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Nazwy przystanków komunikacji miejskiej w Polsce. Punkt widzenia językoznawcy i organizatora komunikacji miejskiej

Author(s): Piotr Tomasik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on the status and motivation of the formation of the names given to the stops of the urban transport in Poland. The names in question, taken from some Polish cities, are gathered and analysed. The author explains the methods of creating names and establishes some structural models. The main conclusion is as follows: there is a strong relation between the urbanonyms (especially – the street names or other public place names, logonyms, institutiononyms and apellatives) and the names of the urban transport stops. At prezent many Polish cities begin to systemise the names in question. All the names are compared with the rules stated in an official instruction of the Ministry of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy. In the conclusion the author draws some subsequent questions and problems.

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Wyznaczniki proprialności leksemów w dokumentach z XVIII i XIX wieku (na przykładzie nazewnictwa miejskiego Rzeszowa)

Author(s): Agnieszka Myszka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The complicated problem of border between an alternative area and a proprial area is the theme of this article. Author has analysed 8 benchmarks which establish status proprial meanings of documents written in XVII and XIX centuries. The following question has been discussed: the lexical meaning of names, orthography (capital and small letter), textual determinant preluding debatable lexeme (called “dicta”), the permanency of definition problem with regard to particular problem (the being of parallelised definitions coming from motivating diversity), steadiness of name, (if there are variation names, which has the same motivations but they are technically varied, particular entity frequency with regard to particular object, the time of name’s durability and explicitness (absence of name’s repeatability in another meaning). Explicitness, steadiness of name and structural analogy (meant as formal convergence to another urbanonimes) are the most important discriminant of name.

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Inspiracje kulturowe we współczesnych oficjalnych nazwach wiejskich ulic w województwie podkarpackim

Author(s): Ewa Oronowicz-Kida / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In 1989, that was the turning point in political and economic terms, a new, never encountered before category of proper name occurred in villages of the Province of Podkarpacie, namely, official street names. In the set of almost 900 onims, you may spot cultural inspirations that accompanied their occurrence. On the discussed area the cultural influence was of general nature (traditional sources of inspiration: historical figures, biblical and literary ones) and local nature (sources rooted in the rural culture: names of parts of the village and hamlets; forenames and surname of people who belong to the history of the village or the neighbouring region). In total the names inspired with cultural phenomena constitute 43% of all names under analysis. Preponderance of commemorative, especially discretionary, names of local significance over the commemorative names of the domestic nature and domination of onims of historical origin among the erudite names as well as slow opening to being inspired with contemporary mass culture, represent specific characteristic features of the official rural plateonymy in the Province of Podkarpacie

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Mikrotoponimy kaszubskie jako świadectwo różnorodności kulturowe

Author(s): Małgorzata Klinkosz,Zenon Lica / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Kashubian Microtoponims come into relationships with the culture, history. They indicates social and ethnic relations. Bilingualism of Kashubians also operates in the naming layer. Kashubian language as the one of the minority languages inscribed on UNESCO’s list of endangered languages is still present in the names of places in the metropolitan area and beyond it. Microtoponymy is often transmitted only in the verbal version but then disappears a consciousness of the origin of the name and its relationship with the designatum. The remaining microtoponyms participate in the creation of the onymical world image which gives information about the local language communities within the multivalent cultural communication union.

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Vyvažovací světadíl, Dehydrované moře a Nakřupnuté hory – vítejte na Zeměploše T. Pratchetta

Author(s): Žaneta Dvořáková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Terry Pratchett has created a fictional world, an integral part of which is a detailed and sophisticated system of place names. In his novels there are realistic names giving us an illusion of the real world and often serving as a characterization as well. Association is typical for a further kind of literary toponyms, the names refer to actual places on Earth, they activate our general cultural knowledge encyclopedia and play with the reader and his/her interpretive abilities. The last group of toponyms is purely artistic, they were created as a language game, probably the most important criterion was their aesthetic appeal. The names often deliberately destroy the illusion of reality and probability (we can talk about the anti-illusionist function), they demonstrate their artificiality, that they are a part of the author’s game. Whatever the motivation, meaning or possible allusion, all toponyms in the fictional world of the novels operate in the same way. They locate the story and help in spacial orientation within the Discworld, the names are an integral part of how the characters perceive and experience their space.

