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Labirynt – od starożytności do ponowoczesności. Figura uniwersalna

Author(s): Barbara Lewicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article constitutes an attempt at analyzing the figure of the labyrinth, which has existed in the Western culture since antiquity until the present times. The author follows the conception of the labyrinth based upon the assumption that even in the oldest civilizations, the labyrinth was conceived of as more than just a structure. Entering a labyrinth involved an inherent change in the ontological situation of the external world, subjected to the complex process of crossing the threshold. This architectural curiosity has continued to intrigue scholars and artists across the ages, becoming at the same time a reflection of the dominant intellectual, cultural and social trends at the time. The labyrinth, then, emerges as a construct which describes the external world. According to that assumption, in the second part of the article, the concept of the labyrinth is used to describe the postmodern reality.

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ČISTI RAT

Author(s): Paul Virilio / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

U Portugaliji je 1975. godine kontrarevolucija bila sama revolucija, zatočena u ponavljanje svojih obrazaca, u odsustvu teorijskog rada pobornika pretvorenih u vojnike, koji su se poduhvatili da, još jedanput, gestom kolekcionara, ponovo ožive praktična iskustva Lenjina, Trockog, i, u novije vreme, Rosela ili generala Klisrea, koji su im bili poznati iz kolonijalnog rata. Tim povodom Žan Danijel se zapitao: “Šta bi zaista mogla da znači ideja avangarde potpuno odvojene od masa, oslonjene samo na manjinu oružane sile?”.

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Арабографичные надписные камни из раскопок Казанского кремля 2000-х гг.

Author(s): Aydar M. Gaynutdinov,Ayrat G. Sitdikov,Аndrey S. Starkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Medieval epigraphs written in Arabic and found in the Middle Volga region provide some very important historical evidence for any student of the regional history. For they preserved an important page of the medieval written culture. The authors address a corpus of Arabic inscriptions made on stones in the first half of the 16th century, identified during the excavations on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 2000s. Fragments of stones stored in the Museum of Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Tatarstan) contain some fragments of texts in Arabic, including fragments of words and some separate letters. The paper describes the context in which these inscriptions were revealed and offers a reading of the texts on stones. Specific usages of these stones are suggested. Some fragments could be architectural elements.

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Гибель Сибирского ханства: этапы исторического процесса на северо-восточной окраине татарского мира

Author(s): Sergey S. Tikhonov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The destinies of the states which had developed on the basis of the Golden Horde were similar (all of them were incorporated into the Russian State), but differed in details (ways by which they were absorbed). One of such states is the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum: its history needs a more complete description. Thus, attention is paid to the collapse of the khanate as a result of the Russian expansion. Three stages are distinguished: Yermak’s campaign, inactive presence of the Russians in Siberia, systematic actions aimed to destroy the Khanate. It is suggested that the future tsar Boris Godunov played an important role in the organizations of a major campaign led by Prince Yeletsky.

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Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века

Author(s): Maksim V. Moiseev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the early 16th century, the Nogai Horde reached its natural boundaries, limited from the west by the Volga River. However, this obstacle hampered their migrations, limiting the space required by the Manghits. So almost immediately they started a longed struggle for new territories with their neighbors — the Crimean and Astrakhan khanates. In 1530—1550, the struggle reached its peak, but neither of the parties at war managed to resolve the problem of ownership rights to the territories along the banks of the Volga River and its Delta distributaries in their favor. The problem of nomadic hordes delimitation was ultimately resolved after the conquest of the Volga region by the Russian State.

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О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.

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Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Modern Balaklava is located on the banks of a well-protected winding bay. The infrastructure of the medieval town formed during the 6th—17th centuries and was historically linked with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Genoese and Ottoman periods of its existence, changing its name from Symbolon to Cembalo to Balaklava. The paper offers a brief retrospective consideration of the etymology of these toponyms in their historical and cultural context. It is also noted that the topography of the ancient fortress and the town is characterized by an unusually low number of preserved microtoponyms and urbonyms that had formed in conditions of cohabitation of the population speaking three languages: Greek, Tatar and Ligurian.

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Development of a New Pilgrimage Site and Place of Cult Worship under the Direction of the Rural Population

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In rural religious behavior and attitudes as an integral part of traditional folk culture, a multi-layered phenomenon was created and maintained by various processes. A layer of religiosity was created in the minds of the rural population and in their rituals, based on influences from the upper classes of the time.

