REZULTATELE PRELIMINARE ALE CERCETĂRILOR ARHEOLOGICE DE LA ISACCEA – NOVIODUNUM (JUD. TULCEA): SECTOR CURTINĂ 1 (2009-2013)

Author(s): Dan Aparaschivei,George-Aurelian Bilavschi / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2016

At approximately 3.5 km east of Isaccea and about 115 km away from the mouths of the Danube the remains of the Roman-Byzantine fortification of Noviodunum were discovered. The fortress was placed near the most important ford along the main road linking the Black Sea and central and southern Europe. In keeping with the objectives of previous years, in 2009-2013 we continued the archaeological excavations in SC1 (Sector Curtain 1 – the ditch is 8.70 m wide and 20.50 m long). Our main goals were to acquire new data on the building technique of the precincts, to elucidate the chronological sequence of the stone wall restoration, and to investigate the dwellings and other archaeological complexes from inside and outside the fortress during the Byzantine epoch and the Middle Ages. Discovered during the excavations was an impressive quantity of ceramics (both, common and glazed pots (produced in Byzantine and Golden-Horde potteries), terracotta and tiles, objects of adornment (bracelets made by braided metal wires or glassy paste, beads, bells, etc.), small fragments of colored glass, pieces of various household objects, several types of bone artifacts decorated by incision, coins (Roman-Byzantine, Byzantine, Tatar or Genoese-Tatar), nails, spikes, cramps, etc.

PROSPECTĂRILE GEOMAGNETICE DE LA SCÂNTEIA

Author(s): Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici,Carsten Mischka / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2016

Over the time several magnetic prospectings have been performed for the investigation of the site: 1993-1994, M. Ghiţă, G. Manea; 2001-2004, Fl. Scurtu; 2007, 2015, C. Mischka; 2008, D. Micle, L. Măruia. Some of the magnetic anomalies have been verified through excavations (Surfaces I-VII/1995-2005). According to the last magnetic prospecting the site includes a very complex defensive system; two ditches surround an area of 6ha (external ditch) and respectively 4ha (internal ditch). Moreover, in the southern part another ditch has a parallel route with the two mentioned ditches. On the S and W part this ditch seems to have had a 5-8m width, while the others 3-5m. This outermost ditch does not have a clear outline on the N part. In the middle of the external ditch there is an entrance (6-7m) bordered by two parallel edges, 15m long, permitting the access. If to these ditches we add the defensive wall(crossed by our excavations in 2005), and the possible palisade (Fig. 10), as well as the entrance, we can consider the settlement as a real fortress. In the inner ditch (enclosing 4ha) 55 dwellings with massive fired clay structures have been identified; we should also consider some unburned dwelling with rectangular foundation ditches which have not given enough signals to be integrated into magnetograms.

DIN NOU DESPRE CERAMICA „HOARDEI DE AUR” DIN TERITORIUL DINTRE CARPAŢI ŞI PRUT

Author(s): Paraschiva-Victoria Batariuc / Language(s): Romanian,French Issue: 1/2010

