Przypadki don Karlosa

Author(s): Ewa Kosowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Opublikowana w roku 1867 monografia Don Karlos, królewicz hiszpański należy do najrzadziej przywoływanych dzieł Jana Karłowicza. Wzmiankom o niej towarzyszy niekiedy informacja, że na podstawie tego opracowania autor bezskutecznie starał się o stanowisko docenta w Szkole Głównej w Warszawie. Artykuł jest próbą przybliżenia zasadniczych tez propozycji Karłowicza, oraz przyczyn, dla których taka interpretacja dziejów hiszpańskiego infanta nie spotkała się z uznaniem ówczesnych czytelników.

Modele w piśmie. O organizacji tekstu Chaty polskiej Jana Aleksandra Karłowicza

Author(s): Adam Pisarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce krążenia ewolucjonistycznych idei w ramach antropologicznokulturowego pola dyskursu. Autor skupia się na kilku wybranych cechach tego pola, które umożliwiają „podróże” wybranym pojęciom i niewyartykułowanym założeniom teorii. Głównym celem tekstu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, dlaczego stworzony przez Jana Aleksandra Karłowicza w Chacie polskiej ewolucjonistyczno-lingwistyczno-archeologiczny bricolage był akceptowalną konstrukcją naukową. Aby na nie odpowiedzieć konieczna jest analiza sposobów wykorzystania przez autora kategorii i typów utrwalonych w porządku pisma, a rozumianych jako modele odzwierciedlające rzeczywistość, a dokładniej – kodujące w porządku pisma niektóre jej aspekty.

TERAPEUTSKI CILJEVI NASTAVE LIKOVNE KULTURE I UMJETNOST U TERAPIJI

Author(s): Branka Turkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6-7/2018

The usual, but overtaken classification of the goals of the teaching fine arts are divided into educational and pedagogical. However, a large number of serious pedagogues and methodologies, whose attitudes and opinions the author fully agrees with, as the goal of teaching of fine art, distinguishes the therapeutic goals, apart from the above mentioned goals. As a part of teaching of fine art, the therapeutic goals are the most important for the teaching of fine arts in working with vulnerable categories students, because through this goal the teacher can be introduced to the inner world, psychology and social needs of each student, and especially those with whom the usual communication is difficult or even disabled. We’ll deal with the definition of the term art therapy, the one that is often misinterpreted and misunderstood, its origin, different theories and approaches, but also point out the differences in relation to arts in therapy.

Władysław Żeleński – kompozytor i pedagog. Relacja między stylem twórczym a postawą pedagoga

Author(s): Maryla Renat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

Cel badań. Celem badań było sprawdzenie jakie istnieją relacje między stylistyką twórczości kompozytorskiej Władysława Żeleńskiego a jego osobowością i postawą pedagoga.Metodologia. Przedmiotem badań była szeroko rozumiana literatura przedmiotu, obejmująca opracowania leksykalne, stylokrytyczne, publicystyka muzyczna dotycząca dzieł kompozytora oraz relacje i wspomnienia jego uczniów. Literaturę analizowano w porządku chronologicznym, po czym dokonano analizy porównawczej literatury omawiającej styl twórczości i wspomnień uczniów ukazujących jego charakter i postawę pedagoga. Końcowym etapem badań była analiza porównawcza wniosków na temat stylu twórczości a postawą w pedagogice.Wyniki. Analiza porównawcza literatury wykazała wspólne stanowisko historyków w ocenie stylu kompozytorskiego, który był tradycyjny, zachowujący klasyczne wartości. Władysław Żeleński dysponował rzetelną techniką kompozytorską, tworzył zgodnie z wyznawanymi przez siebie ideałami, przestrzegał dyscypliny formalnej. Twórczość jego najpełniej wypowiadała się w gatunku liryki wokalnej i posiadała akcenty patriotyczne, była łagodna w ekspresji.Analiza wspomnień uczniów Władysława Żeleńskiego wykazała, że jako pedagog był bardzo wymagający, stawiający na pierwszym planie przestrzeganie ścisłych reguł w nauce teorii muzyki, a w nauczaniu gry na instrumencie bezbłędnego przygotowania do lekcji. W toku pracy pedagogicznej wykazywał się brakiem cierpliwości i gwałtownością reakcji, reprezentował typ osobowości choleryka.Wnioski. Władysław Żeleński posiadał dychotomiczną osobowość: kompozytor – liryk, pedagog – choleryk. Twórczość Władysława Żeleńskiego była terenem realizacji artystycznych ideałów, a pedagogika terenem ich obrony, dlatego osobowość kompozytora ukazuje się jako jedność przeciwieństw, złączonych ideą wyznawania klasycznego ideału porządku w muzyce.

