Chronológia starších slovenských dejín

Author(s): Ján Lukačka,Vladimír Turčan,Viliam Čičaj,Mária Kohútová / Language(s): Slovak

The chronology of ancient history of Slovakia is summarizing the basic historical data concerning the history of Slovakia from the Prehistorich Ages to the first half of the 19th century. It was, of course, not possible to pay attention to every single event, that took place in the above mentioned period; the intention of the editors of the presented chronology was to highlight such events that are either significant for the discussed period or created the start of a new development. To prepare a satisfactory chronology of prehistory is a very hard task, since especially in the period of Paleolith, it is almost impossible to settle the exact date of particular events. Dating the single historical events exactly is more easily by approaching the turn of the era. It concerns especially the Roman Ages, a period we can rely on first writen documents describing the events on the territory of Slovakia. The Migration Period which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300-600 was a new chapter in the history of human, that markedly changed the ethnical map of Europe. This was the time when our Slavic ancestors settled the Danube area. In the past Slovakia created an integral part of big multiethnical empires (Great Moravian Empire, Kingdom of Hungary). This was the reason we took a broad historical context into our considerations, although the chronology is primarily focused on events connected with the historical area of today's Slovakia. Thanks to the growing number of writen documents available, the sequence of historical events taking place in the Midle Ages and the early Modern Period is more dynamic and “colorful” Similar to other chronologies of this type, our publication has not the ambition to neither bring an broad explanation of singular issues nor to explain them. Our goal was to provide a gene¬ral information concerning historical personalities or events. The possibility of selecting historical data and their representativity was limited by the number of collected editions, collections of documents, monographs and papers dealing with Slovak history. It should be underlined, that some historical periods and issues still wait for a critical evaluation. Thus, there is no doubt that more detailed and deep-going historical chronologies will be elaborated in the future, since we optimistically assume that the efforts designed to collect and elaborate new data concerning the history of Slovakia will become more effective and easier thanks to the new informational technologies.

Rzym antyczny. Polityka i pieniądz / The Ancient Rome. Politics and Money. T. 6

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish

The publication is addressed to historians, archaeologists, numismatists and lovers of the ancient world.

The origin and mass extinctions of Species. Against the Entropy

Author(s): Konstantinos Maritsas / Language(s): English

How the species became extinct is easy to explain; how they appeared, however, is difficult. Were they created only once? Personally I cannot imagine the mechanism for creating new species, except in terms of the primary creation of the Meccano set, as understood by François Jacob, as a result of zero probability:The living world is, rather, like a sort of Meccano set. Equally, I cannot imagine the creation of inanimate matter except the primary creation of the Big Bang, again because of zero probability (the principle of the conservation of matter). And species that have managed to slip out of natural selection (man), they exist and will exist! Will today’s ten million animal and plant species have the same fate?The ordinary questions of the scientists interested in this field are lying in the search for common causes and patterns that may lead to a general theory of extinction. The most frequent arguments are related either to bad genes or to bad luck. Whatever were the causes, it is logic to give an idea on each of the five major mass extinctions in the fossil record. That is the purpose of the book – to identify and explain life and death, origin and extinction. But the main purpose is to explain the mass extinctions with one hypothesis and one common pattern, one common impact.

Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije s pregledom povijesti Banije od prapovijesti do 1881.

