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Alexandru Ciurcu was born at 29thJanuary 1854 inTransylvania (then in Austria-Hungary) where his Romanian parents took refuge after the 1848 revolution. Between 1876 and 1885, working as journalist in Bucharest, he invented a „jet cylinder”: a prototype of the future propulsion system he will make later in Paris with his friend Just Buisson. Ciurcu and Buisson tested the system on a boat, navigating upstream Seine River on 13thAugust 1886; so, 131 years ago, they tested the first manned vehicle ever powered by jet propulsion!On 12th October 1886, they received a French Patent for “Reactive propulsion system”.Before contract signing with French Civil Navigation Ministry, they made a last test on 16th December 1886; unfortunately, a pressurised container exploded, killing Buisson and anassistant. Ciurcu, wounded, survived. He later resumed testing the system on a railroad trolley; successfully, but not enough to develop an airship propulsion system.
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International expositions having been started in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century have shifted to the continent of America from the end of this century. All countries, including Ottoman Empire, have been invited to the expositions held in Chicago for the 400th anniversary of discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Ottoman Empire defined as the sick man of the Europe has spread on effort to be able to be a member of the developing world by presenting a modern Ottoman look in Chicago Exposition. Turkish participators having shown the Ottoman culture and products in Chicago with their mosque, fountain, and hippodrome have been rewarded with forty five medals by Chicago Exposition Commission. Ottoman administrators have exhibited the technological development of the country with the products manufactured in Tersane-i Amire and Telegraph Surveillance Factory in the Chicago Exposition. The fleet which have been locked in the Golden Horn after ascending of Sultan Abdülhamid have been awarded with five medals. These rewards having contrasted with the existing condition of the navy are the result of the success of Tersane-i Amire in fine processing. Despite its success in the fair, the navy having left to corrode and of which culture have been destroyed was not to be able to fulfil the duties given for defending the homeland in the following period and Ottoman Empire was to pay a heavy price for the negligence. In preparation of the subject, Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry are benefited from as well as Naval Museum Archive documents.
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120 years ago, from 19 to 28 March 1895, a unifying Congress was held in Sofia, which established the Macedonian Committee (MC) as the governing body of a general organization which was joined by the Macedonian societies in Bulgaria and Romania and student societies in Western Europe and Russia.
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The year 1898 marked the first jubilee of Vasil Levski – 25 years since his hanging. The dynamics of political processes in liberated Bulgaria at the time present a rather interesting and particularly complex picture against the background of which this event unfolded. The stereotype of jubilee celebrations was yet to consolidate and this particular occasion – the anniversary since the death of the Apostle of freedom – makes visible the deep political contradictions inherited from previous historical realities. The manifestations of these contradictions can be seen in the press in 1898.
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According to the European tradition, soldiers fallen in battle are either buried in their home cemetery or a military cemetery. In addition to cemeteries,memorials have been erected in places where there are no actual remains. However, at the behest of the central government of the Soviet Union, an opposite practice emerged in post-World War II Estonia: mass graves along with the memorials to mark them were also constructed outside of cemeteries. Thus, the memorials erected in those places are not monuments in a symbolic sense, but grave markers. As the people buried there are victims of war, they are also war graves. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 229.)
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In 1813 Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by a new powerful anti- French coalition. The decisive battle, popularly referred to in history books as the Battle of the Nations, was fought in the autumn of 1813 at Leipzig, in Saxony. Nearly 600, 000 troops from over 20 nations took part in the four-day-long battle and over 100, 000 men lost their lives on the battlefield. It is considered to be the bloodiest battle in German history. The victory over Napoleon I contributed to the liberation of the German lands from French rule and it has been officially commemorated in Germany in the past 200 years. In 1913, to mark the 100th anniversary, the tallest monument in Europe was opened on the battlefield at Leipzig. In 2013, the organizers of the celebrations stressed the importance of peace and understanding among nations.