Dans le vaste espace qui se trouvait sous la maîtrise du khan de Saraï, dans les zones avec vie citadine de Crimée, au nord du Caucase, Horezm, sur le cours inférieur de la Volga, mais aussi dans l’interfleuve situé entre le Prout et le Dniestr, on a produit une espèce céramique connue dans la littérature de spécialité soviétique sous le nom de «céramique rougeâtre – jaunâtre» (krasno-jeltaja keramika). La céramique rougeâtre – jaunâtre est caractérisée par une pâte très fine, avec du sable bluté et de rares granules de calcaire, avec des surfaces lisses et facilement poussiéreuses au toucher. Elle a été modelée au tour avec giration moyenne et a été brûlée en atmosphère oxydante de manière unitaire, les parois présentant une couleur rougeâtre – jaunâtre uniforme, dont elle a pris le nom. Les formes rencontrées sont l’amphore avec deux anses, la cruche en forme d’amphore, la cruche de dimensions moyennes et petites, prévue avec bec de fuite, des pots avec une ou deux anses, des poêles globulaires avec deux anses, des pots de petites dimensions, des brocs. La grande majorité des vases qui s’encadrent dans la catégorie de la céramique rougeâtre – jaunâtre présente un répertoire décoratif appartenant au registre géométrique : des lignes striées ou en vagues, simples ou en bandes, des guirlandes incisées, des impressions réalisées avec un instrument similaire à un peigne disposées obliquement, des lignes lustrées, verticales ou en réseau. La céramique rougeâtre – jaunâtre a été découverte surtout dans un périmètre limité à l’est du Dniestr, à l’ouest du Siret, au nord du basin inférieur de Răut et de Bahlui et au sud de celui de Botna. Des pots et des fragments de pots ont été découverts à Orheiul Vechi, Costeşti, Lazova, Cetatea Albă, Chilia, Hansca, et dans les territoires à l’ouest du Prout, dans les habitats de Pâlneşti Vaslui, Bîrlad–Prodana, Hlincea, ainsi qu’aux environs du Danube, à Păcuiul lui Soare et Tichileşti, dans le département de Tulcea. Les dimensions réduites des fragments découverts à l’ouest du Prout ne permettent pas l’établissement avec précision du répertoire de formes. On peut supposer que la grande majorité de ces fragments proviennent de bols sans anse, mais aussi de cruches de grandes dimensions, avec une ou deux anses. Les plus nombreux fragments appartenant à «la céramique citadine» ont été découverts dans l’habitat de Mihoveni–Cahla Morii (des fragments qui proviennent de plus de 30 vaisse aux différents). La présence des fragments céramiques qui appartiennent à «la céramique citadine» en centres compris dans l’espace d’entre les Carpates et le Prout, des territoires qui ne se sont pas trouvés de manière directe sous la domination de la Horde, étant seulement contrôlés par les Tatars, peut être mise en liaison avec l’activité des marchands qui, à l’abri offert par Pax Mongolica, ont véhiculé de divers produits orientaux, tout en commençant avec le milieu du XIV-ème siècle et presque jusqu’à sa fin.

ARCHÄOLOGISCHE ANGABEN ZUM BEZIEHUNGSSYSTEM DES KARPATENBECKENS UND DES OSTALPENRAUMES IM 10.–11. JAHRHUNDERT – VON WEST NACH OST

Author(s): Ciprián Horváth / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2015

In my study I tried to analyze the button terminalled rings, the brooches and the earrings with engraved pattern or with enamel inlay, which are typical of the eastern Alps region finds. The button terminalled rings were used as head jewelry, bracelet or ring. The crescent-shaped earrings are known from 15 sites, which can be ranked among two main groups. Brooches turned up from 11 sites. The earliest occurrence had the button terminalled rings, which could have already appeared in graves in the middle of the 10th century The earrings could have appeared in graves from the 980/990’s as well, while the brooches can be dated from the turn of the millennium. We can notice a certain site concentration on the northern shore of Balaton, on the territory of Győr, Moson, Sopron, Vas, Baranya and Heves counties. Regarding both the way of wear and the combination of certain object types, eastern Alpine parallels can be detected.

NEOLITHIC BURIALS OF THE LINEARBANDKERAMIK SETTLEMENT AT BALATONSZÁRSZÓ AND THEIR EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Author(s): Krisztian Oross,Tibor Marton / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

In addition to several thousand archaeological features, forty-three settlement burials were also uncovered on the LBK site at Balatonszárszó–Kis-erdei-dűlő. The majority of the crouched inhumation burials came to light from the uppermost level of the settlement’s refuse pits. The study offers a detailed assessment of the settlement’s Neolithic burials together with the examination of possible patterns in the mortuary rites, as well as an overview of the culture’s graves and mortuary practices in the western half of the Carpathian Basin, i.e. in Hungary and Slovakia. The findings are compared to the treatment of the dead in other regions of the LBK distribution in Europe in order to identify possible local traditions in the light of similarities with and divergences from the general patterns in the mortuary rites practiced by LBK communities.

