A certain bishop and a certain diocese in Egypt at the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries: The testimony of the Canons of Athanasius

Author(s): Ewa Wipszycka / Language(s): English / Issue: XVII-XVIII/2019

The Canons of Athanasius, a homiletic work written at the beginning of the fifth centuryin one of the cities of the Egyptian chora, provide us with many important anddetailed pieces of information about the Church hierarchy. Information gleaned fromthis text can be found in studies devoted to the history of Christianity of the fourthand fifth centuries, but rarely are they the subject of reflection as an autonomous subject.To date, no one has endeavoured to determine how the author of the Canonssought to establish the parameters of his work: why he included certain things in thiswork, and why left other aspects out despite them being within the boundaries of thesubject which he had wished to write upon. This article looks to explore two thematicareas: firstly, what we learn about the hierarchical Church from the Canons, and secondly,what we know about the hierarchical Church from period sources other thanthe Canons. This article presents new arguments which exclude the authorship ofAthanasius and date the creation of the Canons to the first three decades of the fifthcentury.

A Charis tekintete Pindarosnál

Author(s): Zsolt Adorjáni / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2009

Charis is a concept and a power of paramount significance in Pindar’s poetry and ars poetica. This analysis is less concerned with the semantics of Charis, than with her dynamics. In the 14. and 7. Olympian ode Charis appears surrounded by a cluster of metaphors of blossoming (ΘAΛ - ), love (EPA - ) and eye-glance (Ι Δ - ). These motifs permeat the whole Pindaric epinician corpus. I set out to scrutinize the vast scale of variations on this theme, in order to illuminate from a new vista the relationship of the Charis and the Muse, then to explain the foregrounded motif of the divine eye-glance.

A Chrestus-kérdés

Author(s): Krisztina Dóra Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2014

The emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from the city of Rome in 52 AD. This event takes place in the Bible (in the Acts), and is also mentioned by Suetonius. Suetonius provides more informations, including that Jews were rebelling in Rome and that was the reason why Claudius expelled them. He says that the Jews rebelled because of a person whose name was Chrestus. According the Christian tradition this person was Jesus Christ. This thought was derived from Orosius who transcribed the name Chrestus to Christus. Tertullianus also mentioned that at first pagans did not know the right name of Christus so they called him Chrestus. These arguments speak for a fact that in 50 or 52 AD there was a conflict between Christians and Jews in Rome, before the 64th AD Christian persecution. But what if Suetonius’ Chrestus is not Christus? I analysed those inscriptions which contain the name of Chrestus in Rome in the first century. As it turned out Chrestus had to be a slave or a freedman rather than a free man, corresponding with the meaning of the name. Chrestus is a Greek word which means useful. Of what religion was this person named Chrestus? Was he a Jew, pagan or Christian? After the analysis of the inscriptions we can say that Chrestus was more probably pagan or Jew than Christian. But since we are trying to decide only the relations of Jews and Christians, we must say Chrestus was probably a Jewish person and consequently there was a conflict only between Jews, not between Jews and Christians in 52 AD.

A classification system for pottery shape at prehistoric sites in Lower Egypt

Author(s): Sakura Sanada / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2015

Pottery data from prehistoric sites in Lower Egypt has been reported using different classification systems dependent on the site where it was discovered. This makes comparative analysis of pottery from different locations highly problematic. The significant majority of pottery excavated at these sites is either incomplete or consists of pot sherds that cannot be reconstructed. This paper will consider the problems that exist in publishing data concerning pottery shape and examine the classification systems adopted in earlier reports. Bearing these earlier systems in mind, the report will consider what the most feasible general classification system would be for the recording and classifying of pot sherd shape data from all Lower Egyptian sites, which would also be able to integrate together even with pottery shape data in the earlier reports as accurately as possible. There might be the feasible system or a prototype of it amongst the systems already in use.