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian

Područje Banije određeno je rijekama Savom, Unom i Kupom na sjeveru, istoku i jugu te granicom prema Bosni i Hercegovini na jugozapadu, dok je zapadna granica prema Kordunu sve do današnjih dana neodređena. Baniju na sjeveru rijeka Kupa dijeli od Pokuplja, na istoku je rijeka Sava dijeli od Posavine, a na jugu rijeka Una od Bosanske krajine. Granica Banije prema Kordunu mijenjala se tijekom stoljeća. Na jednoj karti iz 1806. godine granica Banije i Korduna bila je označena kao granica slunjske i glinske regimente, a ta je međa išla od Banske Selnice na rijeci Kupi, zapadno od Sjeničaka i Slavskog Polja, preko vrha Petrove gore do granice s Osmanlijskim Carstvom. Ista međa je ucrtana i na geološkoj karti I. banske regimente. Prema takvoj podjeli, koju i neki političari i znanstvenici smatraju i danas pravilnom, i područje nekadašanje općine Vrginmost, a danas općina Lasinja, Gvozd i Topusko, pripadalo bi području Banije. Osim toga, i istočni dio današnjeg područja grada Karlovca (Sjeničak) smatrao bi se Banijom. Ipak, prema podjelama koje su ustaljene nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, a prema kojima kotar Vrginmost pripada karlovačkom području, Kordun je proširio svoje granice na račun Banije sve do desetak kilometara zapadno od Gline, pa je banijskom kraju preostalo područje današnje Gline, Petrinje, Dvora, Sunje, Kostajnice, Dubice, Kukuruzara, Majura, južnog dijela gradskog područja Siska (Komarevo) i zapadnog dijela općine Jasenovac (sela Uštica, Višnjica i Tanac koja se nalaze između Une i Save u takozvanom "Trokutu").

Kulturno – historijski spomenici zapadne Slavonije s pregledom povijesti zapadne Slavonije od prapovijesti do 20. stoljeća

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian

Nakon pisanja o kulurno-historijskim spomenicima Korduna i Banije odlučio sam se za rad na obimnijoj temi, koja obuhvaća znatno veće područje. Knjiga koja je pred vama govori o kulturno- historijskim spomenicima zapadne Slavonije, kraja koji sam počeo istraživati još 2004. godine obilazeći spomenike oko Grubišnog Polja. U vrijeme svojeg rada u Spomen-području Jasenovac između 2003. i 2006. godine obišao sam spomenike u okolici Novske i Okučana, a nakon odluke da pišem o ovom području ciljano sam obilazio kulturno-historijske spomenike virovitičkog, pakračkog, slatinskog, daruvarskog i novogradiškog područja. Iznenađujuće je velik broj spomenika u ovom kraju. U katalogu, koji je glavni sadržaj ove knjige, nalazi se čak 536 lokaliteta. Obuhvaćeni su, kao i u prethodne dvije knjige, arheološki lokaliteti, srednjovjekovne utvrde, dvorci te pravoslavne i katoličke crkve. Kao ni u prethodnim dvjema knjigama nisam obrađivao antifašističke spomenike, koji bi svakako zaslužili posebnu publikaciju. Svjestan nedorečenosti i nekompletnosti prethodnih dviju knjiga, odlučio sam se potražiti pomoć prilikom pisanja ove nove knjige u lokalnim muzejima, konzervatorskim odjelima Ministarstva kulture i kod samih stanovnika zapadne Slavonije. Ovom prilikom se stoga posebno zahvaljujem na pomoći gospođi Kristini Zloušić iz Konzervatorskog odjela Ministarstva kulture u Zagrebu, gospodinu Žarku Španičeku u Konzervatorskom odjelu u Požegi, gospodinu Milanu Pezelju iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Bjelovaru, gospodinu Krešimiru Karlu iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Bjelovaru, gospođi Ivani Miletić iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Sisku, gospođi Željki Peroković iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Slavonskom Brodu, gospođi Dragici Šuvak iz Gradskog muzeja u Slatini, gospođi Silviji Salajić iz Gradskog muzeja u Virovitici, gospodinu Radi Bosancu iz Poljana, parohu gospodinu Luki Bosancu iz Daruvara, gospodinu Gojku Bosancu iz Brusnika, gospodinu Mladenu Kuliću iz Slatine, gospodinu Darku Derenju iz Lipika, gospođi Jeleni Hihlik iz muzeja u Pakracu, gospodinu Đorđu Mihoviloviću iz Nove Gradiške, gospodinu Slavku Čiči iz Slavonskog Broda, gospodinu dr. Đuri Zatezalu iz Karlovca, gospodinu Miroslavu Markovu iz Slavonskog Broda i brojnim drugim poznatim i nepoznatim Slavoncima koji su mi na mojim putovanjima pomagali da pronađem pojedine spomenike i da o njima doznam podatke.