DIE BRONZEMETALLURGIE IN DEN OTOMANI-GEMEINSCHAFTEN VON DER CAREI-EBENE UND DEM ERIUL-TAL

Author(s): Zsolt Molnár-Kovács / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2011

Bronze metallurgy of the Otomani communities of the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River. From the cultural point of view, the Carpathian Basin resembled a mosaic during the circa 500 years of the Middle Bronze Age. Despite the fact that every community developed a specific material culture we still may speak about a so-called “tell society” in this period based on social and economical macro features. This is specific type of habitat in the region under study and the major part of the great Hungarian Plain, where a “cultural complex” characterized by the homogeneity of pottery and bronze metallurgy developed during the Middle Bronze Age. In the last decades, the problematic of the metallurgy of the Otomani communities became the subject of several archaeological studies written by Romanian scholars like Ivan Ordentlich, Nicolae Chidioşan, Tiberius Bader, Alexandru Vulpe etc. and colleagues from other countries too. Despite the undertaken research and the fact that the study of metallurgy was popular among Bronze Age scholars, a proper typological and chronological analysis of the discovered artefacts according to the latest archaeological data was still needed to be done. In our opinion, the key of understanding the Otomani culture’s problematic is represented by the proper knowledge of the archaeological material which provides a firm foundation for the study of the social complexity of the Bronze Age policy. The aim of the present paper is to sketch a picture about the Otomani culture’s metalworking and debate some typological and chronological issues linked with the bronze artefacts discovered in the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River. Fifty-nine bronze items were discovered during our investigations in the Carei Plain and the valley of the Eriul River, which could be dated from the 2nd and 3rd phases of the Otomani culture. 44% of the finds are weapons, 25% are tools, 28% are pieces of jewellery and 3% are specimens linked with metallurgical processes (casting moulds, bronze ingot etc.). Through the reinterpretation of the archaeological evidences, we have sketched a more accurate picture of the bronze working and metallurgical activity of the Otomani communities.

KINDER DES OSTENS. SPÄTANTIKE UND FRÜHCHRISTLICHE KINDERDARSTELLUNGEN IM HEUTIGEN OST- UND SÜDOSTEUROPA

Author(s): Claudia-Maria Behling / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2011

Children of the East. Images of Children from Late Antiquity and Early-Christian Time in Modern Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Whereas researchers were hitherto focused on literary sources and monuments from ancient Rome this article deals with objects from Late Antiquity connecting Early-Christian and pagan illustrations, especially from the Hungarian part of the Roman Empire. Under the influence of Christian religion combined with modifications in Roman law, several changes had an impact on the environments of children. The question is whether these alterations had also an effect on the pictures of children. For examining this presumption, depictions of children and infant Christ are investigated because Christian art is linked to the tradition of pagan Roman art. So a separation of these two groups of representations makes absolutely no sense but has been done by scholars until now.

Zwei spätrömerzeitliche Waffengräber am Westrand der Canabae von Aquincum

Author(s): Margit Nagy / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2005

Im Jahr 1943 gelangte ein aus Beinversteifungsfragmenten eines Bogens, Glas- und Eisenblechfragmenten, Bronzescheibe und Bronzeblech bestehender Fundkomplex in die Archäologische Abteilung des Haupstädtischen Museums. Die Funde wurden 1955 von E. Molnär mit der Bestimmung „Grab“ inventarisiert; als Fundstelle trug sie im Inventarbuch der völkerwanderungszeitlichen Sammlung Becsi ut 172 ein.1 Das Grundstück Nr. 172 liegt an der Ecke Becsi ut-Vörösvari ut, auf der Westseite der Becsi ut, etwa 50 m nördlich der Farkastorki ut (Abb. 1.1.1, Abb. 2.2.1). Hinweise auf die Fundumstände des Grabes konnte ich weder in den archäologischen Topographien noch in sonstigen Archivunterlagen finden. In seinem Bericht über die Ausgrabungen des Jahres 1943 und das ins Museum gelangte Fundinventar erwähnte J. Szilagyi sie nicht.2 1942-1943 leitete T. Nagy auf dem Grundstück Becsi ut 128 eine Grabung, wobei er ein aus spätrömischen Ziegel- und Steinplattengräbern bestehendes Gräberfelddetail sowie zwei von J. Csemegi aufgenommene Grabbauten freilegte.3 Das Grabungsareal von T. Nagy befand sich etwa 1300 m südlich von dem als Fundstelle des Grabes mit Bogen angegebenen Grundstück Nr. 172.

