1807, UN AN ȘI TREI PLANURI PENTRU IAȘI: AL ORAȘULUI, AL CURȚII ȘI PALATULUI DOMNESC

Author(s): Laurenţiu Rădvan,Mihai Anatolii Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 56/2019

The series of discoveries in the Russian archive, started by us three years ago, continues with three plans from the Moscow Military-Historical Archive. The three were executed in the same year, 1807, by Russian surveyors who aimed to make a plan for three major objectives in Iași, the capital of Moldavia: the city and its surroundings, the princely residence, the palace. The city plan includes some interesting elements: the Metropolitan complex, which had meanwhile been extended between main street (Ulița Mare) and Ulița Ciubotărească; the first represen-tations on the map of the Post office in Copou and the first windmill in the city; clarifying the moment of the arrangement of Podul Verde in Copou; the wells fed from the water network; the situation of the buildings from the monasteries in the surroundings of the city. At the residence we can see the changes started by Prince Alexandru Moruzi, who took the initiative of its reconstruc-tion and the erection of a new palace. The residence burned down in a great fire in 1784 and had been abandoned for almost two decades. Moruzi decided to rebuild it and reorganize it, the construction of the palace being entrusted to an architect from the west, Johan Freiwald. Born in Prostějov, in Moravia, Freiwald was noted not only for the building of this palace, but also for the construction of other palaces of the great boyars, churches, obelisks, pavements of streets, etc. For the palace, the prince preferred an architectural style more and more liked by the elite, neoclassical, the new construction being erected between 1803 and 1806 following the general mobilization of the country, at a cost of over one million lei. Moruzi did not get to use the palace, losing the throne three days before the official inauguration. From December 1806, Moldavia was occupied by Russians troops, in a new war with the Turks, which lasted until 1812. During this time, the palace was furnished with new furniture, being used as the headquarters for Russian generals; in the last years of the war, a military hospital was set up here. From 1813 prince Scarlat Calimah stayed here, from 1819 prince Mihail Suțu, and from 1822 prince Ioniță Sandu Sturza. The palace burned again in 1827, remaining in ruins until 1841−1843, when it was restored by prince Michael Sturza. It caught fire again in 1880, was rebuilt again, but in 1906, the authorities decided that it was time to make room for a more majestic building, in tune with the new more grandiose buildings erected in Iasi in the last decades of the 19th century. Until 1925 the present palace was built, used today for cultural purposes. Our research, together with the recent archeological ones, showed that segments of the foundations and walls of the palace from 1806 were integrated into the palace today, just as the old plan influenced the new one. Moreover, Berindei, the architect of the new palace, although he broke with the previous architectural style, preferring a neogothic variant, kept important elements from the symmetry of the old building. The three plans allow a better understanding of the city’s history and its important monuments.

1812 și crearea regiunii Basarabia: construirea provinciei sub dominația imperială rusă

Author(s): Victor Taki / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2015

1819 YILINDA ASTRAHAN’DA BASILAN MUSA’NIN İLK KİTABI “YARATILIŞ” ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Döne Arslan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2018

Kypchak Turkish was used in two different geographical regions. On one hand, It became the language of the Kypchak who lived in today’s Russia, Ukraine and Caucasian which had been in Golden Horde between 13th – 15th centuries, it was used to write Codex Cumanicus by the Italian and the German, on the other hand again in this area it created a written language developed with Armenian letters in long centuries, and also it continued as not only spoken language but also written language in Egypt and Syria and as the literary language of Muslim Memluk Kypchak from the middle of 13th century to the beginning of 16th language. There are some phonetic and stylistic differences among the languages of these three different societies. It is predicted that that the work was translated by Charles Fraser who had started to work as the assistant of H. Brunton in Karas in 1803. H. Burton who translated many religious books into Turkish and Tatar and his follower Charles Fraser adopted the natives writing tradition. Fraser based the Ottoman translation of Ali Bey by learning Karai language, Astrahan and Orenburg Kypcak and he produced the Creation work in other words “The First Book of Moses”.