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Göç Olgusunun Yarattığı Toplumsal Kriz Bağlamında “Keşanlı Ali Destanı” Oyunu

Author(s): Tamer Temel / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Toplumumuzda iç göçün tarihi, Osmanlı Dönemine kadar dayansa da, demokrasiye ve çok partili döneme geçişin başlangıcı olan 1950’li yıllardan bugüne dek sürekli yaşanmakta ve iç göçün en önemli sonucu olarak da gecekondu sorununu ortaya çıkmaktadır (Çakır, 2011, s. 209).

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Čeští a slovenští intelektuálové a jejich vztah ke komunistické straně v kontextu východní Evropy

Author(s): Jan Rychlík / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The whole Marxist-Leninist theory is quite complex and its understanding requires a specific knowledge of philosophy and economy, and even advanced ability of abstract thinking. Only people of elites with their education, insight and management skills were able to become real leaders of the communist movement. Intellectuals were important part of these elites. They did not earn their living by physical work, but contemplated about world and its problems. After the Great War the communists thought that the Russian revolution was only a beginning of the world revolution and establishment of other soviet republics. At first the USSR was supposed to be a global union of states. In reality was this state continuously matched with former Russia, that was indeed its biggest part. This term was used this way not only beyond borders, but by communists too. Understanding of the communist idea by intellectuals was in Eastern Europe influenced by relations their specific state/nation had with Russia during the course of history. This did not prove to be an issue in the case of Czech and Slovak intellectuals of the interwar and post-war Czechoslovakia, because they traditionally and openly inclined to Russia. This attraction was only strengthening in the Second World War:USSR („new socialist Russia“) became an ally and liberator. Similar situation existed in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after the war. On contrary Poland, Hungary and Romania were rusophobic due to previous encounters. Communists in the countries mentioned above (not very numerous after war) were perceived as a fifth column instead of heroes of the anti-Nazi resistance. As a result the relation of the intellectuals in these countries was ambivalent or negative towards the local communist parties.

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PRAVCI RAZVOJA OSMANISTIKE U JUGOSLOVENSKOM I POSTJUGOSLOVENSKOM PERIODU

Author(s): Ramiza Smajić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Die Arbeit möchte eine knappe Darstellung der Entwicklung der Osmanistik in der jugoslawischen und postjugoslawischen Periode geben. Die Bibliographie, die Analyse der Arbeiten und die Ergebnisse, die Themen der Projekte und die Anzahl der Forscher selbst belegen, dass die jugoslawische Periode eine materielle und personelle Grundlage für die Entwicklung der Osmanistik geschaffen hat, dass man Themen aus der Militär- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte, aus der politischen und urbanen Geschichte, aus der, Religions- Wirtschafts-, Demographie- und Kulturgeschichte behandelte, dass man jedoch nicht zu einer endgültigen methodologischen Lösung der Originalquellen gekommen ist. Die postjugoslawische Periode zwang das Bedürfnis nach einer multiperspektivischen Herangehensweise bei der Behandlung der osmanistischenThemen auf, wobei man mit einer Reihe von Schwierigkeiten wie mit dem Mangel an einem in diesem Sinne ausgebildeten Fachund Wissenschaftspersonal zu kämpfen hatte, sowie mit einer Erschwerung der Standardisierung durch die nichtwissenschaftliche Orientierung eines Teils der Forscher, wie durch die Eingeschlossenheit der Forschung in lokalen Koordinaten.

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БРАНИСЛАВ ЂУРЂЕВ И “ДЕСПОТОВ КАНУН”