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Wokół wybranych propozycji nazewniczych Dembołęckiego w świetle idei Wywodu jedynowłasnego państwa świata

Author(s): Radosław Sztyber / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper is an attempt of presenting some linguistic games introduced by Dembołęcki in his most known book from 1633. It has been widely criticized for centuries but as it seems – wrongly or perhaps even rightly, nevertheless because of improper reasons. There are a lot of various indications suggesting that Dembołęcki was a hypocrite who praised Polish nation in showy manner and only outwardly for – in fact – he denounced obvious defects of the noblemen society.

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Nazwy miejscowe Ponidzia w utworach Adolfa Dygasińskiego

Author(s): Eliza Koszyka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is meant to describe the chosen names of towns and villages located in Ponidzie, which are the scenes of action of some of the short stories written by Adlof Dygasinski. The article is also meant to check the authenticity of those localisations, describe their origins in the context of the previous research and dispaly their functions in the excerpts from some of his works. The localisations taken into consideration are: Bełk, Jurków, Kęsów, Młódzowy, Pińczów, Skalbmierz, Skowronno. Five of the described seven localisations are the possessive names, they come from the individual names given by local people. They were created by adding the following suffixes: –ów (Jurków, Kęsów, Pińczów), -ow- or –jь (Skalbmierz). The name of Bełk is a topografic name reflecting the wet, swampy lands. If we take the name of skowroda, which means the frying pan, into consideration, therefore the name of Skowronno is a topografic name because the village is located on a vast flat area. All the macrotoponyms used by Dygasiński and decribed in the article are authentic and they refer to the same places existing in the real world. In all works they have the function of geografical localisation (in Ponidzie) or emotive function (in this way the author shows his strong emotional attachement to the place where he spent his childchood).

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„W Koluszkach, w Mińsku, w Chile” – przestrzeń poetycka wierszy i piosenek Agnieszki Osieckiej toponimami pisana

Author(s): Monika Kresa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Article is devoted to features that toponyms play in the Osiecka’s poetry. The analysis has been subjected to 240 different onyms calling cities, countries, continents, rivers, streets, squares, etc. For the purpose of analysis of the existing classifications modified function of onyms in poetry. Distinguished: locating, identification, allusive, metaphorical, compositional. Almost all of the names of places serve as locating – locate track action, but often this function is secondary and resolves such compositional function – when the proper name appears on the end of the line in order to rhyme – or metaphorical – when the name becomes a symbol. The analysis showed that the poetic space Osiecka is Polish space, largely Warsaw – because it toponyms naming the village in Poland, and streets in Warsaw dominate in her poetry.

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Miejsca (nie)PODobne – toponimia w historiach alternatywnych

Author(s): Natalia Lemann / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the alternative histories, speculative, literary genre, is to show and describe the different scenarios of historical events. Those events, although possible, does not became truth. This genre persuades the reader for intertextual lecture in relation to history known from the actual world. Changing the toponomastics in created, secondary universe is one of the most interesting methods of alternate the history. Writers builds the alternate toponomastics, e.g. ethnonims, ojkonims, chrematonims, eponims for the purpose of authenticate the changing history scenario. It seems interesting to analyze toponomastics in following scopes: using of historical knowledge for decoding the semantic potential of such historical and toponymy mdifications; alternate the historical discourse via toponymy; cultural background of changed toponomastics; reception issues (sender and recipient competences). The tension between recognisability and strangeness of toponymy is marked by the title, author`s pun ‘AntiPODian places’, utilizing the primal for the alternative history genre hallmark, point of divergence. This term means the crucial moment when the historical events separated from the path known from the actual world. The raised problems are examine with the scientific procedure of epistemology of history, cultural anthropology, literary anthropology and cultural studies. The material under investigation derived from following novels: Vaterland by Robert Harris, Wenn das der Führer wüsste by Otto Basil, The Alteration by Kingsley Amis, Quietus. Powieść z dziejów rzymskich i wenedyjskich by Jacek Inglot and Inne Pieśni and Lód by Jacek Dukaj.