Wpływ działalności Scuoli na rozwój artystyczny Wenecji w dobie Quattrocento

Author(s): Agata Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

Cel badań. Celem badania było określenie roli, jaką odegrały Scuole w rozwoju malarstwa weneckiego w XV wieku, a tym samym lepsze zrozumienie i określenie znaczenia uwarunkowań społeczno-religijnych dla rozwoju malarstwa weneckiego.Metodologia. Przedmiotem badania stały się trzy cykle malarskie pochodzące ze Scuoli weneckich: Cykl legendy św. Urszuli Carpaccia, Cykl legendy Krzyża Świętego Carpaccia i Genilego Belliniego oraz Cykl ze Scuoli di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni Carpaccia (w szczególności zaś obrazy: Cud relikwii Krzyża Świętego na Rialto oraz Wizja św. Augustyna Carpaccia). Zostały one przeanalizowane w kontekście opisanych wcześniej szczegółowo przemian społeczno-religijnych w XV-wiecznej Wenecji, jak również zasad i idei funkcjonowania Scuoli.Wyniki. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła lepiej dostrzec i zdefiniować rolę specyficznie weneckich organizacji, jakimi były Scuole, w rozwoju malarstwa. Scuole, pozwalające mieszczanom osiągnąć duże znaczenie społeczne, dawały również swego rodzaju możliwość objęcia zbiorowego patronatu nad sztuką i sprzyjały jej rozwojowi poprzez zamawianie dzieł o nowatorskiej tematyce.Wnioski. Z analizy wynika, że społeczeństwo weneckie zrzeszone w Scuolach, miało ogromny wpływ na rozwój artystyczny własnego miasta, głównie pod względem rozwoju tematycznego malarstwa. Dzięki zamawianiu przedstawień procesji i uroczystości, Scuole sprawiły, że do obrazów wprowadzone zostały tematy świeckie i przedstawienia miasta prekursorskie względem o wiele późniejszych wedut.

Pisarze postkolonialni. Próba identyfikacji twórczości Astrid Roemer

Author(s): Jakub Majkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

Teza. Astrid Roemer, pisarka pochodząca z Surinamu, mieszkająca przez wiele lat w Holandii, należy do tzw. pisarzy postkolonialnych. Badacze literatury wskazują na trudności z określeniem, kim są tacy twórcy. Problematyczna jest także kwestia przypisania Astrid Roemer do konkretnego pokolenia imigrantów. Pisarka adresuje swoje utwory do czarnych kobiet, pisze je jednak w języku niderlandzkim, który w Surinamie jest wyłącznie językiem urzędowym, co sprawia, iż jej powieści czytane są przez niewielki procent tej społeczności. W artykule autor stawia tezę, że twórczość Astrid Roemer należy zaliczyć do literatury wielokulturowej.Omówione koncepcje. Autor odwołuje się do koncepcji socjologicznej pierwszego i drugiego pokolenia imigrantów oraz studium historycznoliterackiego Urszuli Topolskiej (2009), poświęconego pisarzom o podwójnych korzeniach kulturowych, tworzących w języku niderlandzkim. Przywołuje także koncepcję transkulturowości Wolfganga Welscha (1994/1995) oraz tożsamości wielokulturowej Jerzego Nikitorowicza (1995).Wyniki i wnioski. Zarówno w biografii, jak i twórczości literackiej A. Roemer można odnaleźć znaki transkulturowości oraz hybrydyzacji kulturowej.Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza podejścia. A. Roemer jest laureatką P. C. Hooft Award, holenderskiej nagrody państwowej, uważanej za najważniejszą nagrodę literacką w Holandii. Pomimo tego jest autorką niszową. Jej nazwisko znalazło się w zaledwie jednym podręczniku do nauki literatury niderlandzkiej ( Topolska, 2009).