Петербургский апокриф. Послание от Марка

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian

Brytowie

Author(s): Christopher A. Snyder / Language(s): Polish

A cross-sectional look at the history of the Britons. Based on the analysis of written and archaeological sources, the author systematizes the knowledge on the history of the Britons in pre-Roman, Roman and Medieval periods, and presents the characteristics of social strata, literature, historiography, language, but also religion and the formation mechanism of Church structures.

Kościół w świecie późnego antyku

Author(s): Ewa Wipszycka / Language(s): Polish

A synthesis of the information on the most important events, figures, dogmatic tendencies in the Church of late antiquity. It reveals the backstage of historical research, indicating examples of scholarly disputes and debates concerning sensitive topics from the history of the ancient Church. It helps to understand elements of Christian reflection on its own past.

The Materiality of the Horse

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Inspired by our age-old fascination with equids, Materiality of the Horse brings the latest academic research in equine history to a wider readership. Themes examined within the book by specialist contributors include explorations of material culture relating to horses and what this discloses about the horse-human relationship; fresh observations on significant medieval horse-related texts from Europe and the Islamic world; and revealing insights into the effect of the introduction of horses into indigenous cultures in South America. Thought-provoking and original, Materiality of the Horse is the second volume in Trivent Publishing’s innovative “Rewriting Equestrian History” series.

The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

Author(s): Jill Mitchell / Language(s): English

“The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus” examines the religious life of one of the last pagan senators of Rome, dates c. 340-402, who lived in a tumultuous time during the Late Antique period of the Roman Empire, dying just a few years before the Western Empire began to break up. Symmachus could not have imagined the political reality developing so soon after his death, so he is important as a late example of the old Roman Western aristocracy, as well as one of the last pagans of Rome. He was regarded as the foremost orator of his time and was a prolific letter-writer who had correspondents in high places and throughout the Empire. He also filled the posts of Urban Prefect of Rome and Consul - and was the opponent of Bishop Ambrose of Milan during the so-called 384 CE “Altar of Victory Dispute,” which was one episode of many leading to the “ triumph” of Christianity over traditional Roman polytheism. Symmachus’ cache of 900 private letters and his official despatches while Urban Prefect have provided the raw material for this book.

Egipska popkrólowa. Przemiany wizerunku Kleopatry VII, królowej Egiptu, od narracji historycznej po kulturę popularną

Author(s): Karolina Anna Kulpa / Language(s): Polish

The analysis of the changes in perception of Cleopatra VII Philopator’s image in two- thousand-year reception. The author, discovering subsequent layers of the myth – from a historical figure to the Egyptian Pop Queen – shows that Cleopatra’s image in every historical period depended on current trends. Who was Cleopatra? Was she a godess, a devoted mother, a queen figthing for her state, a ruthless seductress, a monster, an ancien femme fatale, a beauty with the face of Elisabeth Taylor or a woman like many others?

Szkice o antyku. T. 6: Człowiek w relacji z naturą

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish,Italian

The post-conference volume presents works in the field of ancient hunting. The texts published in it contain information on hunting ethics and references to animal studies. The majority of chapters deal with hunting in antiquity. The texts of Plato, Nemezjan, Arrian or Luxorious were used for the analysis. There are also references to the literature of later centuries: ”Dziady” written by Adam Mickiewicz or translations of Latin hunting treatises prepared by Bruno Kiciński. Preserved time chronology allows to follow the scope of changes which took place in hunting methods and an overall assessment of hunting over the centuries.

