recent popular belief in the Near East in el-Khader, "the Green". El-Khader is a deity of vegetation; he is called "the Green", he is always on the move, he rides on a white horse, walks over the sea, his sanctuaries are either in oak forests by water or on hills, he brings rain and protects the wounded from arrows. El-Khader-s significant features can be recognized not only in the cults of the Phoenician deities of vegetation, Adonis and Baal, but also in the ancient Egyptian (Oziris), Babylo-nian (Tammuz) and Sumerian (Dummuzi, Inanna) cults. Regardless of a possible, and likely, influence of the religion of horse-breeding invaders from the north, who are very similar to Indoeuropeans (the figure of the thunderer on a horse), the explanation for the above-mentioned parallels should be searched for in the most ancient periods of plant cultivation, on the very threshold of agriculture.
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The article shows the author’s attempt to consider iconography subject of "Madonna’s Coronation" that was new for the west European religious art of the 12th cent. through the prism of feudal model of society and to carry out its interpretation from point of display of secular ideals.
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Ivailo Petrov's novel 'Wolf Hunt' is a dramatic saga with a story covering a long and contradictory period of Bulgarian history, from the first years after World War II to 1965. The fates of Ivan Shibilev, Mona Zhendo, Kalcho, Nikolin, Stoyan Kralev and their sons and daoughters intertwine and grow apart in passions and conflicts. This book is the story of people who are born during a totalitarian regime or die, frequently because of what they love. The hunt is the symbol of their thirst for revenge, the Old Testament 'an eye for an eye', with the outcome/redemption being presented as a pain of the soul caused by the loss of human happiness. The study discusses the presence of biblical motifs and images and the manner in which the author of the novel works with them. The moral categories through which each individual considers his/her life are skilfully woven in the book by the careful use of biblical symbols and messages. The characters in 'Wolf Hunt' fully experience the passions and sufferings of the Old Testament characters, thereby redeeming the original human sin.
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The main points in the report highlights the relationship between the living and the dead, between the private and the common prayer, and the unity of the Church. The private prayer for the dead occurs spontaneously, since it is an act of the love for your own, and from there it flows into the common prayer, because the Church has always helped its members by praying for the dead during the holy Divine Liturgy. The other main focus is the merciful sacrifice to God as it is stated, in the symbol of faith, upon the terrible and glorious Second Coming of Our Lord Jesus Christ
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The article focuses on the symbolism, artistic value and historical significance of the work «Trinity» of the great Russian genius Andrei Rublev. The distinctive features of secular and religious art are shown.
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The book contains analysis of the way of presenting issues essential for the life of the Orthodox Church in the 19th-century Russia in Nikolai Leskov’s journalistic works. Writer’s literary output is discussed in its historical and social context, against the background of contemporary press discussions. It reveals a bond between his spiritual quest, the emerging modern religiosity and changes taking place in the Church. It also allows to highlight similarities and differences between Leskov and his contemporaries and to trace the evolution of the writer’s views.
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The article presents and analyses the (co)relationship of natural and sacramental marriage according to the Apostolic Exhortation Amoris letitia. The first chapter draws attention to the fact that the very gospel of the family, within which the marriage covenant occupies a central place, is a historical and eschatological reality; it has its natural and sacramental level, its relief and dynamic history, gradual growth and development. The second chapter presents and analyses man’s creation in the image of God wherein lies the foundation of natural marriage. The expression the image of God is brought into direct connection with the pair »male and female.« The third chapter draws attention to sin, that is, to the mystery of Christ’s mystery of salvation as the basis for understanding the sacramentality of marriage. Reference is made to the central meaning of Jesus Christ – the image of God in the renewal of marriage and family, and the sacramental meaning of marriage and family is analysed in detail. The sacrament of marriage is viewed under the aspect of a gift, a sign and a vocation, or mission. The fourth chapter is devoted to the very (co)relationship between natural and sacramental marriage. Natural marriage in relation to the sacramental is seen as a natural foundation, an open beginning, as »seeds that are still waiting to grow« (AL, 76), or as a sprout that »should be lead to the sacrament of marriage« (AL, 293).
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The eleventh chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians includes Paul's recommendation for the appropriate clothing for men and women while worshiping. Paul's discourse refers mainly to the question of a woman's wear and head covering. What he presents in 1Cor 11:2-16, therefore, does not mean that he is to be called a mysoginist. The Apostle recognizes the importance of women worshiping and prophesying durnig gatherings of the faithful. However he does not accept the idea of women praying with their uncovered heads. Paul's suggestions for suitable clothes, hairstyle and head covering in the course of worshipping God were rooted in the specific cultural background.