A CLOSER LOOK AT ŠVENTOJI 2/4 – A STRATIFIED STONE AGE FISHING SITE IN COASTAL LITHUANIA, 3200–2600 CAL BC

Author(s): Giedrė Piličiauskienė,Gytis Piličiauskas,Dalia Kisielienė,Aldona Damušytė,Giedrė Vaikutienė,Kęstutis Peseckas,Lukas Gaižauskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 45/2019

Šventoji 2/4, which is situated on the Lithuanian coast, is among the most important East Baltic Stone Age sites due to the extraordinary preservation of archaeological finds in waterlogged gyttja and due to extensive excavations ongoing since 1967. This paper presents the results of excavations in 2014 and subsequent laboratory analyses. This new research has allowed for the revision of the site’s chronology and function as well as provided valuable environmental data. In 3200–2700 cal BC the site was used as a fishing station constructed in the deepest part of the shallow lagoonal lake. Remains of various fishing gear and other human waste left during fishing expeditions accumulated there. Enormous amounts of cranial fish bones left during the initial processing of the catch that was carried out directly at the fishery indicate that cyprinids, pike, and zander were mostly caught at the site. The site most likely continued to be used in similar way during the beginning of the Neolithic, although Globular Amphora culture fishermen did not process fish on the site and transported the entire catch to dwelling sites instead.

A Collective Find of Molds for Casting Bronze Objects from the Middle Rhodops

A Collective Find of Molds for Casting Bronze Objects from the Middle Rhodops

Author(s): Damyan Damyanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2007

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUMISMATIC EVIDENCES ASSOCIATED TO MINING ACTIVITIES IN PARTHIAN AND SELEUCID DYNASTIES

Author(s): Hassan Karimian / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Knowledge of the number and location of mines of the ancient periods has been the subject of common research between archaeologists and archaeo-mineralogists. The scientific significance of the subject becomes apparent when the direct relation between the power of the ancient rulers and number of the mines they owned is perceived. The gold and silver mines, like today, were accounted as the main economic credit and backing of the ancient states. Although mixing silver with other metals was used to produce diverse metal artefacts, silver on its own was most popular for minting coins. Since coin was a symbol of the sovereignty of rulers and an indicator of the economic power of ancient civilizations, silver mining was probably one of the main activities of the ancient craftsmen. The main aim of this research is to investigate the conditions surrounding, and the techniques used for, extraction of silver from different mines during the reign of Alexander of Macedon, Seleucid rulers (336-129 BC), and Parthian kings (247 BC-224 AD). The kings, whose coins are studied in this research, ruled in Iran from 4th -1st BC. This research is focused on the laboratory results obtained from XRF tests on 24 coins belonging to the mentioned kings.The analysis of the results revealed that despite the advanced technology used for recovering silver from zinc and lead mines in the Seleucid era, the Parthian craftsmen were not highly skilled in this field. In other words, the silver recovery technology was more advanced in the Seleucid era than the Parthian period

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TO APPROACHING LATE ANTIQUE VILLA TRANSFORMATIONAL TRAJECTORIES

Author(s): Dodd James / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The mutation of the villa in the Western Roman Empire is a key element to our understanding of the transformation of the rural landscape between Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period. The archaeology of this transitional phase has long been identified and has been dated to between the 3rd century in some regions and as late as the 6th and 7th centuries and in other areas; however, it is only in the last 20 years that work has begun to examine the phenomenon in detail, with a number of regional studies emerging and a few larger but primarily non-empirical studies undertaken. Despite this, an overarching unified conceptual approach is lacking with little or no attention payed to the trajectories of individual sites. This paper intends to develop and demonstrate a new approach to the phenomenon of villa change, establishing a clear classification system, augmenting the work done by Chavarría (2004) and Ripoll and Acre (2000), categorising the different elements of transformation and applying this to the development of site trajectories It will also discuss the basis and feasibility of a standardised terminology to refer to these diverse features, replacing the biased catch-all phrase ‘squatter occupation’.

A contribution on the Early Bronze Age in Southern Romania and some friendly notes

Author(s): Neculai Bolohan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

The Early Bronze Age in the area between the Eastern Carpathians and the Lower Danube constituted the topic of numerous attempts. A recent contribution concerning this theme was made by Radu Băjenaru, who presented me with the opportunity to have an updated reading of the manner in which archaeological monuments can be analysed. The critical scrutiny, rigorous analysis, direct access to sources, field experience, suggestions for classifying the impressive lot of artefacts analysed, are just some of the author’s cards. In the following, the author of these lines has only the merit of bringing to a written conclusion a number of friendly observations.

