We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
this eBook is a "Digsimile" (digital Facsimile)-Edition of the original volume published in 1929. The series of the annuals have been started by a group of young historians of the Jweish community of Bohemia who,, after the first World War and for the first time in history, got access to the archives in Prague and in Vienna.
More...
The first half of the 19th century in Dalmatia is marked out by the rule of Francis I. Austrian strategic interests resulted in a long-prepared reorganization of the structure of the state which brought about significant changes. Traditional commercial and fiscal relations were transformed. On 23 December 1817, Francis I issued the “Patent for the introduction of a stable cadastre” (Patent uber die Einfuhrung des stabilen Katasters), by which a general property tax was introduced in the Monarchy. Work on the cadastre of Dalmatia was begun after the nomination of Governor Franjo Tomašić in Zadar (the capital of Dalmatia) in 1822 and completed in 1838. Immediately after the triangulation was done in 1838, the original cadastral plans were deposited in the Central Archives in Vienna. Today, copies of these can be found in the State Archive in Split under the title “Archive of maps of Istria and Dalmatia.”
More...
This research deals with a historiographically common subject that, until now, did not have monographic coverage. Its subject are the members of the political, social and economic elite of Serbs assembled in the Serbian club within the Croatian Diet as the part of the ruling People’s Party at the time of viceroy (ban) Károly Khuen Héderváry (1883-1903). Insufficient research of this segment of the Serbian politics loyal to the government at the time it was becoming a significant factor in the system of Croatian agreement autonomy, primarily reflects the lack of both suitable primary and secondary sources, and the innovative methodological approaches that are caused by the scarceness of the basic resources on the subject. Comparative prosopography proved to be the optimal methodological tool in placing the research focus on a very narrow and biographically unknown elite group that was active in different spheres of Croatia proper (Banska Hrvatska) as well as in the wider regional frame of Transleithania (the state union between Croatia and Hungary) at the turn of the 20th century. Prosopography is an established method of political and social history that is used in the research of numerically identifiable (smaller) elite groups in a shorter time frame and it implies analysing a number of complementary serial sources by introducing standardized questions on the background and status of the members of the Serbian elite. The use of comparative prosopography has enabled detection of a deeper social and economical background of the political action and ideology of the Serbian club, as well as a broader circle of the Serbian elite in several social spheres Σ within the institutions of Hungarian- Croatian parliamentarism, in banks, savings banks and financial organizations in Croatia proper and within the institutions of Serbian church and school autonomy in Hungary and Croatia. Prosopography has not, until now, been used by other researchers for analysing the subjects from Croatian history, and therefore it was applied in creating the database on elite groups that lacks in Croatian historiography of the 19th and the 20th century, especially if it is taken into consideration that this was a period of systematic production of many suitable printed serial sources, especially public or state registers on administrative affairs and economy. The groundbreaking importance of this research, from the perspective of Serbian subject matter in historiography, is mostly reflected in the fact of (re)construction of the Serbian identity in quite a number of representatives in the Croatian Diet and especially those members in ruling structures of the financial organizations since most of the available Croatian and Serbian sources from that period either indirectly imply a possible Serbian nationality of the individuals in the researched groups and institutions or they are tacit on the subject. The book embarks upon analysing the subject that historiography so far has mostly dealt with in regards with the Serbian club within Khuen’s People’s Party.
More...
In diesem Buch werden die kroatischen liberalen in Zagreb erscheinenden Blatter Saborske novine (1848), Slavenski Jug (1848-1850), Sudslawische Zeitung (1849-1852) und Jugoslavenske novine (1850) als moderne offentliche Medien mit sehr komplexer politischer und gesellschaftlicher Funktion dargestellt und zwar auf Grund komparativer Methode. Nach einer methodologischen und historiographischen Einleitung setzte die Autorin die genannten Blatter in raumlichen und zeitlichen Kontext und beschrieb die Umstande, in denen das Pressewesen in der Habsburgermonarchie vom Jahre 1848 bis zum 1852 wirkte, also in dem hier besprochenen Zeitraum.
More...