1878, înainte și după: construcție națională românească, politici imperiale ruse și viziuni ale alterității în Basarabia de Sud

Author(s): Andrei Cuşco / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2015

1886: Experimentarea şi brevetarea sistemelor de propulsie reactivă concepute şi realizate de Alexandru Ciurcu

Author(s): Nicolae Florin Zăgănescu,Constantin Marcian GHEORGHE / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2018

Alexandru Ciurcu was born at 29thJanuary 1854 inTransylvania (then in Austria-Hungary) where his Romanian parents took refuge after the 1848 revolution. Between 1876 and 1885, working as journalist in Bucharest, he invented a „jet cylinder”: a prototype of the future propulsion system he will make later in Paris with his friend Just Buisson. Ciurcu and Buisson tested the system on a boat, navigating upstream Seine River on 13thAugust 1886; so, 131 years ago, they tested the first manned vehicle ever powered by jet propulsion!On 12th October 1886, they received a French Patent for “Reactive propulsion system”.Before contract signing with French Civil Navigation Ministry, they made a last test on 16th December 1886; unfortunately, a pressurised container exploded, killing Buisson and anassistant. Ciurcu, wounded, survived. He later resumed testing the system on a railroad trolley; successfully, but not enough to develop an airship propulsion system.

1893 Chicago Exposition and Ottoman Navy

Author(s): İskender Tunaboylu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

International expositions having been started in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century have shifted to the continent of America from the end of this century. All countries, including Ottoman Empire, have been invited to the expositions held in Chicago for the 400th anniversary of discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Ottoman Empire defined as the sick man of the Europe has spread on effort to be able to be a member of the developing world by presenting a modern Ottoman look in Chicago Exposition. Turkish participators having shown the Ottoman culture and products in Chicago with their mosque, fountain, and hippodrome have been rewarded with forty five medals by Chicago Exposition Commission. Ottoman administrators have exhibited the technological development of the country with the products manufactured in Tersane-i Amire and Telegraph Surveillance Factory in the Chicago Exposition. The fleet which have been locked in the Golden Horn after ascending of Sultan Abdülhamid have been awarded with five medals. These rewards having contrasted with the existing condition of the navy are the result of the success of Tersane-i Amire in fine processing. Despite its success in the fair, the navy having left to corrode and of which culture have been destroyed was not to be able to fulfil the duties given for defending the homeland in the following period and Ottoman Empire was to pay a heavy price for the negligence. In preparation of the subject, Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry are benefited from as well as Naval Museum Archive documents.

1895 Revolutionary Action in Macedonia

Author(s): Svetlozar Eldarov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

120 years ago, from 19 to 28 March 1895, a unifying Congress was held in Sofia, which established the Macedonian Committee (MC) as the governing body of a general organization which was joined by the Macedonian societies in Bulgaria and Romania and student societies in Western Europe and Russia.

1898. 25 години от обесването на Левски: юбилей и преса

Author(s): Elena Getova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The year 1898 marked the first jubilee of Vasil Levski – 25 years since his hanging. The dynamics of political processes in liberated Bulgaria at the time present a rather interesting and particularly complex picture against the background of which this event unfolded. The stereotype of jubilee celebrations was yet to consolidate and this particular occasion – the anniversary since the death of the Apostle of freedom – makes visible the deep political contradictions inherited from previous historical realities. The manifestations of these contradictions can be seen in the press in 1898.

20. sajandi esimese poole ajaloosündmuste jäädvustamisest ohvrite hauamonumentidega. Pärnu Vana pargi ühishauaja mälestusmärgi teemaline juhtumiuuring

Author(s): Ülle Kraft / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 1/2013

According to the European tradition, soldiers fallen in battle are either buried in their home cemetery or a military cemetery. In addition to cemeteries,memorials have been erected in places where there are no actual remains. However, at the behest of the central government of the Soviet Union, an opposite practice emerged in post-World War II Estonia: mass graves along with the memorials to mark them were also constructed outside of cemeteries. Thus, the memorials erected in those places are not monuments in a symbolic sense, but grave markers. As the people buried there are victims of war, they are also war graves. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 229.)