Author(s): Ema Miljković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Diese Arbeit ist der Deutung der Bestimmung des Begriffs “DespotenKanon”, der in der Wallachen-Vorschrift für den Smederevo-Sandschak aus dem Jahr 1516 vorkommt, und der eine große historiographische Polemik zwischen B. Đurđev und D. Bojanić ausgelöst hat. Durch die detaillierte Analyse verfügbarer Quellen osmanischer Herkunft, konnte der Autor dieses Aufsatzes den Standptunkt vertreten, dass sich der Terminus “Деспотов канун” wirklich auf ein älteres Gesetz und rechtliche Bräuche aus der Periode des unabhängigen serbischen Staates bezieht, so dass die Einstellung, das Gesetz für die Semederov-Wallachen aus 1476/77 sei die direkte Übersetzung eines Rechtsaktes jeglicher Grundlage entbehrt. Ebenso sollte auch die Richtigkeit seiner Thesen im Zusammenhang mit direkten oder automatischen Übernahmen des Wallachen-Status aus dem serbischen Despotenstaat erwähnt werden; er bestritt nämlich die Behauptung, dass die Organisationsformen der Branicevo- und SmederevoWallachen in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts ein gänzlich aus dem Staat des Despoten Stefan Lazarevic geerbtes Modell sei, sondern er sah richtig die innere Dynamik dieser gesellschaftlichen Gruppe, die in das osmanische Herrschaftssystem auf eine Art und Weise eingegeliedert war, die man als am adäquatesten empfand. Es ist nicht strittig, dass die serbische mittelalterliche Gesetzgebung einen starken Einfluss auf einzelne, die Wallachen betreffenden Bestimmungen der osmanischen Kanons hatte, aber ebenso sollte man nicht den besonderen Charakter und die Originalität der osmanischen Staatsverwaltung außer Acht lassen, welche sich auch hierin widerspiegelt.

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ЗАВИJA МАХМУД-БЕГА У ИХТИМАНУ

Author(s): Aleksanadar Antonov / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Die Arbeit behandelt den Ursprung der multifunktionalen Bauten, deren Bauplan die Form des auf den Kopf gestallten Buchstabens T hat, und den typischen Vetreter der Bauten dieses Typs in der Stadt Ihtiman. Die Vorzüge dieser Bauten liegen in der Tatsache, dass nur ein Teil für Gebete benutzt wurde, während man in anderen Teilen des Gebäudes dauerhaft wohnen konnte. Das ist der Grund, warum diese Gebäude als Zavias und nicht als Moscheen entworfen wurde. Das architektonische Denkmal, das hier analysiert wird, kann man an das Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts ansetzen und es befindet sich neben einem der Hauptwege, die die Balkanhalbinsel durchschneide – Via Militaris (Orta Kol). Ursprünglich gewährten diese Gebäude den Riesenden und Soldaten Schutz, wie auch aus originellen Inschriften auf einer anderen Zavia in Komotina zu sehen ist. Erst viel später wurde die Zavia in Ihtiman in eine Moschee verwandelt. Ihre architektonischen Besonderheiten und ihre Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der frühosmanischen Architektur sind im Einzelnen beschrieben worden. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt ihrer Bedeutung als einem Zentrum, das der Verbreitung des Islams und der Übernahme der Kontrolle über den christlichen Raum diente. Das Ende der osmanischen Eroberungen im 16. Jahrhundert und die Veränderungen in Derwischorden, die von der Zentralregierung aufgezwungen wurden, hatten zur Folge, dass die Zavia ihre Bedeutung verloren – was wiederum nicht bedeutet, dass der Bau der Objekte in der Form des auf den Kopf gestellten Buchstabens T gestoppt wurde. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die 1531 erbaute Gazi-Husrev-Beg-Moschee in Sarajevo. Sie wurde von Adzhem Esir Ali entworfen, und sie hat denselben architektonischen Plan, auch wenn sie nur die Funktion einer Moschee hat.

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BIBLIOGRAFIJA RADOVA AKADEMIKA BRANISLAVA ĐURĐEVA

Author(s): Vesna Mušeta-Aščerić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

1. Discussions, articles and contributions 2. Discussions at congresses, scientific meetings and conferences 3. Work on the publication of historical sources 4. Critiques and reviews

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REMINISCENCIJE NA BOSANSKU SREDNJOVJEKOVNU DRŽAVNOST I PRAVO BOSANACA I HERCEGOVACA KAO POLITIČKOG NARODA NA SAMOOPREDJELJENJE

Author(s): Omer Ibrahimagić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom prilogu autor navodi elemente i obrazlaže njihovo značenje i utjecaj, koji su učestvovali u formiranju državnog osjećanja i patriotizma kod Bosanaca, a u kojima je glavnu ulogu imalo sjećanje na nekadašnju državu-banovinu i kraljevinu Bosnu, smatrajući da je u onim faktorima koji su utjecali na odluku o obnovi bosanske države ovo osjećanje i sjećanje na nekadašnju Bosnu imalo značajnog udjela.