Spisi koji su pred nama predstavljaju primjer crkvene birokratske „literature“– strogo formaliziran niz pitanja koja je vatikanska administracija postavljala svojim službenicima, te odgovori koji su na njih dobiveni. Međutim, osim suhih podataka o kanoničkim karijerama i ustroju kaptola, ovi nam dokumenti otvaraju prozor u mnoge segmente života onodobnoga Senja: vjerski, kulturni, intelektualni, trgovački, pa i onaj koji bismo nazvali zabavnim – i po tome su specifični u odnosu na većinu preostalih spisa iz korpusa koji nazivamo kanonskim vizitacijama.
More...
With contributions by Zlatko Hasanbegović, Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević, Stjepan Matković, Jure Krišto, Marko Trogrlić, Zoran Grijak, Zlatko Matijević, Srećko Lipovčan, Ivica Miškulin, Mario Jareb, Goran Ante Blažeković
More...
Četiri stotine godina prve tiskane knjige na narodnom jeziku iz Bosne i Hercegovine jedna je od stožernih činjenica kulturne povijesti na ovim prostorima. Matija Divković (1563-1631) objavljivanjem Nauka krstjanskoga i Sto čudesa 1611. godine otvara prvu stranicu povijesti knjige na narodnom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini, stoljeće i pol nakon izuma tiskarskog stroja. Od epohalnog otkrića tiska, s pomičnim lijevanim slovima, Johanna Gutenberga (o. 1397–1468) u Mainzu, sredinom XV. stoljeća – po nekima najvažnijeg događaja drugog tisućljeća poslije Krista – i tiskanja prve Biblije od 42 retka (1455), najblistavijeg izdanja ranog tiskarstva, prošlo je više od pet i pol stoljeća. Kroz to su se vrijeme dogodile ogromne promjene na kulturnom i civilizacijskom planu zahvaljujući tom događaju. Samo pedeset godina nakon otkrića tiskarskog stroja, u Europi je bilo otisnuto već oko 35.000 izdanja knjiga u 10 milijuna primjeraka, a prema nekim procjenama možda čak u 15 do 20 milijuna. Sve se te knjige – tiskane do 1500. godine – nazivaju inkunabule ili prvotisci. Sačuvano ih je oko 450.000 primjeraka tiskanih u više od 1.100 tiskara. Prvotisci su danas najdragocjeniji sadržaj i ures velikih svjetskih knjižnica.
More...
The association with the Catholicism and the Roman Catholic Church had already in the past been perceived by the dynasty of Habsburgs as an expression of unity and strength of the widely differentiated union of states. However, it was only during the seemingly quiet time period of the 18th century that the dynasty managed to turn the Catholic Church into one of the means of enforcing their power and the power of the state. In addition, the confessional structure of the society in the monarchy was changed as well: the non-Catholics, though still marginal, developed into a quite important group of believers. The time period, during which the modernisation of the life in the Habsburg monarchy started through the reforming effort of the state power, brought along principal changes to the life of the Protestant communities. The position of the Protestant churches in the civil society started to shift from oppression towards acceptance by the civil society, and their internal development could finally comply with their internal needs. The functioning of the Lutheran community and Church in the society is described in the introductory chapter. Here, an attention is given to the destinies of people who suffered under the confessional oppression, but also to the methods and controversial results of the re-Catholicizing measures, as they were recorded by the Lutheran agent of the Vienna court (or the Hungarian Court Office) in his official dairies. The changes in the every-day coexistence of the confessions that started with the issuance of the Patent of Tolerance could be evidenced only gradually: in spite of the fact that the Hungarian society was accustomed to the coexistence of several confessions, the issuance of the Patent evoked quite a turmoil in the society. It was especially concerning the administrative bodies (in counties but also in dicasteries – the supreme state administration bodies) that were facing the task of co-operation with the Protestants. An interesting field for confrontation between the Catholics and Lutherans, but also between both Evangelical churches, was created by ,,missions” of Lutherans to Bohemia and Moravia. In return, these missions exercised an impact on the inter-confessional relations within the Hungarian kingdom. The character of these relations was also marked with the general political situation in the monarchy as a whole, but mainly with the fear that the non-Catholics could possible get connected with the foreign powers (Prussia), or even with the revolutionary circles abroad (France). In addition, the long time maintained mentality of supremacy among Catholics on one hand, and the feeling of exclusiveness nurtured among Lutherans on the other turned into sources of intolerance, which in many cases got expressed after the issuance of the Patent of Tolerance or the Religious Act No.26/1791. The relation of the Lutheran Church and community to the state represented an important aspect of their functioning. The state, even after the issuance of the Patent of Tolerance, made an effort in terms of determining the areas of its exclusive interest. At first place it were the schools where the exclusion of general education from the outreach of the church institutions wanted to be achieved, and on the second place the liturgies were required to be “rationalized” according to ideas presented by Joseph II. Especially the topic of school reform, which was planned to be accomplished through establishing