200 години от “Битката на народите

Author(s): Valentin Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2013

In 1813 Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by a new powerful anti- French coalition. The decisive battle, popularly referred to in history books as the Battle of the Nations, was fought in the autumn of 1813 at Leipzig, in Saxony. Nearly 600, 000 troops from over 20 nations took part in the four-day-long battle and over 100, 000 men lost their lives on the battlefield. It is considered to be the bloodiest battle in German history. The victory over Napoleon I contributed to the liberation of the German lands from French rule and it has been officially commemorated in Germany in the past 200 years. In 1913, to mark the 100th anniversary, the tallest monument in Europe was opened on the battlefield at Leipzig. In 2013, the organizers of the celebrations stressed the importance of peace and understanding among nations.

200 години от блажената кончина на св. Софроний Врачански и проблемите на новото ни възраждане

Author(s): Evlogi Dankov,Tihomir Stoichev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

The two authors consider the importance of the heritage of St. Sofronii Vratchanski in the history of Bulgarian education. The put emphasize on his ideas for revival of Bulgarian philosophy in the context of the criteria of the European thinkers.

2000 години от битката за Германия

Author(s): Valentin Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2011

The article dwells on the causes which led to the famous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, its outcome and subsequent significance for the history of Germany. The author focuses on the inclusion of the victory over the Romans 2, 000 years ago in the construction of the German national idea from the from the Renaissance to the present day, as well as on the creation of the myth about Hermann the Victor.

21. YÜZYILDA GİYİLEBİLİR SANATIN ÖNCÜ MODA TASARIMCILARI

Author(s): Nursen Geyik Değerli / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 51/2018

Clothing came out as a result of human being’s struggle to protect himself physically against varying conditions of nature. Wearing took shape by traditions till 16th century and affected by new fashion movements created by mid-class society dominating social events during 17th century. Brit, Charles Frederick Worth (1825-1895), was “the first fashion designer” who changed the rules of tailoring and opened his own fashion house in Paris to sell his designs during 19th century. He claims that “his hand-made belly stitch worths a valuable oil painting” and reflects his signature to his designs those express his passion and art. “Artwear” or “Wearable Art” was first pronounced in 1970’s, and then positioned in fashion and art platforms during 80s. In this article; interactions in between fashion and art, fashion designers influenced by art movements during last century and wearable art works of fashion designers of 21st century are analysed. Fashion designers of 21st century are pushing the boundaries of creativity to generate variety of wearable art designs by binding technology transformation and handcrafting. It is a strong sign and evidence that wearables may be art works and we started to see them in art galleries or exhibitions.

290 лет со дня смерти Константина Брынковяну

Author(s): Dan I. Khaidarly / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2004

The author reviews some debatable issues of life and deeds of Tara Romaneasca’s ruler Constantine Brancoveanu. During his rule, Constantine Brancoveanu showed himself as an advocate of the Orthodox faith, first of all. He aimed to reestablish the united Orthodox area on the Balkans by driving away the Turks from Europe and destroying the Austrian Habsburgs’ efforts to subdue the Orthodox church to the Pope of Rome on the captured territories. The rulers’ cultural and educational activities to support the Orthodox faith were expanding across the boundaries of the Balkan peninsula. During Constantine Brancoveanu’s rule Tara Romaneasca was thought to be a protector of all oppressed Orthodox believers. The ruler’s most active efforts were aimed at building military and political unions against the Turks. These unions had to involve Orthodox nations of the Balkans. In his foreign policy he relied, primarily, on Russia as an orthodox state, hoping to get free from the so called “Turkish presence” with its help and to fight the Catholic expansion. Constantine Brancoveanu died because of a treason. Another issue considered by the author of this article is confessional aspect of interethnic relations.