Styl czy dyskurs naukowy? Perspektywa historyczna

Author(s): Artur Rejter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The work concerns the usefulness of terms “style” and “discourse” in research of academic Polish evolution. One notices the significant advantages of complementary interpretation of research on the academic Polish evolution. The analysis of style level ensures description of basic and essential – both: stable and changeable – language features, systemic, but stylistically worked. On the other hand the reference to discourse level enables to describe and interpret the phenomena of academic communication in broader aspects, taking into consideration the socio-cultural contexts, which determine the forming of academic Polish in prototype shape, but also its contemporary dissolving in postmodern communication reality. Furthermore, the discourse context opens the research for extralinguistic conditions, previously neglected in analysis of language dynamics.

Struktura tematyczna czasownikowych zapożyczeń leksykalnych z języka niemieckiego zanikających w dobie nowopolskiej

Author(s): Ewelina Kwapień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The paper presents the semantic structure of verb borrowing from German going out of use during the New Polish period. Lexical material included 86 semantic units extracted from „Słownik języka polskiego” (dictionary of Polish language) edited by Witold Doroszewski described as: archaic, obsolete, going out of use. The semantic structure shows that significant part of vocabulary was collected in 2 fields: ‹‹Work life›› and ‹‹Social behavior in the community›› occurring to extralinguistic circumstances like changes of work organization and realities of social life.

Typy zdań z użyciem polskich i koreańskich podstawowych czasowników ruchu – wnioski z badań ankietowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Szamborska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

This article refers to comparative studies. It highlights the problems associated with using basic verbs of motion in describing a real situation. This includes iść and chodzić in Polish and 가다 [gada] in Korean. The most common types of sentence used (S[trajectory]V and S[purpose]V) have been identified based upon surveys carried out amongst Polish and Korean language students from various universities in June/July 2015. The conclusions indicate that a more systematic approach can be made for the Polish and Korean verbs of motion and this results in an improved methodology for teaching both languages. Attention is also drawn to the temporal deixis (adverbs) in sentences with the Polish verbs iść/chodzić, as well as to the lack of perlative and locative relations in describing trajectory in sentences with the Korean verb 가다 [gada]. Moreover, the most common lexemes used by Polish and Korean respondents are pointed out which show several differences between the two languages.

Włoskie złożenia nominalne typu V+N – problemy tłumaczenia na język polski

Author(s): Irena Putka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The focus of the article is on the structural and semantic analysis of Italian V+N compounds and on their translation into Polish. These structures indicate the agents, objects, containers, notions and phenomena. In Polish, they resemble the Italian formations in terms of structure and derivation or they show regularity in translation accoring to Polish derivational norms. The Polish equivalents manifest themselves as regular deverbal or denominal derivatives with a suffix or as periphrastic expressions. In the case of some new compounds of that type, created on the basis of linguistic competence and existing models, it is not always easy to find an equivalent, despite functional rules of word formation. Semantic restrictions and cultural differences are often the reason for their untranslatability.