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The two authors consider the importance of the heritage of St. Sofronii Vratchanski in the history of Bulgarian education. The put emphasize on his ideas for revival of Bulgarian philosophy in the context of the criteria of the European thinkers.
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The article dwells on the causes which led to the famous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, its outcome and subsequent significance for the history of Germany. The author focuses on the inclusion of the victory over the Romans 2, 000 years ago in the construction of the German national idea from the from the Renaissance to the present day, as well as on the creation of the myth about Hermann the Victor.
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Clothing came out as a result of human being’s struggle to protect himself physically against varying conditions of nature. Wearing took shape by traditions till 16th century and affected by new fashion movements created by mid-class society dominating social events during 17th century. Brit, Charles Frederick Worth (1825-1895), was “the first fashion designer” who changed the rules of tailoring and opened his own fashion house in Paris to sell his designs during 19th century. He claims that “his hand-made belly stitch worths a valuable oil painting” and reflects his signature to his designs those express his passion and art. “Artwear” or “Wearable Art” was first pronounced in 1970’s, and then positioned in fashion and art platforms during 80s. In this article; interactions in between fashion and art, fashion designers influenced by art movements during last century and wearable art works of fashion designers of 21st century are analysed. Fashion designers of 21st century are pushing the boundaries of creativity to generate variety of wearable art designs by binding technology transformation and handcrafting. It is a strong sign and evidence that wearables may be art works and we started to see them in art galleries or exhibitions.
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The author reviews some debatable issues of life and deeds of Tara Romaneasca’s ruler Constantine Brancoveanu. During his rule, Constantine Brancoveanu showed himself as an advocate of the Orthodox faith, first of all. He aimed to reestablish the united Orthodox area on the Balkans by driving away the Turks from Europe and destroying the Austrian Habsburgs’ efforts to subdue the Orthodox church to the Pope of Rome on the captured territories. The rulers’ cultural and educational activities to support the Orthodox faith were expanding across the boundaries of the Balkan peninsula. During Constantine Brancoveanu’s rule Tara Romaneasca was thought to be a protector of all oppressed Orthodox believers. The ruler’s most active efforts were aimed at building military and political unions against the Turks. These unions had to involve Orthodox nations of the Balkans. In his foreign policy he relied, primarily, on Russia as an orthodox state, hoping to get free from the so called “Turkish presence” with its help and to fight the Catholic expansion. Constantine Brancoveanu died because of a treason. Another issue considered by the author of this article is confessional aspect of interethnic relations.
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V počastitev 700-letnice dubrovniškega arhiva in arhivske službe Jugoslavije je bila v Dubrovniku v dneh od 16. do 19. oktobra 1978 svečana proslava in posvetovanje, ki so ju pripravili dubrovniški arhiv, Zveza društev arhivskih delavcev SFR Jugoslavije in Zveza arhivskih delavcev SR Hrvatske. Proslave in posvetovanja se je udeležilo več kot tristo jugoslovanskih arhivskih delavcev, zgodovinarjev - predvsem raziskovalcev bogatega dubrovniškega arhiva in častnih gostov. Na svečani otvoritvi proslave in posvetovanja so predsedniku republike Josipu Brozu-Titu v znak zahvale za vse, kar je bilo v samoupravni in socialistični Jugoslaviji storjenega za dubrovniški arhiv, podelili pozlačeno spominsko plaketo dubrovniškega arhiva. Spominske plakete so prejeli še številni posamezniki, ustanove in društva. Prejela sta ju tudi Arhivsko društvo za Slovenijo in Arhiv SR Slovenije. [...]
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One of the exhibits of Moldavia’s History Museum is an Early Modern/Late Medieval sword that has been until recently known and labeled as “Prince Vasile Lupu’s Sword”. Our investigation demonstrates, by means of typology analysis and analogy, that the item is an ordonance weapon in the category of “riding swords” dated at the end of 16th or the in the beginning of the 17th century, used to equipp the light cavalry or to be worn as side-weapon by travelers. The type of weapon is known as Styrian Sword, as the largest group of preserved items is located in the Styrian Arsenal Museum in Graz, Austria.