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La toponimia nella narrativa contemporanea polacca tradotta verso l’italiano

Author(s): Joanna Ozimska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper analyzes different translation choices that translators from Polish into Italian make with regard to place names of eleven novels published recently in Italy (literary works of Stasiuk, Tokarczuk, Pilch, Dehnel, Huelle, Tryzna, Grochola, Musierowcz and Kuczok have been considered within this essay). The first two paragraphs provide general information about methodology of research. Then follows the analysis of different classes of geographical names (street names, hydronyms, mountain names, microtoponyms, macrotoponyms). In the last part of the article three categories of translation errors will be discussed.

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La toponymie du monde des sorciers en anglais, français, italien et polonais ou quelques aspects des traductions d’Harry Potter

Author(s): Joanna Ciesielka,Dagmara Milińska-Tran / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The toponyms used by J.K. Rowling in the series about Harry Potter fulfill a plethora of functions, namely, they permit readers to familiarize themselves with the setting of the wizarding realm, to understand the characters or to form opinions about the places where the action is set. Therefore, it seems imperative that the translations of the series into foreign languages should include the toponyms as well. Unfortunately, only a few of the numerous toponyms were translated in the Polish version, the remainder were left unchanged from the original English version. A similar decision was made by the Italian and French translators. The present authors search for the reasons why the translations of toponyms are incomplete, they present examples of successful as well as failed translations and make an attempt to create Polish toponyms for the untranslated English ones. With a view to achieving that the authors analyze seven volumes of the series in four languages, namely: English, Polish, French, and Italian. They create a database of the English toponyms and their existing translations in three languages and complete it with their own translations of the untranslated toponyms into Polish. The article presents a selected sample of their work.

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Nestor slovenskej onomastiky a jazykovedy prof. PhDr. Vincent Blanár, DrSc. (1.12.1920–27.09.2012)

Author(s): Jaromír Krško / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In the obituary we point out the importance of Professor Vincent Blanár in linguistics – historical lexicology and lexical semantics but mainly in onomastics. We emphasize the significance of his works in the field of theoretical onomastics and anthroponomastics. His monographs and studies dedicated to unofficial personal name represent a work of European importanc

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STUDY OF IDIOMS: DIFFICULTIES AND POSSIBILITIES

Author(s): Svetlana Volkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main focus of the paper is on the study of idioms in modern times. On the one hand they represent a great challenge for non-native speakers due to the lack of motivation but on the other hand they can open up new possibilities for learners revealing culturally-significant features of the language and thus contribute to better understanding among nations. A special attention is given to the study of idioms at the linguistics department of Dubna State University, Russia. One of the educational activities that‘s web-quest which is successfully applied by the teachers of our department is dwelt upon in the paper. Also some results of a comparative analysis of idioms with a somatic component in different languages carried out at the linguistics department are presented.

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The Future of European Languages in Australia

Author(s): Alice Chik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Australia is a migrant country, with the arrival of Anglo-European migrants dating from the 18th century. Up to the 1980s, Australian migration was Anglo- and Euro-centric. The change in Australia’s immigration policy over the last thirty years from a focus on family reunion to skills-based migration has resulted in the intake of a much more diverse migration population. The fastest growing demographic groups are of Asian heritage. Migrants bring languages. Though Australia does not have an official language policy, English is the common language. This paper examines the changes in Australia’s immigration policy and population to reflect on the future of European languages. Using Greater Sydney as a case study, this paper discusses how the changes in population have impacted languages education and public language service provision. Also discussed is where European languages are situated in a fast-changing Australia.

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Solomon Marcus: pledoarie pentru „Dialogul disciplinelor”

Author(s): Diana Vrabie / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

An interdisciplinary researcher, involved in various scientific fields, from the mathematical analysis and general topology to linguistics, poetics, semiotics and applications of mathematics in the natural sciences, Solomon Marcus has shown, from the beginning of his career, a deep interest in what regards the problems of education and a strong will in creating the premises for a dialogue of disciplines in the educational system. In the present study we will follow the plea for transdisciplinarity of the researcher, as reflected in his representative works: Singurătatea matematicianului (Mathematician‟s Loneliness), Copiii sub agresiune (Children under Aggression), Nevoia de oameni (The need for People) etc.

