A BÉKÉSCSABAI KÉSŐROMÁN KORI ARANY MELLTŰ

Author(s): Imre Szatmári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1-2/2005

In 1878, a golden brooch was inventorised to the Hungarian National Museum, coming to the capital from Békéscsaba (Fig. 1a–b). The object is decorated with human figures, interpreted as a dancing couple of a couple of lovers, man and woman. Probably, the object was intended to clasp the neck-aperture of a lady’s dress. In most of the publications, this object was erroneously mentioned as coming from Tömörd, Komárom county and only most recent research could correctly identify its Békéscsaba provenance.

A Brief Military History of the Later Reign of Šāpur II

Author(s): Michael Richard Jackson Bonner / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

This is a brief history of the wars of Šāpur II from the middle of the fourth century to the death of that king in theyear 379. These conflicts represent the military operations of the Sasanid state at its height before a gradual decline underthe successor to Šāpur II.

A brief remark on the philhellenic policy of Amasis at the emporion Naucratis

Author(s): Květa Smoláriková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The Greek emporia (Al Mina, Naucratis, etc.) were usually founded on the sea shores or in the estuaries of large rivers because they served as important trade routes to the hinterland. Some countries were much more active in the effort of accepting new inventions than others. Thus, no wonder that the further exist ence and prosperity of emporia depended on a wide range of specific local conditions; in the case of Egypt, essentially on the attitude of the king to foreigners. An excellent example is certainly the famous Greek emporion Naucratis and its place in the Egyptian economy under the rule of Amasis (Ahmose II) and his reforms, as were recorded by Herodotus.

A Bronze Handle from the Pongrácz Collection

Author(s): Atalia Onitiu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper brings to the attention of researchers a bronze handle, most likely from a larger vessel, a piece that was part of the famous Pongrácz collection, housed by the National Museum of Banat in Timișoara, now unfortunately lost, kept only in the form of a drawing. We cannot say with certainty the piece comes from the ancient Dierna, but we cannot exclude this possibility either. We will try in our approach to establish the functionality of the piece and, through analogies, to try a typological and chronological classification of it. Due to the quality of the execution, the attention to detail and the mastery of the decor, we do not exclude the hypothesis that we are in front of an imported piece, both a testimony of trade relations and the level of civilization reached in antiquity by the settlements in the Danube area.

A bronze steelyard with an acorn-shaped counterweight from the Paphos Agora

Author(s): Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka,Maciej Wacławik / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2016

Steelyards were commonly used by sellers at agorae and fora during the Roman and Byzantine periods. They are based on the principle of the lever, mentioned by Aristotle and probably well-known even earlier. One steelyard made of bronze has been found, together with an acorn-shaped counterweight, at the agora of Nea Paphos during an excavation conducted by the Department of Classical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University. Also preserved were fragments of chain and two hooks that were used to hang the weighted objects, as well as fragment of a third hook. The device represents the Pompeian type of steelyard and can be dated by analogy to other examples from the 1st century AD. The Paphos balance may be evidence of the use of a local island weighting system based on an operating unit other than the Roman pound (libra).

A BŰBÁJOS VIRGILIUS - A VERGILIUS-ÉLETRAJZOK KALANDOS TORZULÁSAI

Author(s): István Borzsák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2003

We tried to follow up the incredibly rich posterity of Vergilius in the context of the antique biographical literature, more exactly in that of the biographies of writers. As to a modest modern complement to the collection, indispensable even today, by D. Comparetti (Virgilio nel medio evo), we drew attention to a trash of the 19th century (The miraculous story of the enchanting Vergilius), the author of which „enriched” the already otherwise adventurously embellished biography of the poet with further romantic — even foolish! — inventions. Of course, not even this can damage the fame of the divines poeta.

A bull’s-head rhyton from the Museum of Tarsus in Cilicia, southern Turkey

Author(s): Ergün LaflΙ / Language(s): English Issue: XXIX/2020

The terracotta rhyton in the form of a bull’s head presented in this brief communication, dated most probably to the 1st century BC, is of unknown provenance, in the collection of the Museum of Tarsus since 1973. It is in very good condition and shows an admirable level of craftsmanship. Rhyta were ceremonial vessels that had taken on a votive function in the Hellenistic period when they were frequently deposited in the tombs as part of the grave goods.

A bűzös Piso

Támadási stratégia M. Tullius Cicero Piso ellen intézett invektívájában

Author(s): Levente Pap / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: V/2018

The invective against Piso constitutes one of the most important post-reditum speeches of Marcus Tullius Cicero. On his return from exile the former consul delivers a speech wishing to verbally express his “gratitude” to all those who either by means of their blissful actions have actively taken part in his banishment or merely by their silence have been accomplices in it. Piso was one of them and Cicero, in his invective, attempts by almost every possible means to destroy any remaining credibility of Piso. In order to do so the orator exploits all kinds of opportunities even those given by certain odour associations.