Mixed-Gender Groups and the Problem of Genesis of the Masculine Personal Gender

Author(s): Krystyna Kleszczowa / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

The author discusses the topic of genesis of the masculine personal gender, which has been touched upon numerous times in Polish linguistic literature, but the concepts presented have not always been sufficiently cogent. She suggests that we take a closer look at the ways the problem of gender agreement in multiple-gender groups is solved. The historical material allows us to point to the following methods: 1. in strings a verb in the singular was employed, with only the first element of the group being obliged to reach gender concord (for example, aże ciało w nim puchnęło i ręce, i około serca. ŻywAm 65), 2. in attributive elements, the attribute related to all elements, including the ones not specified on the surface (for instance, kolżdy brat i siostra mają się modlić za duszę jego. Reg XIX 14), 3. nominal or pronominal generalisation, accompanied by enumeration (e.g. A to jest podobieństwo utrapienia: uciski, nędze, śmierć i potym zmartwychwstanie i żywot wieczny. GrzegŚm 37), 4. a verb was elided (when an existential predicate was involved) (as, for example, in Wskazał jemu płomień, gdzie światłość i ciemność, smętek i płacz, i ciężkie wzdychanie. XV ex. Zab. 356), 5. employing a prepositional phrase + the instrumental case – then the predicate was in the singular (Jako się Stachna i s mężem zaprzała swego pana. Roty 120). Additionally, the research confirmed that in the oldest language relics, if the subject was “multigendered,” the masculine gender was highlighted, something that had a strong systemic motivation. The aforementioned thesis can be confirmed at levels others than the inflectional one, for instance in word formation (cf. e.g. morphological means of moulding female names on the basis of male ones by employing derivative formants like -ka, -ica, -ina and others). It is significant, however, that derivatives stemming from masculine names embraced semantically both the male sex and the female sex (e.g. mistrzowski < mistrz, proroczy < prorok). This testifies to the fact that it was possible for the masculine form to refer to the female designation. The difference of sexes was also pertinent to the animal world; here also a masculine element constituted the centre of a derivational nest, although in these cases it was not always of importance. Oftentimes in such situations lexemic resources were employed (e.g. pies / suka). It is interesting that up to the point when the masculine personal gender developed for masculine animal nouns, there were appearing both types of forms (e.g. ptaszki // ptaszkowie, węże // wężowie). The author, then, questions the thesis of the accusative origin of nominative endings in the plural by proposing that we consider the influence of mixed-gender groups on the development of the masculine personal gender. The analysis of endings for various genders clearly shows that the feminine gender is most expansive.

Varia: Narzędzia cyfrowe w polonistycznej dydaktyce akademickiej – zastosowania, możliwości, perspektywy

Author(s): Beata Duda,Karolina Lisczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The aim of the article is to present the selected digital tools for language analysis which may be applied in the academic didactics during course classes in linguistics. In the first part of the article advanced corpus search engines were discussed, for instance, National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), National Photo-corpus of the Polish Language (NFJP), as well as ChronoPress – Press Texts Portal, Spokes – corpora of conversational speech, and corpus search engine Monco PL. The second part is dedicated to the tools and applications for the individual creation of browsable language resources (Korpusomat, Virtual Laboratory of Transcription), as well as for the complex analysis of the relationships between language units (plWordnet) and the measurement of the degree of the text comprehension (Jasnopis).

A Symphony of Unique Voices: The Literary Testimony of Jewish Women Writers in Post-World War II Yugoslavia

Author(s): Dina Katan Ben-Zion / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2018

The first part of this article endeavors to give an idea about the scope and impact of dealing with Jews and Jewish issues in the literature of the former Yugoslavia,so as to provide a frame of reference for presenting in the second part the literary testimonies of several less-known Yugoslav Jewish women writers. In the second part, the writings of thirteen Jewish women writers will be presented. Their writings represent personal testimonies of literary heroines, while revealing some of the writers’ literary strategies to preserve past-time memories, which in many ways characterize the specific feminine experience of a Yugoslav Jewish woman in the postwar period.