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Our article analyses different perspectives on railway construction on the Balkans among Serbian and Bulgarian intellectuals, politicians, economists, leaders of national liberation movements. Our main thesis is that different discourses on economic development and railway construction were largely determined by the different dynamics of social development in Serbia and among Bulgarians, and their process of national liberation and that various authors approached the issue of economic development, concept of free trade or protectionism and other issues through the prism of their own formal education and/or experience gained by the analysis of their community within the Ottoman Empire, faced with the rising pressure from foreign factors due to the slow incorporation of the Balkans into the modern capitalist world system.
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The aim of the article is to supplement the knowledge of the German origin of Marcin Siennik by, among many other things, the information concerning his Protestant denomination, which influenced the way in which some fragments of the originally Italian The Secrets of the Reverend Maister Alexis of Piemont (Venice, 1555) were translated into Polish, and at the same time to present the views and doings of Sebastian Śleszkowski, the publisher of the second edition of the Polish translation of The Secrets (Kraków, 1620).
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Photography is a unique medium that can convey information about events and actors of the past for the present. This is where its primary value lies as a historical source; and this is what can be used in historical research in versatile ways. At the same time, a photographic image can go beyond its primary documentary character by also attesting to its past and present audience as well as cultural, ideological, and power relations. The essay explores the statement that a photograph – as any narrative or visual representation – is both interpretation and selection at once. Further, Elek examines the ways in which a photograph can interpret and select, that is, the layers of meaning that the very characteristics of the medium has to offer for historical research. Following a brief overview of the theory of photography, the essay moves on to tackle questions of the visual turn, and the attributes of the technical image. The author then turns to the issue of memory in photography from the angle of memory studies, which have been the subject of increasing attention in historical research in general. The study aims to demonstrate that using photography as a historical source necessitates uncovering a number of various meaningful layers. Raging from the motifs found in the image, the subject of the image, and the technological fac- tors, through the institutional background conceiving and adopting it, to the paradigms of the history of science, many factors are involved in the ways we integrate visual sources into the study of past and present society.
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József Ferencz’s Confi rmation Catechism (also called the Confi rmation Catechism of the Hungarian Unitarian Church) has been translated from Hungarian into: German, English, Romanian, Finnish, Norwegian, Italian, and French. This paper covers the life and activity of translators, as well as the historical background, and the importance of translations.
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The paper focuses on the literary riddle written in the sixteenth century by Jan Kochanowski (Fraszki III 78), concerning an animal with one eye that is shot at with arrows without arrowheads. The answer to the riddle is still debated by exegetic researchers. The author discusses the answers proposed so far (firearm, a homosexual’s anus, a female anus, an outhouse), starting with detailed lexical analysis of the epigram. Having discussed the poetics of the Old Polish ambiguous ribald riddle (suggesting indecent associations, but leading to an innocent answer) and the differences in the perception of the female body in the sixteenth century and today, the author shows that the audience of the riddle in the times of Kochanowski reached the conclusion that the answer was a female vagina. This trivial solution still seems to be the most probable answer.
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The essay describes the Polish episode in the 1918–20 influenza pandemic, situating the occurrence in the European and international context, and covering some relevant research issues. The topic is introduced by a brief discussion of the most recent hypotheses regarding the genesis of the pandemic and how it related to the World War in its declining phase. The core section, discussing the situation in Poland, begins with a description of the civilisation crisis caused by the frontline recurring across the country and the policies pursued by the occupational powers and the tough sanitary conditions implied by these developments. A survey of accessible sources is preceded by an outlined reconstruction of the course of the epidemic in various areas of the country, delineation of its timeframe, description of the symptoms and of the responses to the disease, attempts made to prevent its dissemination, and treatment methods in use at the time. The author seeks to determine the basic figures such as the morbidity and mortality rates, as compared against the data available for the other countries. In conclusion, considered are the presumed reasons behind the disappearance of the ‘Spanish flu’ epidemic experience from Polish collective memory.
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