La distribution du cuivre des origines à la fin de l'âge du Bronze en France - Essai de compa-raison des demi-produits provenant de France orientale et de l'Europe centrale

Author(s): Zoltan Czajlik / Language(s): French Issue: 1-3/2006

Pour comprendre les échanges des métaux bruts à l’époque protohistorique en France, il faut non seulement identifier les sites d’extraction des matières premières, analyser les objets finis et non finis, mais aussi répertorier les demi-produits, objets spécifiques destinés aux transports et aux échanges. Ces derniers représentent la matière brute qui a souvent franchi une distance extrêmement longue entre mines et ateliers de production. En ce qui concerne les mines, elles sont très difficiles à retrouver si on suit uniquement les données modernes, celles du BRGM en France. La recherche des mines anciennes est plus complexe : il faut partir des indications du XIXe siècle (ou plus avant) qui peuvent nous donner un état des conditions de gisements de surface « de type protohistorique ». En étudiant les cartes de répartition des demi-produits, on peut également évaluer l’origine des matières premières.

Формирование окуневского канонического искусства

Author(s): Liudmila A. Sokolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2004

The article discusses the problem of the emergence and origins of the Okunevo art in Southern Siberia. The author considers main manifestations of this art which are expressed in different forms: monumental sculpture, sculpture of small forms, small figurines and graffiti. The analysis of the Okunevo art shows that the bearers of these cultural traditions were not simple bands of taiga hunters but represented rather a complex society with developed hierarchical structure. It was ruled by leaders with theocratic nature of social power who possessed strong influence of non-economic character. The Okunevo art finds clear parallels in synchronous cultures of the Far East and Northern India. It can be supposed that certain similarity between the Yangshao and Okunevo iconographies are conditioned by a common ancestral tradition. However the influence of this ancestral tradition in the Yangshao culture was minimal. On the other hand, connections between the Okunevo and North Indian cultures were long-term and relatively stable including certain cultural borrowings and migrations. The author shares the opinion of D.G. Savinov that the Okunevo cultural tradition was shaped on the border of Northern and Central Asian cultural area on the basis of earlier Neolithic traditions and under influence of different cultural innovations.

Раннеславянское поселение Великие Будки (Хутор)

Author(s): Valentina M. Goriunova,Vlasta E. Rodinkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/1999