combined schools and applying secular supervision of education and textbooks, is a subject of a detailed examination The problems that the Lutheran (Evangelical AC) church was confronted with resulted in a controversial internal development. The pressure put by the state and the Catholic church on this confession evoked a need for internal consistency, owing to which the church was able to preserve its identity, even under the influence of unfavourable conditions. However, this development resulted in a considerable rigidity that could be seen in the outlasting adherence to the Lutheran orthodoxy, being the dominant theological orientation. In course of the 18th century, it was first of all the socially conditioned phenomenon, owing to which the influence of clergies could be preserved within the church structure. In the Lutheran society, tensions started to appear between the secular patrons, who were the only ones entitled to protect the interests of churches on the various levels of the state administration, and the superintendents, who were acknowledged by the state to be the official representatives of the church and were assigned some, though little, competencies. The relations between the secular and clerical members of the church were also complicated by the fact that the system of consistories did not get naturalised in the Hungarian monarchy, and the synods could not be summoned after 1707. Even though several ideas on how the internal circumstances of the church should be settled (e.g. Jan Cernansky, before 1779) were developed, the situation was not stabilised before 1791 when the synod was finally summoned. At this synod, the influence of the secular church representatives was forced through. As a result, the clerical representatives started to show concerns regarding the Lutheran identity preservation that was perceived to be endangered by the initial proposals to create a union of Lutherans and Calvinists. The advocates, who were determining the development of the Evangelical AC Church in the course of the 18th century, developed into a relatively small but in terms of education, theological and philosophical orientation a quite varied group of people who were taking up secular as well as church positions. The influence of their advocacy was considerable. Closer attention is paid to those who managed to exceed the activity field assigned to them by their work position, and exercised an influence on the attitudes of people around. Because the positions they were taking up were not the most significant ones, their influence as if ,,from the background” did not get to the attention centre of the recent historiography (Pavol Sramko/Schramko), or it was not adequately evaluated (Michal Institoris Mossoczy). Through their works and activities, the advocates of Lutheranism managed to permeate into the circles that were close to the Vienna Royal Court and thus contribute to forming the attitudes of the Court regarding the religious issues in Hungary (Jozef Benczur). In addition, people who were in a direct work contact with the Royal Court (Court Agents), or those who were in charge of informing the foreign countries about the events in Hungary with an aim to advocate for the Hungarian Protestants living abroad, were quite active in this field as well.
More...
The presented monograph is an anthology of case-studies dealing with various aspects of military history of Slovakia starting with the antecedences of the 1848 revolution and continuing till the early beginnings of World War I. The texts are selected and arranged in chronological order. This mentioned period represents an era of crucial importance for the development of national consciousness of the Slovak nation. During that time, many revolutionary changes of social order took place in Hungarian Kingdom; decisive political struggles about the form of modernization were fought, the social structure and spiritual fundament changed radically, national contradictions among the nations living in the kingdom were more and more evident, the oppressive policy of Magyar elites towards other nations and nationalities strengthened. In consequence, the Slovak political representatives were pushed into a defensive position and they set as they primary goal the safeguarding of the Slovak national existence. The publication is divided into four parts: introduction, two basic chapters ordered chronologically and conclusion. In the first chapter titled Approaching the World War, I pay attention to the year of revolution, 1848, which represented a major turning point in the transition from feudalism to the capitalism and which deeply influenced the process of bourgeois transformation of the majority of European states. Further, it was for the first time in modern history of the Slovak nation, that an independent armed action of the Slovaks took place – the socalled September Uprising in 1848. In this chapter, the issues connected with the armed action of the Slovak volunteers in September 1848 serve as a background for a complex military historical analysis of that time. The Austro-Prussian War fought in 1866 that culminated in the defeat of Austrian army in the Battle of Königgrätz (Hradec Králové), brought a correction of great power ambitions of the Habsburg Empire, it further led to a revision of its foreign policy and cause inner political turbulences, leading to the Austro-Hungarian (Magyar) constitutional settlement in 1867. Last but not least, a reform of Austro-Hungarian army was initiated. In the