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KRATAK OSVRT NA BOSANSKU SAMOSVIJEST U OSMANSKOM PERIODU

Author(s): Enes Pelidija / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom prilogu autor razlaže o razvoju osjećanja bosanskog patriotizma u narodu Bosne u vrijeme postojanja osmanske Bosne. Ukazuje na ulogu islama u tom procesu i ulogu očuvanja narodnog jezika i osnovne narodne kulture, kao i na važnost činjenice da je Osmansko carstvo očuvalo Bosnu kao jedinstvenu upravnu, sudsku i vojnu teritoriju sa značajnom ulogom domaćih ljudi u cjelokupnom ekonomskom, upravnom, vojnom i sudskom sistemu u njoj.

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Trnavská univerzita v dejinách slovenského filozofického myslenia

Author(s): Zuzana Palovičová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The University of Trnava was founded in 1635. The foundation of the university represented an important milestone not only in the history of the town of Trnava, but also promoted the development of education in Austria-Hungary. The town of Trnava gained European repute as the University of Trnava became a centre for science, education and culture. This article evaluates the scientific contributions of the University of Trnava in the 17th and 18th century with the focus on the field of philosophy. We analyse the Aristotelism in the neo-scholastic system and the influence of Cartesianism on the development of philosophy in Slovakia. The article also addresses the contribution of the University of Trnava to philosophy after the reform of Maria Theresa.

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Jihomoravské šibenice v písemných pramenech

Author(s): Daniel Wojtucki / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The places where the gallows stood still carry the name Gallows Mountain (Galgenberg), Justice (Gerichtsberg), Golgotha, Am Goling, Gallows, On gallows and so on. From the end of the 15th to the 18th century there was a process of replacing wooden gallows with brick gallows. A specific feature of gallows in central and northern Moravia is their quadrilateral ground plan in the shape of a square or rectangle, known from archaeological research and a description in Brno in 1788. The construction or repair of gallows was a complex matter in which many craftsmen had to participate due to the problems which could potentially discredit the workers as work on gallows was considered dishonourable. This is evidenced by documents from Šatov from 1661, Znojmo from 1650 and Brno from 1764. Besides brick gallows, wooden gallows (Schnellgalgen), known from Brno from 1603 and 1642, were also built for executions. Another place of execution of the death penalty by decapitation were beheading places (Rabenstei, Köpfhaus) existing in Brno, Znojmo or Tišnov. The description of the beheading place from Brno is know from 1788.

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Българското изобразително изкуство през XIX век: скок от средновековна образност до европейска визуална култура

Author(s): Nana Melkonyants / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study "Bulgarian Fine Art in the 19th Century: the Leap from Medieval Imagery to European Visual Culture" provides a comparative analysis of the development of Bulgarian painting in relation to European art. The study is carried out through a juxtaposition and visual comparison of the characteristics and visual qualities of certain works taken for analysis. The methods of painting, the construction of the composition, and the borrowed techniques taken by the Bulgarian masters from the artists in Europe are compared. One of the most complex and remarkable periods in Bulgarian history is brought into focus as how the artists managed after a long stagnation to catch up with already developed European standards in art. In an effort to overcome cultural backwardness - a new generation of artists made a great and important leap in the development of Bulgarian fine art. A parallel is drawn between Europe, which has had time to quietly shape its art, and Bulgaria, which after a long slumber is decisively uplifting and transforming its cultural heritage. On the basis of this analysis, we get a visual example of borrowed practices and the development of Bulgarian painting. We trace how it progressed along with socio-cultural changes.

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За производството на огнестрелно оръжие в Сливен според новопостъпил ръкопис в Регионалния исторически музей

Author(s): Nikolay Sirakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

A copy of a stolen manuscript was received in the fund of the Regional History Museum - Sliven. It examines the topic of weapon production in Sliven in the 17th - 19th centuries. According to the newly acquired manuscript of D. Dobrev, rifle workshops were equipped with blowers, anvils, and various tools. Carbines, forged blunderbusses, long and thin “boyliya” rifles, long-barrel pistols, “syungiya” rifles, and the expensive “Dzhuver” rifles are produced. Arms production has a significant role in the economic life of Sliven. The nascent Bulgarian pre-industrial manufacturing industry led to glamorous economic, political and cultural events. The last weapon, a hunting rifle, was made by the old masters of Sliven. It belongs to Georgi Makaschiev and is kept in the Regional Museum.

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