The settlement near the village of Velikiye Budki in the Nedrigailovo district of the Sumy region (the North-Eastern Ukraine) is one of the largest and the most interesting sites of the Kolochin culture. It was explored in 1981-1982 by the Dnieper left bank expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was ascertained that all materials at the site divided into two groups: of the Early Roman and the Early Middle Ages periods. A number of fragments of ceramics has exact parallels on settlements and cemeteries of the Late Zarubintsy culture of the II — the beginning of the III cc. in the Seim-Donets region (fig.43:1-8). The dwelling 7 and the pits 22 and 26 also belong to the Late Zarubintsy culture. Some objects of the Ukhnovo culture which were found on the settlement of Velikiye Budki (fig. 44:14; 45:5; 43:18) may be related to this group of things, and it gives us the opportunity to raise a question about relations between Late Zarubintsy and Ukhnovo cultural-ethnic communities in the Seim basin. The majority of the finds at the site and the complexes of structures 1, 3-6 and pits 1-21, 23-25, 27-37 belong to the Kolochin culture of the V-VII cc. Only the materials from the dwelling 2 (fig. 11:1-11) have real parallels in early Pen’kovka or late Kievan antiquities of the east part of the Dnieper basin. Some finds from the settlement can give an important indication about the existence of the whole craft zone here which is related with jewelry and work of blacksmith. Among them there is a hoard conditionally related to the so-called «Hoards of Antiquities of Antes». The objects in this hoard can be divided into three groups: fragments, raw materials, finished articles (fig. 47-49). The first group includes the fragments of a large silver radiate-head fibulae and a silver anthropozoomorphic fibulae, the end of a silver neckring, two fragments of silver bracelets with thickened ends, a half of a bronze bracelet with a greatly thickened cut end, the bronze catchplate from a belt-buckle, a large lamellar decoration and also a lamellar binding and scraps of silver rolled into a ball. The second group includes pieces of a cloven silver bar, an oval pewter bar with a hole in the middle, narrow plates rolled into a spiral and wastes of pewter casting. The third group includes two small double radiate-head fibulae and over 1200 small sewn plates of different shapes. All these things date to the VI (V)-VII cc., but the date of burial of the hoard established on the base of small radiate-head fibulae is the end of the VII – the beginning of the VIII cc. And in order to determine the chronological boundaries of the existence of the whole settlement one should examine not only things of the hoard but also other dating finds from the site, such as fragments of Cherniakhov potteries (fig.43:16,17), a strap end (fig.45:2), a black glass bead (fig.45:3) etc. This investigation has made it possible to date the Kolochin period of the settlement to the second half of the V – the beginning of the VIII cc. Thus the analysis of the material shows the heterogeneous composition of the collection of Velikiye Budki. At the early Roman time it unites the Late Zarubintsy and Ukhnovo elements. The presence at the site Kolochin and Pen’kovka traditions as well as objects of Danube, Baltic and even nomadic origin at the Early Middle Ages is a result of a very difficult cultural-ethnic situation in the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the Eastern Europe during the Migration Period. Besides the long period of the existence of the Kolochin settlement allows to research the material culture of Slavonic tribes without chronological lacunae and makes the finds from the site Velikiye Budki particularly important.

Савроматы и савиры: к возможности уточнения вопроса об этнической природе

Author(s): Aleksey A. Romanchuk,Iulia O. Ţvigun / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

S. R. Tokhtasyev's new article demonstrated that ethnonyms Σαυρομάταί/Σαρμάταί contain “the common morpheme -μάταί”. We think it makes us to consider both Sauromathians and the more later Savirians, which were localized in the same region. The clearly seen continuity of ethnonyms in this region (from Sauromatians and Savirians to Severy/Severeane and Sevruky) gives us a chance to use the modern anthroponimy of the region. We researched the anthroponomical model with suffix -ai in Russian historical area in the context of pre-Slavic substratum. We found out that Russian surnames with postfix -aev, -iaev, that derive from names with suffix -ai, are more popular in certain regions — especially in Tverskaya and Kostromskaya areas, Mordovia and Mari El. The same (and more evidently) regularity demonstrates the more superior -i-postfix anthroponomical model. We suppose that this heightened frequency of Russian surnames generated from Slavic names on -i in the regions named above (especially in Kostromskaya area) is caused by influence of certain Finno-Ugrian peoples, namely Merens, Mari and Mordovians. Though, the genesis of this -i-model should be ascertained both for Slavs and mentioned Finno-Ugrian people. We think that it could help us clarify the question of ethnic nature of Sauromathians and Savirians as well.

Date istorice şi arheologice de la Isaccea – Noviodunum (jud. Tulcea). Rezultate preliminare ale cercetărilor din sector Curtină 1 şi 2

Author(s): Dan Aparaschivei,George-Aurelian Bilavschi / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2009

In the eastern side of the city of Isaccea (Tulcea County) the ruins of the Roman-Byzantine fortifications of Noviodunum were identified. The settlement was located at the most important ford along the section between the bends the river makes turning to East and the Black Sea.In a large project initiated in 2000, two other research points were inaugurated in 2007 and 2008, C1 (Curtina 1) and C2 (Curtina 2), in accordance with the scientific project from previous years. Thus, between the TA (Tower A) and TC (Corner Tower), just at halfway (about 15 m from the two towers discovered in prior excavations), sections C1 andC2 were drawn, having the dimensions of 4 × 20 m, respectively, 3 × 20 m, oriented roughly NE–SW. According to the objectives outlined and brought into operation from previous campaigns, in 2008 the work of uncovering the walls of the Roman-Byzantine and Late Byzantine fortifications continued, on its southern side. Research objectives set for this sector were to clear up over the technique of construction of the precincts, to identify the chronological sequence of steps for restoration work and constructive activity from the inside and outside of the fortress and to connect the present architectural elements with the situations arising in the other investigated sectors. Together with the collection of an impressive quantity of ceramics, terracotta and tiles, few other artifacts were also recovered, consisting in objects of adornment (bracelets made by braided metal wires or glassy paste, beads, bells etc.), small fragments of colored glass, pieces of various household objects, several types of bone artifacts decorated by incision, coins (Roman-Byzantine, Byzantine, Tatar or Genoese-Tatar), nails, spikes, cramps etc.