A CARMEN SAECULARE ÉS A LUDI SAECULARES

Author(s): János Bollók / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1(2)/2001

A casting mould of a pilgrim flask with the depiction of St. Symeon Stylites the Younger

Author(s): Maurizio Buora,Ergün Lafli / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2020

In this short paper a formerly unpublished casting valve for a metal eulogy ampulla from the museum of Gaziantep in southern Turkey will be presented. This casting mould by soap stone has an inscription as Eὐλογία [Κ]υρίου καίτοῦΑγίου [θαυματουρ]γού (eulogia of the Lord and saintly thaumaturgist- a performer of miracles). It also bears the depiction of St. Symeon Stylites the Younger from the sixth century A.D. and two knights riding mounts in a heraldic position on below. The mould at Gaziantep can be dated to the middle Byzantine period, more precisely to the period between A.D. 969 and 1074. For its size and the unusual scene of the two pilgrims (?) on horseback our matrix appears to be a unique one.

A catalaunumi csata. Attila, a hun és a Nyugatrómai Birodalom bukása

Author(s): Ádám Majorosi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

In this study I would like to examine the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. In the first part of this, I will talk about the causes of the campaign of 451; the treachery of Honoria, the Frank succession, and the Ostrogotich immigrants in the Visigothic court. Then I will move forward to the campaign, and I will show how the opponent forces manoeuvred, what were their plans, and how they arrived at the place of the battle. Then I will examine the order of the battle, the battle plans, and fight of the forces, which continued through the night. Then I will talk about the next couple of days, the sieges of the camps, and the reason why the Romans left the battlefield. Finally, I will finish my presentation with my conclusion, the examination of the performance of the military leaders, the losses of the opposing forces, and I will claim the winner at the end of my presentation.

A Catalogue of Harbours in the Province of Ĝirsu/Lagaš Documented in the Administrative Texts of the Ur III Period

Author(s): Sergio Alivernini / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

As is well known, boat trips on rivers and canals were an essential part of Mesopotamian economy at the end of the 3rd millennium BC; the Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries and canals, served as major highways in Mesopotamia. In the Ur III period, inland traffic by waterway was very extensive (more so than interregional water transport). This paper aims at highlighting ports/harbours of the province of Ĝirsu/Lagaš recorded in the administrative texts from the end of the 3rd millennium, by cataloguing the name of the places where these harbours are located.

A cemetery of the Gáta–Wieselburg culture at Nagycenk (Western Hungary)

Author(s): János Gömöri,Eszter Melis,Viktória Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The 29 individuals found in 27 graves at Nagycenk were buried there in the time period between 2000–1700 BC, according to radiocarbon dates – i.e. at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in Hungary. The cemetery is of unique importance, both because of the richness of burial assemblages (altogether 30 bronze objects, 5 gold jewelries) and the scarcity of known Gáta–Wieselburg cemeteries. 15 percent of the ca. 180 burials in total, which relate to this culture in Hungary, are in this cemetery, and because of the few published burial sites, the cemetery at Nagycenk represents about one fourth of the materials published so far in the whole distribution area of the culture. Pottery style, typology and raw material of metal artefacts, as well as the radiocarbon dates (with the earliest among the published radiocarbon dates in context of this culture) support the dating of the cemetery section to the early phase of the Gáta–Wieselburg culture. The oval arrangement of burials around grave 55 and grave 1 suggest that each of these correspond to a household of high status men representing a few generations of the population living in the settlement excavated in the vicinity of Nagycenk.

A certain bishop and a certain diocese in Egypt at the turn of the fourth and fifth centuries: The testimony of the Canons of Athanasius

Author(s): Ewa Wipszycka / Language(s): English Issue: XVII-XVIII/2019

The Canons of Athanasius, a homiletic work written at the beginning of the fifth centuryin one of the cities of the Egyptian chora, provide us with many important anddetailed pieces of information about the Church hierarchy. Information gleaned fromthis text can be found in studies devoted to the history of Christianity of the fourthand fifth centuries, but rarely are they the subject of reflection as an autonomous subject.To date, no one has endeavoured to determine how the author of the Canonssought to establish the parameters of his work: why he included certain things in thiswork, and why left other aspects out despite them being within the boundaries of thesubject which he had wished to write upon. This article looks to explore two thematicareas: firstly, what we learn about the hierarchical Church from the Canons, and secondly,what we know about the hierarchical Church from period sources other thanthe Canons. This article presents new arguments which exclude the authorship ofAthanasius and date the creation of the Canons to the first three decades of the fifthcentury.