O listach Witolda Gombrowicza do Zdravka Malicia

Author(s): Dalibor Blažina / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2017

In the legacy of Zdravko Malić (1933–1997) – a historian of literature, critic, poet and translator – the most important Croatian polonist in the second half of the 20th century, founder of the Chair of Polish Language and Literature at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb (1965) and a longtime lecturer of Polish literature there are 19 letters written by Witold Gombrowicz to his critic. Malić was the author of the first dissertation on Gombrowicz’s work in the world, which he defended in 1965 under the title Witold Gombrowicz’s Literary Work. Though it has never been published as a whole, Malić generated from his thesis a large number of articles which he later published in the Croatian, Polish and French scientific press. With these works he confirmed that his contribution to early gombrowiczology was of an exceptional character, and that his research paved the way for the dynamic development of this polonist discipline. The description of the correspondence is limited to a few most important dimensions: the financial and publishing problems with Malić’s translation of Ferdydurke; the “examination” of his critical competences and the enthusiastic acceptance of Malić’s doctoral dissertation by Gombrowicz; gaining the writer’s full trust and opening up to close co-operation, mutual assistance and even friendship. This is where the writer invited Malić to the world of gombrowiczology, in which the critic from Zagreb left a deep and inspirational mark.

Historyczność osobista - O książce Izabeli Szyrokiej Autobiografia i filozofia. Próba filozoficzna rozważenia wzajemnych odniesień na podstawie kilku klasycznych przykładów

Author(s): Michał Koza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2017

The paper concerns a vision of relationship between the philosophy and literature according to Izabela Szyroka and her latest book. Szyroka shows them in a close connection, in the context of the evolution of the genre from Montaigne and Rousseau as well as philosophical, anthropological enquires. The development of philosophical views on literature was characterized by empowerment of two ideas – the specific autobiographical subject and historicity of a human life. The paper argues that the supposed progress of these ideas was essential for the Western modernity but was majorly challenged. The great part of that process took place during the postmodern era, but the crisis of the autobiographical subject can be traced much earlier – in the modern literature itself.

Zpráva z deváté mezinárodní vědecké konference Cizí nebo jiný v českém jazyce a literatuře, Ratiboř 6.–7. září 2017 r.

Author(s): Lubomír Hampl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

Езикови и живописни паралели – наблюдения върху надписите в група паметници от края на XVI и началото на XVII век на Балканите

Author(s): Tsvetan Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The article aims to present some observations on the language features of a group of monuments that most probably belong to the same art circle. In this context the analysis of linguistic data serves as an essential supplement to the stylistic analysis of the murals and could be used as a tool for a more complete description of the artistic production of one studio. The analyzed examples are mostly texts from the scrolls held by prophets and saints from the following monuments: Dragalevtsi Monastery of the Holy Mother of God (second layer of painting), Kurilo Monastery of St. John of Rila (1596), Seslavtsi Monastery of St. Nicholas (1616), Slimnitsa Monastery of the Virgin (1607), the Church of St. Theodore of Amasea and St. Theodore Stratelates (1614) in the village of Dobarsko, and the Church of the Assumption (1606) in the village of Zervat. In all monuments listed above the inscriptions are of the mixed type (Cyrillic and Greek); their examination is based upon as many linguistic aspects as possible: orthographic, phonetic, morphological and syntactical. This methodology allows for a greater reliability of the conclusions drawn. From the orthographic aspect, as regards the Cyrillic inscriptions there are noticeable similarities in the writing of the Yat vowel, the letter <÷>; usage of a specific combination of two superscript characters borrowed from the Greek language have also been observed. Parallel Cyrillic inscriptions from the scenes of the Last Supper, the Gethsemane Prayer, the Resurrection of Lazarus and Nativity of Christ are examined; also, Cyrillic inscriptions written on the scrolls of Anna the Prophetess on all monuments with the exception of the church in Zervat where the Greek inscriptions predominate considerably. Other identical inscriptions include those on the scrolls of St. Paul of Thebes in the Seslavtsi Monastery and in the church in Dobarsko, of the prophet Jonah from the Kurilo Monastery, the Seslavtsi Monastery and the church in Dobarsko, of the prophet Balaam from the church in Zervat and the Slimnitsa Monastery. All inscriptions are examined on the morphological, syntactic and textual levels, revealing that two spelling standards have been used in them simultaneously: Serbian and Middle Bulgarian. As regards the Greek inscriptions parallel texts from the scrolls of St. Euthymius the Great from the churches in Zervat and Dobarsko, the Slimnitsa Monastery and the Seslavtsi Monastery as well as two hymnographic texts from the Octoechos inscribed on the images of St. John Damascene and St. Cosmas of Maiuma are examined. The results of the study show that the comprehensive approach that combines a linguistic and a stylistic analysis is the most appropriate for the adequate determination and definition of the characteristics of this art circle of monuments in which similar iconographic and textual patterns are realized.