Genoontologiczny wymiar chrystianizacji na przykładzie ziem Półwyspu Bałkańskiego

Author(s): Marian Bendza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

War and peace. Symbolic elements on the early Lysimachus type staters from the west pontic cities. Spear and herald staff (Polybius, IV, 52)

Author(s): Emanuel Petac / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

Examining the early series of the Lysimachus posthumous staters struck at the middle of the third century BC in the West Pontic Greek cities we noticed a novel iconographical detail: the absence of the spear from the inventory of the Athena’s attributes. This regards of course a restraint number of coins, all of them numismatic rarities. They appear with a certain regularity in several cities: Mesembria (staters with monograms ΛA and EΡ), Tomis (issues with monograms N and # ), Odessos (series with mintmarks # or H and the same monogram KOI) and Byzantion, issue 39, having monogram # on the reverse (years 247 245 BC). Except Byzantium (the single having an exclusive series of Lysimachus type staters), the issues without Athena’s spear are the first of this recently adopted new type in all the others cities. Each time (including Byzantium) there are obverse die links between them and the next issues, having spear on goddess shoulder. This situation reflects a sudden and simultaneous adoption of this iconographic detail, as a probable consequence of a certain political context and a top level political decision making, reflecting an alliance between Byzantium and the West Pontic Greek cities, at the beginning of the third Syrian war.

Activitatea atelierului monetar de la Callatis în vremea lui Commodus.

Author(s): Steluța Marin,Virgil Ioniță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2019

In this study, we aimed to focus on the coins from Callatis during the reign of Emperor Commodus. They are not well known, both in the specialized literature and in the monetary discoveries. We have gathered 39 coins with the name of Commodus, to which are added three pseudo-autonomous Demeter type pieces overstruck, from the numismatic literature, from the former collections or the selection of the auction houses displayed on the internet. Based on them, we identified six superior denomination issues, accompanied by three low denomination issues, which are distributed as it follows, by virtue of the stylistic analogies with the emperor's portrait on Roman sestertius's issues: first issue - years 177-180 (with his father, Marcus Aurelius, by virtue of the Lucius praenomen on the obverse); second issue - dates from 180, when he settles as unique emperor of the Roman Empire; third and fourth issues - appear to be struck between the years 181-183; fifth issue - is the most abundant issue, to which we add also low denomination pieces of Aphrodite and Priapos types, as well as Eros / Thanathos type, towards the year 185; sixth issue - between the years 188-189, concurrently with it, pieces of Eros-Thanathos type were also issued, in a very similar artistic style.In our group, there are three overstruck coins, one from Callatis, Commodus, the other being older issues from the Megarian city or even from elsewhere, maybe Histria, from the same period. They were overstruck with a new image, the veiled bust of Demeter with crown of wheat, which in the Callatis iconography is associated with the coins of 3 assaria. We should note the intentional application on the obverse of an image signifying a certain monetary value (Γ), 3 assaria, on a piece with the imperial title, which valued more as metal, being the equivalent of 4 or 5 assaria. The very good state of conservation of the piece from Commodus (pl. IV, 40) determines us to consider that the process of overstriking took place after a few years since its issue. The overstriking operation was intended for some older issues, especially for those with the Commodus portrait; it took place at one point, being determined by certain political and economic causes. This moment could be located after the end of Commodus's reign in 192, when the emperor is the subject of a damnatio memoriae because of his extravagant behavior. On the other hand, this operation of overstriking the old bronze coins, which no longer corresponded to the political situation, is understood to take place sooner after the installation of Septimius Severus on the imperial throne and the initiation of monetary reform after the end of the civil war (194). Probably it happened with the striking of new issues with the portrait of Septimius Severus; in this context, a forced lower rate is imposed for the older coins. At the same time, at this moment can be situated the striking of a new series of pseudo-autonomous Demeter type coins (pl. V, 41-44), which present stylistic features very similar to the model applied on the Commodus coin from Callatis.