Ex nummis historia. Szkice o obrazach numizmatycznych w badaniach nad dziejami starożytnego Rzymu

Author(s): Agata A. Kluczek / Language(s): Polish

Ex nummis historia… is a study which, while recognising the communicative and ideological importance of coins and medallions in the socio-political life of the Roman Empire, presents the potential of numismatic sources for uncovering the history of ancient Rome. Above all, numismatic artefacts have the unique characteristic of their inherent element of actuality. They are both a part of the ancient world and its “witness.” They document the life of specific communities that used them, as well as the authorities and elites that produced them. Therefore, they provide knowledge about the reality in which they functioned and which they reported in their own way. After all, the images and inscriptions placed on numismats were connected with the state, the authorities, and more broadly with society and its elites. They are unencumbered by any interpretation other than that resulting from the actions of the issuers, who transformed a perceived and important for them piece of ancient reality into these images and slogans. Such documentary freshness is preserved even in those numismats which bear images or inscriptions already used earlier and elsewhere. This wandering of motifs in time or space suggests an appreciation of a given theme, which changed its value and acquired a new meaning, being reborn either in a different period, place or environment. The significant role of coins and medallions — as tools of socio-political communication, carriers of ideological content and documents preserving information about the Roman Empire and its inhabitants encoded in a specific way — results from the great value of numismatic sources in modern historical analyses of Roman history. The publication focuses on the nummographic field of coins and medallions, i.e. that relating to information given in inscriptions and iconography placed on numismats. It omits their unquestionable value in the study of Roman economics and the nummometric plane concerning various measurements of monetary issues and specific numismats. The book discusses, primo, the way in which Roman coin and medallion issuers transmitted into numismatic imagery elements of the reality around them and the tradition they recognized, and the formulas, especially the iconographic ones, to which they resorted when characterizing values, events and figures important to them. Secundo, methods are presented which may help to read the ideological content of numismats and use them to deepen the knowledge of Roman political, social, and cultural history.

Rzym a Półwysep Iberyjski. Inspiracje i powiązania na przestrzeni dziejów / Roma y la Península Ibérica. Inspiracíones y vinculaciones a través de los siglos

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish,Spanish

The monograph book Rome and Iberia. Inspirations and Connections throughout History tries to fill a gap in the market of scientific publications, showing the connections between ancient Rome and the Iberian Peninsula. These relations still interest researchers representing various scientific disciplines, both in Poland and abroad. The book opens with a part devoted to linguistic issues, focused on the heritage of Latin in Spanish. The second part deals with literature in its broadest sense, from the works of authors such as Martialis and Pliny, through the Latin love songs of Ripoll, the fifteenth-century work of John of Stobnica, to the ancient ekphrasis present in the literature of seventeenth-century Spain. Also represented is the literature of Portugal, which looked to ancient mythology for the origins of the country. Subsequent chapters of the book deal with history and archaeology, introducing - on the basis of literary texts and archaeological remains, inscriptions or coins - studies of the imperial cult in the Spanish provinces of Rome, military issues, political coalitions, Roman law, as well as contemporary evocations of ancient figures as personal models for later European leaders. The monograph also includes chapters on amphorae and temples, which are tangible traces of the relationships studied, left over from ancient cultural and commercial exchanges.

Předkřesťanská náboženství severních Indoevropanů: Tradice Keltů, Germánů a Baltů v kritické perspektivě humanitních věd

Author(s): Jan Reichstäter / Language(s): Czech

The book aims to offer insights into research on the pre-Christian religions of the northern Indo-Europeans – namely the traditions of the Celtic, Germanic, and Baltic peoples. It presents the results of current research in the spheres of the pantheons, rituals and mythologies of these ethnic groups gained by those branches of the humanities that are usually involved in scientific reconstruction of archaic religions (e.g. archaeology, philology, ethnology). Significant attention is paid to the interpretational problems that have been solved by specialists in the study of these extinct religions for a long time. The book also introduces a brief history of the research in these fields, whose beginnings are mostly connected with the Romantic era, but in some regions they can be traced back as far as the period of Renaissance humanism. In this context the ideological motivations and aims which shaped – or still shape – the images of these religions, both in science and popular culture, are emphasised.