second chapter, I consider the course of the mentioned war and its consequences, paying attention to the participation of Slovaks in the military formations of the Monarchy. The next three studies in this chapter seek to illustrate the system of resurrection of the Austro-Hungarian army and the organizational development of the infantry and cavalry units specifically considering the effects of those issues on Slovakia and the role of Slovaks in the frames of the Habsburg army and the units referred to. It is worth a mention that this is the first comprehensive attempt in Slovak historiography to reflect the above-mentioned issues. The studies are supplemented by tables and schemes and they are followed by an analysis of the nationality issue in the army – both the Habsburg and the Honvéd army – as well as the reactions of the Slovak policy to the mentioned questions in the last decades before World War I. Another chapter is dealing with the military and diplomatic background of events that followed after the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo and which culminated in the World War I. The final study of this chapter is dealing with military plans of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in the eve of the outbreak of World War I, taking into account their connection with the military plans of the general staff of the German army. The second part of this book is titled Slovaks in the Great War and is subdivided into three chapter, each of them monitoring the first stage of military actions in the north-eastern front, where numerous Slovak soldiers incorporated to the V. battalion of Bratislava and VI. battalion of Košice took part. In the first chapter I focus on the prelude of the Austro-Hungarian military formations operations in the north-eastern front during August 1914, which later resulted in most determined fights in the initial phase of World War I. In the following study, I consider the most extensive military operation of the Austro-Hungarian army in the north-eastern front – the Battle of Kraśnik. My last study is dealing with the Battle of Komarów, in the Russian literature better known as the Battle of Tomaszów. In both battles, many soldiers coming from Slovakia lost their lives. In addition to a detailed description of the course of these battles and the whole military situation, I pay attention to some controversial decisions taken by the high command of the Austro-Hungarian army, resulting from frictions and discrepancies between the German and Austro-Hungarian military command. These decisions caused setbacks of particular military operations. World War I and its consequences changed the political map of Europe and brought a dramatic change in the balance of power. The multinational Habsburg monarchy, which long before the outbreak of the Great War wasn’t able to respond and satisfy the demands (political, lingual, cultural etc.) of oppressed nations, ceased to exist. On its ruins, new state raised. By the establishment of the Czecho-Slovak state on democratic principles, Slovakia and the Slovaks entered a new historical era.
More...
The author presents the history of the Reformation in the Kingdom of Poland in the years 1518–1566, with a particular emphasis on the role of Polish erasmen, understood both as friends and correspondents of Erasmus from Rotterdam, and – more broadly – as admirers of his works. The text presents the Reformation as a process in which the question about the foundations of faith entailed theological, social and political changes. They co-created the erstwhile reformation in Poland and shaped the processes of the entire society, being at the same time participants in these processes.
More...
The monograph discusses literary and cultural issues, important figures and historical facts concerning the 1860s. By referring to various phenomena of the literary production of the time and by revisiting some unknown texts it presents new research perspectives of that period, perceived as a time of change and uncertainty, lost opportunities, difficult choices, a verification of literary models and attitudes to life.
More...
Jędrzej Moraczewski’s thoroughly subjective memories reveal a small dose of privacy. However, through the mesh of the author’s life story, they show the picturesque Galician reality, the mechanisms determining the functioning of institutions, offices and political parties towards the end of the 19th century, as well as the intellectual elite milieu in the 19th-century Lwów. This environment had a great impact on shaping Moraczewski’s national, civil and political consciousness. It also affected the choice of his ideological path and his active participation in public life.
More...
Work of Albert Caleb, Dr. in Law, Docent at Geneva University, member of Societé de Législation Comparée (Paris). Published in 1909 in Geneva (GEORG & Co, éditeurs) and Paris (Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence)
More...
The Macedonian question arose on the day when European diplomacy at the Congress of Berlin (1878) replaced Macedonia under the authority of the Sultan, which, by the Treaty of San Stefano, was included in the Bulgarian state. Since then much has been written on this question and on the dispute between Bulgarians and Serbs, the former wanting to maintain their national unity in the cultural field and pursuing the achievement of political unity and the Serbs seeking to expand at the expense of their neighbors from the east. (introduction by the translator)
More...