A contribution to knowledge of Greek and Roman amphorae found or located in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Adnan Busuladžić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Among the ancient finds at numerous sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina are some amphora sherds. The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a number of amphorae found at Narona, outside Bosnia and Herzegovina. The same is true of the Franciscan monastery in Visoko, which has a few well-preserved amphorae. One of the most important sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina at which amphorae have been found is the Hellenistic site of Daorson. Though they have been the subject of interest from time to time, this is the first paper to give a full picture of the amphorae found or kept in museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In terms of typology, these include examples of Lesbian, Rhodian and Corcyran amphorae, the Greco-Italic type, Lamboglia 2, Dressel 2-4, 6A, 20, 23a, 26, 27, 30, 34, 38, Hopfengarten, African: Africana 2 and type XXVII, flat-bottomed amphorae, Forlimpopoli, amphorae with a funnel-shaped rim, Dimmeser Ort type, Pontic amphorae type XX, Benghazi MR type, Eastern Mediterranean type XV, Syrian type, Late Roman 1 type, and Byzantine type amphorae. The sites where they were found reveal marked ancient Hellenistic and Roman influence on their use in Bosnia and Herzegovina: not only Daorson, but also at the sites of Roman villas, in Višići, Panik, and in military forts, urban settlements and the like, where the ancient, Mediterranean and Roman diet was well established. Despite the many archaeological excavations that have yielded amphorae, and their publication as part of the presentation of individual sites, this is the first synthetic treatment relating to the material located in Bosnia and Herzegovina

A copperplate land grant by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī Paramāras

Author(s): Dániel Balogh / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2010

A land grant issued by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī branch of the Paramāra dynasty in North-West India has recently come to my attention. It contains a genealogy of the Candrāvatī line from Utpalarāja to Raṇasiṃha. This ruler was hitherto known only from one published inscription (the Roheḍā plates), and has been thought to be a usurper who briefly snatched the throne from the legitimate ruler Dhārāvarṣa. The grant, dated 1 November 1161 CE, makes no mention of Dhārāvarṣa, calling for a reinterpretation of some ambiguous lines of the Roheḍā inscription. It is a possibility that Raṇasiṃha was not a usurper, but ruled as a regent during Dhārāvarṣa’s minority and then willingly handed the throne over to him.

A császárkori feliratok vulgáris latin nyelvi adatainak dialektológiai adatérvényessége

Author(s): Béla Adamik / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2012

A CSÁSZÁRKORI RÓMAI SZARKOFÁGOK ERÓS-„MELLÉKTÉMÁI” ÉS A POLISZÉMIKUS KONTEMPLÁCIÓ

Author(s): László Berczelly / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2008

As a starting point, the author summarizes some unsolved problems and innovative results in iconographical studies of Roman sarcophagi. He puts also forward a proposal of interpreting the decorations on Roman sarcophagi as pictorial incitements for the mourner’s free contemplation. To describe the phenomenon he is introducing the term polysemious contemplation. The selection of examples engaged by him, derives mostly from erotic sarcophagi, especially from the so called sub-motifs.

A csudaszarvas

Author(s): Vilmos Voigt / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

It was likely in early 1926 that Ernő P. Ábrahám's A csudaszarvas (That Wondrous Deer), an overview of Hungarian history for young readers, was published in Budapest. It starts with early Hungarian history (more precisely Hunnic-Hungarian history) and takes us all the way up to the situation after World War I. It is illustrated with Romantic tableaux that depict spectacular scenes witnessed by a young prince named Árva (a name which means "orphan"), who is whisked from one part to the next by his magic steed Tüzes (meaning "fiery"). The mythical csodaszarvas, or wonder deer, appears in several scenes, but it is signified in the book with the more folksy form csudaszarvas (roughly, "that wondrous deer"). The book is very richly decorated, with embellishments, initials and full-page illustrations that portray key scenes from Hungarian history. These were produced in the studio of a contemporary graphic artist, the multi-faceted and renowned Álmos Jaschik. And one of the age's most prominent Hungarian politicians, Albert Apponyi, wrote the foreword to the book. On carefully surveying this foreword as well as the body of the work and the illustrations, one discovers that the book serves a legitimist goal and that it was created for a "boy who lives far away," who received the first, hand-painted copy. This boy was actually the son of the last Habsburg king of Hungary, Charles IV, who had by then died; the heir presumptive to the throne was Prince Otto. The article discusses the multi-layered and informative writing and iconography of the book as well as the author and the designer of the illustrations. A detailed study of both text and images brings out the several phases that went into planning and making the volume. Incidentally, the csudaszarvas variant in the title is well established in Hungarian literature and art. Interestingly, however, it is unknown among latter-day readers. It is revealing that the wonder deer not only shows the way to a new homeland, but also plays a role in the story of the founding of the church at Vác and brings the hero of the book all the way to the modern age. A discussion of the many-sided text and of points about content and iconography is useful insofar as it reveals well-known stereotypes about both early and later Hungarian history.