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Die erste Nummer der Reformierten Rundschau, die als offizielles Blatt von dem Siebenbürgischen Reformierten Kirchenbezirk herausgegeben wurde, war am 10. Januar 1908 erschienen. Die seit 100 Jahren fortlaufend erscheinenede Zeitschrift wollte von Anfang an die Aufgaben einer kirchlichen Presse erfüllen. Sie beschäftigte sich ausführlich mit der Vergangenheit des Kirchenbezirks,mit aktuellen Fragen und formte die kirchliche öffentliche Meinung.Sie diente als Mittel für die Sicherung der intellektuellen Verbindung zwischen jenen,die mit Wort und Schrift im Dienst der Kirche standen und hielt die Fackeln des Glaubens und Wissens aufrecht. Ab 1960 veröffentlichte die Reformierte Rundschau immer mehrere Studien. Heute ist sie schon das Forum der theologischen Tätigkeit und Forschung geworden.Zugleich widerspiegelt sie die wissenschaftliche Arbeit der mit der Kirche verbundenen reformierten Intelligenz Ihre Arbeit steht im Einklang mit den Zielsetzungen der ehemaligen Reformierten Rundschau.
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The life of Lajos Gönczy (1889–1986) is not merely the life story of a young minister who lived at the beginning of the twentieth century, having been one of the founding members of the Vécs Alliance which put the evangelical inner mission into practice. It is not merely the life story of a professor of a spiritually renewed theological faculty and of the one who had laid down the principles for the 1929–1932 liturgical reform: his life is the summary of the whole era in which he had lived. It had been a great path, being broken in two at its peak by the Romanian state involvement of 1948 resulting in his forced retirement. We owe Lajos Gönczy a great deal, the more so since his spiritual magnificence has not yet received its well deserved recognition.
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Goldschmiedearbeiten aus Reformierten Kirchengemeinden Deva und Hatszeg (16–18. Jahrhundert). Die Goldschmiedearbeiten die in dieser Artikel verarbeitet sind auch heute Eigentümer der gemeinden aus Reformierten Kirchenkreis Hunyad–Zaránd. Ich versuchte alle mögliche Informationen versammeln und so ein Überblick von die künstliche Richtungen der reformierte Patronen dieses Gebietes in 16–18 Jahrhunderten machen. Leider in vorigem Zeit hat man sehr wenig mit diese Theme beschaeftigt. Unsere Analyse will neben der fachmaessige Beschreibung auch ein Spiegel für die alltaegliche Leben, Gebrauche und Fachniveau der vorigen Jahrhundertes sein. Die verarbeitete Goldschmiedearbeiten kommen aus 8 verschiedene Kirchengemeinden und sie sind heute in Deva und Hatszeg. Sie sind so ornamental, wie förmlich sehr heterogen: Werke von unbekannten Meistern aus dem 15–16 Jahrhundert, Objekte der Meister aus Kronstad, Hermanstadt und Klausenburg. Neben dem spaetgotischem Kelch finden wir ein renessantischer Pokal, auch barockzeitliche und klassische Objekte.
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Exegetische Erwägungen. Im ersten, größeren Teil wird Gen 37 von Vers für Vers auf Grund des hebräischen Textes, mit Hilfe von alten und neuen Übersetzungen und Kommentaren ausführlich ausgelegt.
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His Beatitude Daniel, the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, underlines the main characteristics of „2019 – The Solemn Year of the Romanian Village (of priests, teachers and diligent mayors) and the Commemorative Year of Patriarchs Nicodim Munteanu and Iustin Moisescu, and of the translators of church books in the Romanian Patriarchate”.
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Non-religious educational activities are carried out officially by the Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey. One of the non-religious educational institutions that the Presidency of Religious Affairs presents is the Qur’an Courses. The topic of this research titled “Qur’an Courses for Age Group 4-6” was applied to the preschool children for the aim of giving them religious and values education in accordance with their intellectual levels, contents and methods since 2013-2014 academic years. This article deals with instructional proficiencies of those instructors who work at those courses. This research was done through descriptive survey model. The research was conducted in 2017/2018 academic year. 430 instructors participated in the research. Some important results taken from the research as follows: An important part of the instructors did not find themselves as sufficient in the proficiencies of education and instruction at the courses. It was understood from these statements that they had some insufficiencies in the process of preschool education and did not have enough knowledge and abilities sufficiently about children in these ages.