Mroczna Selene

Author(s): Paweł Janiszewski / Language(s): Polish

The book is devoted to a magic ritual known from ancient Greek and Latin sources and performed to bring the moon down from the sky to the earth. On the basis of numerous accounts of the phenomenon from the middle of the 5 th century B.C.E. until the middle of the 6 th century C.E., the author describes the astronomical occurrences of the moon eclipse and its total eclipse during so called interlunium, which was perceived by some contemporaries as the result of magi’s and witches’ acts.

VNDIQVE VICTORES. Wizja rzymskiego władztwa nad światem w mennictwie złotego wieku Antoninów i doby kryzysu III wieku – studium porównawcze

Author(s): Agata A. Kluczek / Language(s): Polish

The work is devoted to the images of the Roman emperor’s power, its thematicbackground being the idea of the Roman rule over the world. The work aims to definethe scope within which the very idea was functions, and the way it was developedin the imperial propaganda of the Golden Age of the Antonine dynasty andthe times of the 3rd century crisis, as well as a comparison of the image of the Romancontrol over the world promoted in these two epochs, it constituting the mostimportant aim.The research task formulated in this way influences the fundamental basis of theanalysis, it being the numismatic sources. Imperial coins had a special impact on thetransmission of ideological information and motives in the Roman Empire. Besides,it is merely the imperial coins that constitute a homogeneous group of research explorationfor the two epochs and allow for the formation of a common and identicalbasis of inference. A disproportion of quantity and quality of other source materialscauses the situation in which an attempt to compare any of the propaganda motivesin the very periods of time, based on the analysis of other sources such as ancientli terature, epigraphics, monumental art — which fulfill the requirement of complementarinessonly for one at the epochs and are too few for the other one, is doomedto be fruitless. Nevertheless, the references to both of them will show the locationand understanding of some ideas in the Roman tradition, as well as update and explainor confirm what derives from the research on the imperial coins, them beingprimary for the issue in question.The work consists of two parts. The attention is paid to three categories, i.e.:Imperium Romanum, the world of Barbarians and the emperor, though they do notstrictly correspond to particular chapters. The first part entitled “Imago mundi”. TheRoman and the Barbarian worlds in numismatic sources attempts to reconstruct imagomundi or the structure of the world deriving from the monetary images. It is composedThe chapter Imperium Romanum: fines, provinciae discusses the borders and structureof the Roman state from a “geographical” perspective. It gives information ona poor presentation of the Roman borders in the imperial propaganda. It also providesa map of the Roman Empire which can be portrayed as a mosaic consisting ofvarious details: provinces, lands, towns, rivers or as a sum of some important areas.It indicates the role of an emperor in this whole as outlined in the propaganda onthe basis of the monetary issues reflecting “provinces”.The chapter Imperium Romanum: Roma depicts references in minting to Rome/Urbs, which was the germ of the world empire, as well as the way the Rome motivewas connected with the subject of Roman victories over alien peoples. The subjectof analysis is also the issue of legitimization of the emperor’s power. Thus, the deliberationsshow the sense and scope of Rome being treated by propaganda as caputmundi and sedes imperii. The very notions are treated in a geographical, but above all,meta phorical way. The former, caput mundi, concerns the primacy of Rome on a giventerritorial whole, the lather, sedes imperii, expresses the relationships between Romeand the ruler holding of imperium. The issues are outlined against the backgroundthe changes appearing in the Roman Empire and manifesting themselves in the discountof Rome’s political role in favour of provincial centres.The chapter Alter orbis presents a general structure and characteristic of the Barbarianworld as read out from the images on the imperial coins. It deals with suchissues as giving names to Barbarian tribes and peoples, the political organization ofthe Barbarians, the cultural diversification of those inhabiting the Barbarian world,a stereotypical picture of a northern and eastern Barbarian. Also, it considers the natureof the relationship between the Barbarians and Romans: in the imperial propagandait was defined by victoria Romana slogans, concerning mainly war confrontations,as well as rex datus slogans, in which case it refers to “peaceful” relations.The evolution of the representations of Barbarians in the imperial minting, from historicalto abstract ones, is also discussed here.The second part of the work “Gentium victor orbisque possessor”. The elements ofthe myth of a victorious emperor in the monetary images is devoted to selected aspectsof the myth of the world’s ruler. The motives that are related to Roman’s superiorityover alien peoples clarify the methods of becoming the lord of the world, thembeing fight and victory, as well as define an array of qualities of the one who is theruler of the world, and his aspirations for a common domination. This part is constructedof three chapters.The chapter Virtutes Augusti concerns an ideological image of the Roman