A Cucuteni A3 settlement at Pocreaca, Iaşi

Author(s): Constantin Iconomu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2013

We present the results of the archaeological investigations carried out in the Neolithic Cucuteni A3 settlement from Pocreaca–Cetăţuia site, Schitu Duca commune, Iaşi county. The excavations unearthed a house platform of fired clay, alongside flint and polished stone tools, tri-chromatic painted and unpainted pottery, and anthropomorphic and zoomorphic idols.

A CULTURE OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ON THE TERRITORY OF ROMANIA: WIETTENBERG

Author(s): Ioana-Iulia Olaru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 12/2017

The present study has in view an ancient period from the History of Art on the territory of Romania, that is the Middle Bronze Age. In this period which itself comes with changes, among which the most important is the spreading of the solar cult, a fact also reflected in art (in the general context of the entire Bronze Age Ŕ which brought social progress, but also an artistic one, if we were to mention a ceramics which tries to reproduce pots from metal), the culture Wietenberg is one of the important cultures of the moment, which comes with special achievements, regarding both the settlements and the ceramics. An enumeration could comprise: settlements disposed in a circle around one, as a fortress, which implies social differences, and one of the found houses has even preserved decorations in the soft clay; the ceramics brings rich, baroque forms and a diverse decor regarding the motifs and the obtaining technique, disposed in registers, with a radial succession (connected to the solar symbolism).

A cumaei archaikus Héra-szentély

Author(s): János György Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1(2)/2001

A démokritosi atomok mozgásának problémája Cicerónál

Author(s): Csilla Szekeres / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2007

A De finibus bonorum et malorum I. könyvében a következőket olvashatjuk Démokritos természetfilozófiájáról: „[Démokritos] úgy gondolja, hogy az általa atomoknak nevezett részecskék, azaz a tömörségük miatt oszthatatlan testek úgy mozognak a végtelen űrben, amelyben nincs sem legfelső, sem legalsó, sem középső, sem legutolsó, sem legszélső, hogy az összeütközések következtében összekapcsolódnak egymással.” A concursio szó egyértelműen nem meghatározott irányú mozgást fejez ki: az atomok rendezetlen mozgásuk eredményeként ütköznek össze. A folytatás is ezt az értelmezést látszik alátámasztani, mely szerint a következő melléfogás kizárólag Epikurosé: „Tudniillik azt gondolja, hogy ezek az oszthatatlan és tömör testek saját súlyuknál fogva egy egyenes vonal mentén lefelé hullanak, és ez valamennyi test természetes mozgása”. Következésképpen a démokritosi atomok nem esnek lefelé egy egyenes vonal mentén és értelemszerűen nincsen súlyuk, vagy ha van is, ez nem oka a mozgásuknak.

A Denarius of Trajan Found at the Settlement of the Przeworsk Culture in Kryspinów, Site 3

Author(s): Małgorzata Byrska-Fudali,Tomasz Fudali / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2016

In the course of the rescue excavations conducted in 2014at site 3 in Kryspinów, Liszki Commune, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, a coin of the Roman period was discovered. The investigations were commissioned by a private investor in association with the construction of ten detached houses.The excavation was carried out under the direction of Małgorzata Byrska-Fudali,M.A., and Tomasz Fudali, M.A.The trenches were discovered north of the Przeworsk culture settlement that had been investigated by the Jagiellonian University in the years 1993–1998.In 2014, numerous features of the settlement type were revealed, such as hollowed buildings (semi-dugouts), postholes, storage and utility pits, and hearths. Based on the archaeological material, this part of the settlement may be linked to the period from phase A3 until the beginning of phase C1 of the Roman period.The coin was found in the filling of semi-dugout no. 304. It is an extremely well preserved Trajan denarius. The only other materials obtained from this location were ceramic vessels. The pottery is represented by hand-made forms, typical, in general, of the early Roman period.

A Dumuzi és Ĝeštinanna című mítosz

Author(s): Anna Krisztina Pintér / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2019

The text Dumuzi and Geštinanna belongs to the problematic group of Sumerian narratives. A possible explanation for the unusual formulations in the text might be the attempt of an ancient scribe to comment on the problems of the stories of the god Dumuzi, which was adjusted to the form of the narrative text. The „author” summarized theological questions in an implicit way, with hermeneutical techniques. The special use of cuneiform signs is one such example applied to refer to the nature of Dumuzi. Also, many other formulas appear in the text, which intertextually allude to the relationship of Dumuzi, the king, and Inana.