500 de ani de la Reforma Protestantă – semnificația pentru societatea și democrația germană

Author(s): Ulrich Sarcinelli / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2019

Die Reformation vor 500 Jahren gilt als welthistorisches Ereignis. Sie hat die Staatsbildung vor allem in Europa und in der westlichen Welt beeinflusst und durch Bildungsmobilisierung gesellschaftliche Emanzipationsbewegungen sowie Menschenrechtsentwicklung nachhaltig befördert. Dennoch: Die religiösen Freiheitsideen der Reformatoren waren nicht der Vorläufer des modernen demokratischen Verfassungsstaates und der direkte Auftakt zur europäischen Freiheitsgeschichte. Mit Reformation und Gegenreformation wurden nicht nur religiös-weltanschauliche Pluralisierung möglich, sondern auch ein langer Prozess der Säkularisierung eingeleitet, zumindest in Westeuropa. Die Reformation war eine Revolution des Geistes. Sie gab Anstöße zur Selbstermächtigung des Menschen (self-empowerment of humans) und beförderte die Entstehung eines selbstbewussten Bürgertums. Dies bleibt als reformatorisches Vermächtnis und Aufgabe in der globalisierten Welt der Gegenwart: Die Auseinandersetzung mit Pluralität und kultureller Vielfalt sowie die Erkenntnis, dass der Kampf um die Freiheit nur mit der Übernahme von Verantwortung erfolgreich sein kann

700-letnica dubrovniSkega arhiva in arhivske službe Jugoslavije (1278 — 1978)

Author(s): Marjeta Adamič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1-2/1979

V počastitev 700-letnice dubrovniškega arhiva in arhivske službe Jugoslavije je bila v Dubrovniku v dneh od 16. do 19. oktobra 1978 svečana proslava in posvetovanje, ki so ju pripravili dubrovniški arhiv, Zveza društev arhivskih delavcev SFR Jugoslavije in Zveza arhivskih delavcev SR Hrvatske. Proslave in posvetovanja se je udeležilo več kot tristo jugoslovanskih arhivskih delavcev, zgodovinarjev - predvsem raziskovalcev bogatega dubrovniškega arhiva in častnih gostov. Na svečani otvoritvi proslave in posvetovanja so predsedniku republike Josipu Brozu-Titu v znak zahvale za vse, kar je bilo v samoupravni in socialistični Jugoslaviji storjenega za dubrovniški arhiv, podelili pozlačeno spominsko plaketo dubrovniškega arhiva. Spominske plakete so prejeli še številni posamezniki, ustanove in društva. Prejela sta ju tudi Arhivsko društvo za Slovenijo in Arhiv SR Slovenije. [...]

80 години Исторически музей – Самоков

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

A 16th CENTURY “STYRIAN” RIDING SWORD IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE HISTORY MUSEUM OF MOLDAVIA IN IASI

Author(s): Cătălin Iulian Hriban / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

One of the exhibits of Moldavia’s History Museum is an Early Modern/Late Medieval sword that has been until recently known and labeled as “Prince Vasile Lupu’s Sword”. Our investigation demonstrates, by means of typology analysis and analogy, that the item is an ordonance weapon in the category of “riding swords” dated at the end of 16th or the in the beginning of the 17th century, used to equipp the light cavalry or to be worn as side-weapon by travelers. The type of weapon is known as Styrian Sword, as the largest group of preserved items is located in the Styrian Arsenal Museum in Graz, Austria.

A Brief View over American Most Prominent Abolitionist Newspapers and Writings during the Mid XIX Century (1820-1850’s)

Author(s): Borislav Momchilov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The main purpose of this article is to show the different aspects of abolitionist literature in United States during the mid-nineteen century. The wide historiographical view of this subject brings to the reader chance to receive accurate knowledge over this object. Over the last few decades the rhetoric over the abolitionism debate is circulating in many aspects, in a slightly range of historical researchers. Important target of this lemma is to show the main and impacting literature and newspaper writings in USA during relevant period.

A Comparative Study of the Perception of Railways among Serbian and Bulgarian Intellectuals, 1860s – 1870s

Author(s): Momir Samardžić / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2015

Our article analyses different perspectives on railway construction on the Balkans among Serbian and Bulgarian intellectuals, politicians, economists, leaders of national liberation movements. Our main thesis is that different discourses on economic development and railway construction were largely determined by the different dynamics of social development in Serbia and among Bulgarians, and their process of national liberation and that various authors approached the issue of economic development, concept of free trade or protectionism and other issues through the prism of their own formal education and/or experience gained by the analysis of their community within the Ottoman Empire, faced with the rising pressure from foreign factors due to the slow incorporation of the Balkans into the modern capitalist world system.