rulerwho becomes the lord of the world thanks to his divine virtues and as a result ofhis war actions and achievements. The basic premise of the analysis is the presenceof the motive of a Barbarian or its equivalent in the monetary iconography. Accordingto this criterion the superiority and control of a Roman-emperor over the inhabitantsof the extra-Roman world are presented through several virtues such as: virtusAugusti, victoria Augusti, clementia Augusti and felicitas Augusti.The chapter Undique victores — ubique barbari concerns various semantic fieldsin which the Barbarian motive which was the function of a victorious ruler mythappeared in the iconography of coins. They are subjected to the three main issues:fight, submission and dominance while the image of the victorious emperor can beplaced on two levels: the theatre of the victories over the external enemies and thetheatre of the political advantage over the neighbouring countries; and the spheresof three chapters.of life in which the power of the winner is realized. The creation of an emperor asthe lord of the world is presented here in its dynamic dimension, i.e. in the courseof becoming the ruler of the (whole) world, not just remaining the head of the Romanstate. The Roman control over the world can only be realized in action, mainlyin the armed fight.The chapter Rector orbis concernes the extent of the Roman emperor’s worldcontrol, defined by such notions as: orbis (terrarum) and genus humanum. These areset in a wide semantic field. They do not denote a definite area or a real territory,but are always subordinate to ideological-political reasons and can be understoodas the Roman world or as the whole world. It allows for placing the issue of ruleover the world in the sphere of reality or abstraction. Also, it shows the developmentof the thought of the Roman control over the world in the ideology of the Romanemperor’s power, and attempts to explain the origin of an increasing popularityof the subject-matter in question.The work distinguishes thematic groups of the representations on the imperialcoins which reflect the image of the Roman rule over the world. In the propagandistimago mundi the world is divided into two parts. One of them is structured by whatis Roman: the Roman Empire, its lands, provinces, towns, and Rome/Urbs as the firstcentre among them. It is complemented in its imago mundi with what belongs to theother element, that is the world of Barbarians. Its image is created by, among others,those lands, peoples, tribes, small countries and countries the Romans fought with.On a narrow margin of the map of the outside world, formed in this way, remainthe lands inhabited by Barbarians who, came to terms with the Romans, respectingtheir primacy and power. The axis of division between Imperium Romanum andthe world of Barbarians is an ideological border. It stems from the permanent imageof the Romans’ superiority over Barbarians and the idea of victoria, fundamental fordefining their relations. Barbarians, however, in hierarchy, are higher than the Romans.The alien world, “Barbarian” in the imperial propaganda, does not functionindependently. It exists only in order to make the Romans win over its inhabitantsand subordinate them, and derives from the monetary images only as a product ofthe current political situation concerning the Roman state. The world of Barbarians“comes into being” as a result of the Romans’ activity. Even though the Romans’ wardeeds and victories have only a symbolic, and not real dimension, they conditionsine qua non the existence of the world of Barbarians. On the other hand, the Romanworld “exists”. Its existence is “passive” in nature as compared to the origin of theworld of Barbarians which manifests itself in the propaganda only as a result of theRomans’ “activity” . It generates the problem of restricting the scope of the rule already“passively” possessed by the Romans and the fact that it is in fight and actionthat the myth of a great victor and the ruler of the (whole) world is born. Only suchan action will derive the elements of the outer world from the nothingness, and definethem, at the same time always subordinating them to Rome. The victory and itsfruits are available for the Roman thanks to the qualities summed up by the notionof virtus bellica. The “reverse” of the on Roman’s portrait is the one of a Barbarian.The latter, on the other hand, always remains passive, but it is his presence that releasesthe Roman’s qualities and makes him the ruler of the whole world, irrespectiveof the territorial extent of this propagandist creation.In the microcosm that the world creates in the imperial propaganda, the Romanemperor is the focal point. It is the meeting point of the two big parts situated onboth sides of the ideological axis and the link joining them. It is the emperor’s militaryand diplomatic actions, reduced to simple monetary images, that account forintricacies and arcana of the Roman policy towards the inhabitants of the Barbarianworld. They also order the structure of the world as the emperor is the ruler ofthe Roman world while his identification as the head ruler of the whole world takesplace in contact with Barbarians. What is important in the definition of the emperorin his role of the lord of the world is the iconographical motive of the Barbarianwhich refers to capturing, above all, in fight, the control over the world. In its basicform, the image of the Roman-rule over the world remained the same in the monetarypropaganda of the Golden