Published in 1906 by Librairie Plon in Paris. // Authors preface: "This is the full story of Macedonia and the reforms over the past ten years: on the one hand, the suffering and heroic struggles of the Macedonian people; on the other hand, the desperate efforts of the Sultan to keep under the knife this people which his brothers of Bulgaria, Serbia, Rumania and Greece civilized by the schools, but which they are unable to deliver by arms, less for lack of a military power, which would induce the end of the Ottoman rule, than for lack of a diplomatic agreement, which would combine all the interests and all the efforts in the service of civilization and liberty."
More...
The author of this book analyses the influence of the encyclical mentioned in the title on the situation of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America, and especially on how the social issue and workers' problems were perceived by the main figures in the American clergy. The basic research questions concern how sensitivity to social problems was fostered in the American clergy before and after the encyclical's publication (i.e. before and after 1891), and its influence on Catholic social teaching in the United States and on US federal legislation. The author posits that under the influence of the encyclical Rerum novarum, a unified social thought was formed in Catholics in the United States which was adapted to the realities and peculiarities of the American economy and society. The work focuses on the years 1891-1919, i.e. the period between the publication of the encyclical Rerum novarum and the publication of the Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction. However, in order to present the particular conditions in which the Catholic Church functioned in the USA and the broader context related to its attitude to what was called ‘the workers' question’, the author draws on the Third Plenary Synod in Baltimore in 1884. In turn, after presenting the long-term effects of the reception of the demands contained in Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, he traces the influence of the Catholic social programme on federal legislation up to the 1930s.
More...
The book presents the history of the Bulgarian people from the beginning of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, refracted through the personal fate of a Bulgarian patriot and fatherland lover – Panayot Nikolov (1799 – 1909). In it can be found a variety of information about a number of events that occurred in the northeastern part of the Bulgarian lands during the historical period under consideration.
More...
The publication deals with the research of gallows in the South Moravian Region. So far, research has brought knowledge of the form of gallows, their dating, the situation in the field, and of delinquents, who were executed on the gallows and whose remains are found around the gallows. This publication is a summary of the current knowledge of South Moravian gallows in the early modern era in terms of history, history of law, archaeology, anthropology, botany, zoology and geomorphology.
More...
Fr. Stanisław Konarski (1700–1773), Piarist, was one of the most outstanding figures in Polish intellectual life in the 18th century. His last book O religii poczciwych ludzi [On the Religion of Honest Men] (1769) was read with great interest for over two hundred years – first by its contemporary readers, then by historians of ideas and researchers of the Polish Enlightenment. In both cases, the book did not cease to attract attention due to the atmosphere of the scandal, which at the end of the Konarski’s life had reached wide circles – from the Warsaw nunciature to the Congregation of the Holy Office in Rome. The basic facts related to the trial, which took place in the Roman curia, were known to Polish historiography, but thus far only superficially. Hitherto unknown documents from the archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (former Holy Office) allow for the accurate reconstruction of the turbulent history of a book which in fact risked being including in the Index of Forbidden Books, even though it was written in defence of Christianity against 18th-century deism.
More...
Oblicza Wojny is a series published by the Lodz University Press since 2020, dedicated to military conflicts throughout the centuries. The ninth volume of this series is titled Tools of War. When thinking about tools used during wars, various types of weaponry and armament come to mind, and this is precisely the subject matter of the texts published in this volume. The discussions include fortifications in the Battle of Dyrrachium in 48 BCE, the armament of knights from the royal retinues of Polish kings in the second half of the 15th century, and the weaponry amassed in the arsenals of Krakow in the 17th century. Subsequent articles concern the 20th century, highlighting the use of armored trains in the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919-1921, the fate of the Polish 1st Tank Regiment at the end of World War I, Irish guerrilla warfare in the years 1919-1921, armament production in Poland before 1939, and aircraft used during World War II. The volume also includes an article on a rarely discussed topic by historians, which is the equipment of the Polish military from 1945 to 1989. The volume concludes with an article dedicated to attempts to create an army of the League of Arab States in 21st century. The authors are professional historians, and their texts are based on thorough analysis of sources.
More...