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The Qur’an course is one of the major non-formal education institutions in our country. The primary goals of this institution is to teach the Qur’an and basic religious knowledge to its participants. This institution has expanded its working area in time in accordance with its mission. As a pilot application, Qur’an courses started to accept students in order to provide religious education to preschool children as of the 2013-2014 academic year. The current Qur’an course teachers undertook the education of children in this period. The courses that accept students in this way are known as Quran courses for ages 4-6. Based on the needs of the children, it is known that different activities take place in the context of values education in the Qur’an courses of ages 4-6. Recently, it has been observed that privacy training is also included in the courses for reasons such as frequent child abuse. However, the privacy education applied in the Quran courses is not directly expressed in the curriculum of the Qur’an course of 4-6 years of age. It can be said that privacy education is a religious, moral and culturally healthy sexual identity development education. Nevertheless, privacy education takes care and protection of the child’s own privacy; it is a comprehensive education that includes respecting someone else’s private spaces. The aim of this education is to raise children as a healthy individual from an early age. These practices and informations, which aim to make children gain positive qualities and to be sensitive to some negativities, should be considered important.It is worth exploring what the contribution of privacy education is to the child’s upbringing as a healthy individual. Examining the opinions of the instructors about privacy education is considered important for the curriculum development studies. Therefore, the science of religious education should investigate the competencies of the Qur’an course instructors in privacy education. This discipline should investigate teachers’ thoughts about privacy; accordingly, they need to analyze and evaluate what kind of privacy education they have developed. In addition, the opinions of the Qur’an course instructors aged 4-6 about the importance of privacy education should be revealed and analyzed. Scientific investigation of these dimensions is thought to make important contributions to curriculum developers and parents, especially those carrying out educational activities in the Qur’an courses. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of the Qur’an course instructors of 4-6 years of age as an example of a situation in the preschool period about privacy education. Understanding the thoughts of the teachers who carry out studies in an important area and guide learning about privacy education makes the study important. To the other teachers and employees who work in the preschool, especially the instructors of the Qur’an courses of 4-6 years of age of working with this experiment; it is thought that it will provide important contributions to parents, academicians working on privacy education, curriculum developers. Qualitative research model was preferred in this study. The case study design, one of the qualitative research designs, was chosen for the study. Case study is defined as “an empirical research method that works within a real life framework of a current phenomenon and examines the situations in many ways, systematically and in depth”. The sample in the study was determined by the typical case sampling method, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods. Typical case sampling means “selecting individuals who are likely to behave like others”. Interview was deemed appropriate as a data collection tool in this study. Interview is one of the most common data collection methods used in research in social sciences. Consequently, inter-viewing is a very effective method of obtaining information about individuals’ experiences, attitudes, opinions, complaints, feelings and beliefs. In the 2019-2020 academic year, 10 Qur’an Course instructors were interviewed in the center of Tokat province. Data obtained through study tools were analyzed with content analysis method. Content analysis is defined as “a systematic, repeatable technique in which some words of a text are summarized with smaller content categories with coding based on certain rules”. Some of the results obtained from the study are as follows; According to the Qur’an course instructors of 4-6 years of age, the concept of privacy has a wide content that can be associated with almost all of the personality, morality, adaptation, religion, society, education, family, school and behaviors in these institutions. There is no common understanding among the Quran course instructors regarding the definition of privacy education. Qur’an course instructors of 4-6 years of age think that there is a relationship between sexual education and privacy education, but privacy education is more comprehensive and more appropriate to meet needs. Instructors thought that privacy education should be directly related to morality and adaptability. In some opinions, it was suggested that training in morality or adaptability might be sufficient for the child’s sense of privacy. The tutorials mostly associated privacy education in some way with moral education. This shows that privacy education is understood as a comprehensive moral education. According to the teachers, privacy education is an education that children should definitely take. It was seen that the teachers were in full agreement on this subject. According to the instructors, this education can make a significant contribution to the child, such as knowing and respecting himself and others. Depending on this study, the following suggestions are included; New, different field studies with the theme of privacy education can be carried out for instructors and teachers working in all other institutions, especially preschool education institutions. This study demonstrated the need for privacy education in preservice training programs. Therefore, it can be suggested that teachers and instructors working in all levels and institutions of early childhood education should be provided with a planned and scheduled privacy training and included in this education.
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