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Оптимизация самостоятельной работы студентов при изучении лингвистических дисциплин в свете компетентностного подхода

Author(s): Elena Sirota / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

În articolul de față este abordată problema modalităților de lucru independent al elevilor; implementarea lor în studiul subiectelor lingvistice în lumina abordării bazate pe competențe; sunt folosite toate funcțiile cuvântului, care sunt atât de necesare pentru dezvoltarea eficientă a activității de gândire a vorbirii elevilor, întrucât anume acest lucru va permite caracterizarea studentului în viitor ca un bun specialist care corespunde nevoilor profesionale ale societății. În plus, lucrarea textuală este inclusă și în procesul educațional, luând în considerare vorbirea ei internă și relațiile invariante-variabile între nivelurile interne și externe ale textului. Numai această abordare contribuie la formarea variabilității elevilor în exprimarea sensului și conștientizării atunci când aleg o opțiune de text.

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Оптимизация преподавания лексических микросистем в контексте компетентностного подхода

Author(s): Liudmila Parahonico / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

În articol este abordată problema predării microsistemelor lexicale, și anume tau-tologia și pleonasmul, în contextul abordării prin competențe; se subliniază importanța acestei abordări în activitatea pedagogică: procesul de formare a competențelor duce la rezultatul final al instruirii – competența unui specialist. O privire la unitățile de redundanță semantică din punctul de vedere al abordării prin competențe permite dezvoltarea corectă în activitatea de vorbire-gândire a studenților.

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Formation des compétences de lecture en français – cas de la lettre « I »

Author(s): Angela Coșciug / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

În articol, ne propunem să trecem în revistă regularitățile de lectură a literei „i” în franceză, dată fiind complexitatea subiectului în cauză, limba franceză înregistrând situații când două sau chiar trei grafeme constituie, la pronunțare, un singur sunet.

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Mehrsprachigkeit – ein anerkanntes ziel der europäischen Bildungspolitik

Author(s): Oxana Chira / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

O atenție sporită în domeniul științelor educației și cercetării educaționale a fost atrasă elevilor din familiile care nu sunt rezidente în Uniunea Europeană, familiile de imigranți. În special, studiile de evaluare comparative pe scară largă la nivel internațional, cum ar fi Programul pentru evaluarea internațională a elevilor (PISA), Tendințele studiului internațional de matematică și științe (TIMSS) sau Progresul în studiul internațional de alfabetizare în lectură (PIRLS) au atras interesul în sferele politice și publice asupra faptului că eterogenitatea lingvistică și culturală legată de migrație în rândul elevilor nu trebuie înțeleasă ca o problemă a unui „grup neglijabil”, ci ca o problemă de bază a educației.În acest articol țin să abordez un subiect actual despre dezvoltarea treptată a sistemului de învățământ prin prisma multilingvismului și prezint câteva dihotomii din domeniul politicii educa-ționale, rezultate consensuale în baza actualei cercetări: limba vs politica educațională, multi-lingvism vs curriculum, limba maternă vs prima limbă vorbită, limba literară vs limba colocvială. În același timp, nu toate fenomenele, consecințele migrației în sistemul de educație sunt percepute de societate și abordate de ministerele responsabile.

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Correlation of the concepts of “Speech genre” and “Speech act” in modern pragmalinguistics

Author(s): Elena Varzari / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Articolul vizează problema corelației a două concepte fundamentale ale lingvisticii moderne – actul de vorbire (AV) și genul de vorbire (GV). Cu bună dreptate, întâietatea îi aparține remarcabilului om de știință, marelui filolog și filozof rus Mihail Bahtin, care a adus o contribuție uriașă la dezvoltarea teoriei GV. În linii generale, AV este o acțiune realizată prin intermediul vorbirii. Spre deosebire de AV, un GV este un ansamblu de AV unite printr-un singur scop ilocuționar. AV sunt componente structurale ale unui GV; același AV poate fi inclus în diferite GV. Varietatea GV este foarte mare, ceea ce se explică prin multitudinea situațiilor comunicative și a domeniilor de activitate în care vorbitorul folosește un anumit GV.

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