Age of the Antonine dynasty and the third centurycrisis. The change for worse of the relations in the outer position of the Roman Empirein the third century in comparison to its situation in the second century, whichdeepened the ideological barrier between the Romans and the Barbarians caused thesituation in which the Barbarian evokes the worst associations, becoming the personificationof evil and destructive forces coming from the outside, and the conceptof the Roman-victor finds his dimensions not only in reality but in the supernaturalsphere as well.Each monetary image, composed of an icon and, usually, an inscription, detailedout in the descriptive and analytical part of the work, has three semantic layers whichenlighten each other and promote the title issue on various levels of abstraction. Theyare: the manifested sense (a visualization and description), the primary sense (primaryconnotations), the hidden sense (secondary connotations).The method of a gradual penetration into these different formula until the deepeststructures of an informative transmission allows to state that the idea of a largeworld empire and the Romans subordinating other peoples to their power was constantlydeveloped in the monetary propaganda. It also permits the general observationthat in it the monetary image, defined by the VNDIQVE VICTORES legend, isthe most accurate explanation of the conception of the world’s empire and the ideaof the Romans’ superiority over the alien. The monetary contents refer to the threelevels of the representation on which the problem of the Roman rule over the worldappeared. These are: the structuring of the world, defining the relations between theRomans and the aliens, constructing the features of the Romans and the Barbariansby juxtaposing them.The undique victores slogan also defines the understanding of the Roman rule overthe world in a dynamic sequence, referring to the process of gaining, confirming orbroadening the Roman domination. The myth of the rule over the world was dominatedby the war-victorious conception both in the period of the Antonine monarchyand in the time of the 3rd century crisis. However, the stylistics was different inboth of them. As a result of different influences, the propaganda of these two differentepochs brought about two parallel images of the Roman presence in the world,with a constant recognition of the Roman lead in it. There exists the Roman world thelord of which is the emperor. Beyond this circle there is yet another world the existenceof which is evoked by the emperor’s activity. In this sense, the Roman emperor,undique victor, is in charge of the structure and order of the (whole) world in theepoch of the Antonine dynasty and the period of the 3rd century crisis. Though, thereare different images of him. He can be the one who realizes a debellare superbos call oranswers the parcere subiectis appeal. He can be the one who guards the Roman estatesor goes beyond them. His victory may refer to the real sphere or cross it, his fightmay have all the hallmarks of an offensive fight or the one conducted only to defendthe state of possession. Invariably, though, it is him who is the measure of the world.Above all the emperor remained the lord of the Roman world, ideologically orientedaround the Roma motive. Excursions in the monetary images to the outer worldare the phenomenon which, in the propaganda of both epochs, causes the greatestamplitudes in the images of the Roman rule over the world. Different solutions ofthe same issues applied in the period of the Antonine monarchy and the 235—284half-century prove that there existed a strong interdependence between the generalpoli tical situation of Imperium Romanum and the imperial propaganda. In the coinageof the Golden Age of the Antonine dynasty, the strong empire, winning over thefights with Barbarians, the motive defining the emperor as the ruler of the world wasless important than in the period of the 3rd century crisis when contrary to the difficultsituation of the Roman state, wider possibilities of the understanding of the ideaas a call to rule over alien nations, with the recognition of the confinement of the actualRoman world were observed. It always, however, gave the attractiveness of theidentification with what was Roman.The nature of the research problem is a comparison of the presence of the titleidea in two selected epochs. The search covers: common and different features ofthe monetary propaganda cultivated in them (universalizing comparisons), speci ficsolutions in narrower time spaces, constituting two epochs (variant comparisons),unique images defining the originality of the propaganda of definite emperors (individualizingcomparisons).The tables serve the purpose of highlighting the differences and similarities ofthe propaganda. They illustrate the presence or absence of given topics in the imperialminting and ideological concept of both epochs in their shorter phases: 96—117,117—161, 161—192, as well as 235—249, 249—268/269, 268—284. Operating with longchronological distances, defined by the duration of the Golden Age of the Antoninedynasty and the third century crisis, allowed to capture the general tendencies in thepropaganda of both epochs. The interactions between the political policies of the rulers,events and atmosphere they evoked, the extent of the development of the ideologyof the imperial power, on the other hand, gave different images of the Roman ruleover the world as a result of mutual permeation in their particular phases.