Two greco-roman medallions found in Dobruja from the first half of the 3rd century AD

Author(s): Steluța Marin,Gabriel Mircea Talmaţchi / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

The authors present two pieces that are preserved in the collection of the Museum of National History and Archaeology in Constanța. These are remarkable both by their type, being medallions, and by the fact that they were found in Dobruja. The first piece is a medallion from Caracalla, issued in Tarsus, Cilicia and has a rather poor conservation state, making its identification difficult. The second piece is a medallion from Gordian III struck by Heraclea Pontica. This last item was found in Tomis, in 1992, on Muzeelor Street, on the stratigraphic sequence between the section I and II, in a Roman-Byzantine pit. The penetration of these pieces in Dobruja is related to the movements of the military units, such as Cohors I Cilicium, but also to the movement of the people caused by certain historical events.

POČETCI MEĐUNARODNOPRAVNOG OGRANIČAVANJA RATOVANJA: PRAVILA RATOVANJA MEĐU GRČKIM POLISIMA I FUNKCIJA KRITERIJA IZDVAJANJA ŽENA

Author(s): Miran Marelja,Zrinka Erent-Sunko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/2019

Greek customary law of war drew a clear distinction between intra-Greek wars, i.e. the armed conflict between adversaries which shared cultural and religious ties, and wars with opponents who were not part of the Ancient Greek world. The rules of warfare pertaining to conflict between Greek city-states contained rules for male soldiers, which included rules on sparing the lives of other Greeks, but also, those pertaining to women. This paper explores the participation of women in warfare, as well as the customary rules concerning rape, which can be deemed to have the force of law in armed conflict. In conclusion, a humanization of warfare may be recognized, albeit bearing in mind the concept of international relations and factors that affected the ancient customary rules of warfare.

Familia și căsătoria în societatea bizantină. Perspective legislative și istorice sumare din primul mileniu creștin

Author(s): Claudiu Țârulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2019

The purpose of this article is to analyse the family and marriage in the Byzantium of the first Christian millennium, both from the perspective of civil law and ecclesiastical canons. In order to achieve this, the main sources and collections of Byzantine laws from that period were analysed, as well as the Orthodox canons of the Holy Fathers which had as a central topic the marriage and the family. By examining these resources and tracking the evolution of civil law, the article reveals the importance of the teaching of the Orthodox Church, which has imposed its mark on the life of Byzantine society, by promoting the sanctity of Christian marriage and woman’s importance in society, but also the efforts of Byzantine emperors in this direction, by promulgating laws, which are in conformity with the ecclesiastical teaching. Until these facts happened, the society disregarded the woman and her rights and the act of marriage as well.

Rom. Baniţă (‘vas de lemn folosit ca măsură pentru cereale’) și legăturile sale cu familia lexicală a rom. Ban (‘titlu feudal’)

Author(s): Adrian Poruciuc / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The first part of this article contains the author’s objections to the mainstream etymological opinions according to which Romanian (Rm.) baniţă was borrowed from Slavic, the putative source-word being a Slavic *banica. The latter has been presented as a suffixed diminutive from Slavic banja ‘bath (tub)’, in its turn borrowed from Vulgar Latin (*bannea < Lat. balnea). In fact such an etymological interpretation is debilitated by a numberof confusions and conflations. Therefore, this author propounds a connection between baniţă and ban ‘local authority’ (later ‘feudal title’), whose Old Germanic origin has already been demonstrated. In such a case baniţă would appear to have designated a standard measure for grain that dates from the period during which Germanic elites imposed tributal systems on non-Germanic populations of Eastern and Southeastern Europe.