A CHAOTIC TOURS OF THE ‘HALLS’ OF THE LOGOI OF THE HERODOTUS ‘MUSES’: REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE ‘FATHER OF HISTORY’ AND HIS WORK IN THE NEW GUIDE-BOOK

Author(s): Aleksandr Sinitsyn,Igor Surikov / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2020

Review of: Aleksandr Sinitsyn, Igor Surikov - Sean Sheehan. A Guide to Reading Herodotus’ Histories. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. XIV, 316 p. ISBN 9781474292665

A Charis tekintete Pindarosnál

Author(s): Zsolt Adorjáni / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2009

Charis is a concept and a power of paramount significance in Pindar’s poetry and ars poetica. This analysis is less concerned with the semantics of Charis, than with her dynamics. In the 14. and 7. Olympian ode Charis appears surrounded by a cluster of metaphors of blossoming (ΘAΛ - ), love (EPA - ) and eye-glance (Ι Δ - ). These motifs permeat the whole Pindaric epinician corpus. I set out to scrutinize the vast scale of variations on this theme, in order to illuminate from a new vista the relationship of the Charis and the Muse, then to explain the foregrounded motif of the divine eye-glance.

A Chrestus-kérdés

Author(s): Krisztina Dóra Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

The emperor Claudius expelled the Jews from the city of Rome in 52 AD. This event takes place in the Bible (in the Acts), and is also mentioned by Suetonius. Suetonius provides more informations, including that Jews were rebelling in Rome and that was the reason why Claudius expelled them. He says that the Jews rebelled because of a person whose name was Chrestus. According the Christian tradition this person was Jesus Christ. This thought was derived from Orosius who transcribed the name Chrestus to Christus. Tertullianus also mentioned that at first pagans did not know the right name of Christus so they called him Chrestus. These arguments speak for a fact that in 50 or 52 AD there was a conflict between Christians and Jews in Rome, before the 64th AD Christian persecution. But what if Suetonius’ Chrestus is not Christus? I analysed those inscriptions which contain the name of Chrestus in Rome in the first century. As it turned out Chrestus had to be a slave or a freedman rather than a free man, corresponding with the meaning of the name. Chrestus is a Greek word which means useful. Of what religion was this person named Chrestus? Was he a Jew, pagan or Christian? After the analysis of the inscriptions we can say that Chrestus was more probably pagan or Jew than Christian. But since we are trying to decide only the relations of Jews and Christians, we must say Chrestus was probably a Jewish person and consequently there was a conflict only between Jews, not between Jews and Christians in 52 AD.

A citizen-soldier of the Roman Republic: Beyond the literary creation

Author(s): Michał Norbert Faszcza / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The main aim of the article is to draw attention to the distortion of Republican Roman soldiers’ image. Some modern scholars treat the ‘ideal type’ as a reflection of real-ity and attribute to legionaries the features desired by representatives of the social elite. Meanwhile, it seems that less wealthy citizens created their own vision of the qualities that a Roman soldier should have. This leads to the question of whether the officers and their subordinates had the same understanding of obedience and discipline.

A classification system for pottery shape at prehistoric sites in Lower Egypt

Author(s): Sakura Sanada / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2015

Pottery data from prehistoric sites in Lower Egypt has been reported using different classification systems dependent on the site where it was discovered. This makes comparative analysis of pottery from different locations highly problematic. The significant majority of pottery excavated at these sites is either incomplete or consists of pot sherds that cannot be reconstructed. This paper will consider the problems that exist in publishing data concerning pottery shape and examine the classification systems adopted in earlier reports. Bearing these earlier systems in mind, the report will consider what the most feasible general classification system would be for the recording and classifying of pot sherd shape data from all Lower Egyptian sites, which would also be able to integrate together even with pottery shape data in the earlier reports as accurately as possible. There might be the feasible system or a prototype of it amongst the systems already in use.

A CLOSER LOOK AT ŠVENTOJI 2/4 – A STRATIFIED STONE AGE FISHING SITE IN COASTAL LITHUANIA, 3200–2600 CAL BC

Author(s): Giedrė Piličiauskienė,Gytis Piličiauskas,Dalia Kisielienė,Aldona Damušytė,Giedrė Vaikutienė,Kęstutis Peseckas,Lukas Gaižauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2019

Šventoji 2/4, which is situated on the Lithuanian coast, is among the most important East Baltic Stone Age sites due to the extraordinary preservation of archaeological finds in waterlogged gyttja and due to extensive excavations ongoing since 1967. This paper presents the results of excavations in 2014 and subsequent laboratory analyses. This new research has allowed for the revision of the site’s chronology and function as well as provided valuable environmental data. In 3200–2700 cal BC the site was used as a fishing station constructed in the deepest part of the shallow lagoonal lake. Remains of various fishing gear and other human waste left during fishing expeditions accumulated there. Enormous amounts of cranial fish bones left during the initial processing of the catch that was carried out directly at the fishery indicate that cyprinids, pike, and zander were mostly caught at the site. The site most likely continued to be used in similar way during the beginning of the Neolithic, although Globular Amphora culture fishermen did not process fish on the site and transported the entire catch to dwelling sites instead.