Rzym antyczny. Polityka i pieniądz / The Ancient Rome. Politics and Money. T. 5: Azja Mniejsza w czasach rzymskich / Asia Minor in Roman Times

Author(s): / Language(s): English,French,Russian

Opracowanie jest zbiorem artykułów dotyczących szeroko rozumianej historii w czasach rzymskich. W publikacji poruszono rozmaite kwestie historii politycznej, religijnej, zagadnień propagandy, a także numizmatyki owego okresu.Praca skierowana jest do historyków, archeologów, numizmatyków, filologów klasycznych, religioznawców, historyków sztuki, orientalistów.

Badacze świata starożytnego. Biogramy uczonych z archiwum profesora Ryszarda Gansińca

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The books contains an edition of 29 profiles of Polish and foreign scholars of broadly understood antiquity studies: classical philology, ancient history and classical archaeology. The documents come from the personal archive of Ryszard Gansiniec (1888-1958), one of the most versatile Polish scholars. The profiles, written mostly in the interwar period, with some coming from World War Two days and the postwar years, provide valuable information on both prominent researchers and those who due to various circumstances have not registered in our collective memory.

„Thyestes” Lucjusza Anneusza Seneki. Opracowanie monograficzne

Author(s): Iwona Słomak / Language(s): Polish

"Thyestes", to which this monograph is devoted, exhibits all the characteristics of the Senecan plays that facilitate the centuries-long interest in them on the part of scholars and lovers of literature. They are also responsible for the distinctiveness of the author’s work against the background of Greek tragedy — due to the philosophical-critical nature of the work, they disengage from a directly didactic tone in favor of provocation and irony, the potential to engage less with the emotions and more with the intellect of the audience. It is possible to also find here examples of Seneca’s characteristic semantic and formal solutions, which confirm the dynamic development of the genre in Antiquity and at the same time may seem fairly modern today.