Langston Hughes’ Racial Perspective on the Soviet Union Presented in I Wonder as I Wander

Author(s): Agnieszka Łobodziec / Language(s): English Issue: 161/2018

Langston Hughes lived in a racially segregated country within which racialism – fortified by religious indoctrination, ontology, and pseudo-scientific assumptions – attributed inferiority to blackness and superiority to whiteness. Under these circumstances, Hughes developed racial consciousness and was likely to observe, negotiate, and assess realities beyond the United States through this prism. The article focuses on Hughes’ comparative negotiation of two contrasting geopolitical contexts i.e. the racially segregated USA and the supposedly racially progressive USSR that he elaborates on in his travelogue I Wonder as I Wander. Special focus is given to examining the ways Hughes refers to and interprets his experience of the USSR, its political system, cultural expressions, social services, customs and ethnicities from a black American racial conscious frame of reference predicated upon African American experience and folk culture. The analogies he found between the situations of black Americans and the Soviet working class and various ethnicities, particularly the special affinity he felt with the peoples of Turkmenistan and his observation of Muscovite superior and elitist attitudes towards marginalized and disenfranchised residents of impoverished regions are highlighted. Interestingly, although Langston Hughes was treated as a guest of honor in Moscow, he nevertheless ventured forth to Soviet Central Asia, where, as he put it, “the majority of the colored citizens lived”. Lastly, the extent to which Hughes’ Soviet experience may have both heightened his universalist perspectives and racial consciousness is addressed with racial consciousness approached positively in that it enriched, individualized, and deepened Hughes’ understanding of a country so different from his own.

Rosyjskie wędrówki Czesława MIłosza

Author(s): Monika Wójciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 161/2018

The article focuses on Czesław Miłosz's connections with Russia. The poet spend a few years in Russia where he experienced I-st World War and Russian Revolution. He kept going back to those memories over and over. Spending his early years in Russia he learned not only language but what's more he acquired something we could call "eastern features". In his essays he did studied Russian issues a lot. He also interpreted Russian literature masterpieces and explained the key moments of Russian culture and history. Miłosz was inspired by Russian literature and his Russian experience has a strong impact on his outlook and creation. In my research I am trying to find the way to understand this impact and if it is still existing or even if it is more actual nowadays.

Языковая игра в городском пространстве, или как повысить мотивацию студентов к изучению языка?

Author(s): Joanna Darda-Gramatyka,Gabriela Sitkiewicz (Szewczyk) / Language(s): Russian Issue: 161/2018

This article is a summary of a language urban game entitled Following the Russian traces in Cracow. There were 80 participants in the game and 41 of them filled out a voluntary questionnaire providing feedback. The purpose of the questionnaire was to examine to what extent students were aware of the group processes they partici¬pated in and how those processes affected their motivation to learn a foreign lan¬guage. Our research results have shown that the group members’ interactions are directly related to the students’ motivation to achieve better results. The awareness of the group processes’ impact on an individual is crucial as skilful management of these processes can be used while planning work strategies with student groups in order to increase their effectiveness in achieving the set goals. Creation of the right space for learning is well supported by exercises using elements of competition, fun or game mechanics. The influence exerted by a group on an individual and facili¬tation are not new issues, however, they are very timely matters and still require extensive research.