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EU-India TRIPS-plus Agreement: A Real Th reat for the Developing World?

EU-India TRIPS-plus Agreement: A Real Th reat for the Developing World?

Author(s): Tereza De Castro / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2011

Keywords: EU; India; TRIPS (-plus); FTA; pharmaceuticals

Issuing the Global Policy Report in 2006, the EU approached a new generation of north-south FTAs. Among others, India fulfi lled the main criteria of market size, economic growth, trade barriers and trade negotiations with EU competitors. Th e EU, being one of the main trade partners of India, enhanced the mutual FTA negotiations, which have been on going since 2007. Various areas such as trade in goods, liberalization of services, investments, intellectual property rights and Singapore issues are being covered in EU-India FTA. Th is paper focuses on one of the widely discussed issues — Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS-plus Agreement). While IPR protection is normally included under TRIPS provisions for all WTO members, TRIPS-plus, proposed by the EU, goes further in measures. Th e aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the political, economic and social consequences resulting from such an agreement.

Indicators of convergence assessment of real and banking sectors of the economy

Indicators of convergence assessment of real and banking sectors of the economy

Author(s): Anna Obukhova,Oleg Ostimuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 03+04 (1)/2016

Keywords: Banking Sector; Real Sector; Convergence Effect

In modern conditions, the major prerequisite of economic and social development of the country is the sustainable growthof the national economy, which is why the improvement of the efficiency of all the sectors functioning is of great importance. Theeffectiveness of cooperation of real and banking sectors of the economy can be assessed in two ways - through the assessmentof quality and profitability of enterprises and organizations for which banking services are being provided by commercial banks(mostly crediting), and from the standpoint of businesses and organizations through the assessment of the efficiency of bank loansusage as a source of enterprises’ financing. The diversity of the forms of real and banking sectors interaction is determined by theobjective interdependence of their development. Interdependence and convergence of real and banking sectors of the economyhas been determined by the developed macroeconomic indicators (ConverS). The approbation of methodology has been realizedfor the Russian economy for the years of 2010-2015. As a result, we can suggest the creation of a sustainable developmentstrategy for real and banking sectors of the economy based on the effect of convergence.

Grouping of Female Forms of Surnames and Similar Surnames in the Czech Republic Using Computer Data Processing from Population Register

Seskupení přechýlených a podobných příjmení užívaných v České republice pomocí počítačového zpracování dat z registru obyvatel

Author(s): Jiří Šebek / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 55/2016

Most strings of female surnames registered in the Czech Republic are lexically different from related male surnames. This article provides a method of grouping surnames by similarity and computing surname frequencies for these grouped surnames. The method reduces the 251,723 registered surname variants to 142,586 groups. Grouped surname frequencies can be used for linguistic research of similar surnames, determining geographic distribution of surnames, or by researchers which require surname frequencies irrespective of gender.

TECHNOLOGICAL SINGULARITY - INTENTION AND EMERGENCE

SINGULARITATEA TEHNOLOGICĂ – INTENȚIE ȘI EMERGENȚĂ

Author(s): Ioan-Claudiu Farcaş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; super-intelligence; intention; emergence; technological singularity;

The ‘technological singularity’ is a theory that posits the emergence of a super-intelligence, made possible by the latest developments in computation technology. Different theoretical points of view suggest that the creation of such an intelligence (far superior to human intelligence) would not be intentional, but it would rather determine itself, emerging through means of independent, self-sustained advancements, in its internal structure. In this respect, the concept of Artificial Intelligence gains a more profound significance.

Legislation providing by Open Data form and by electronic means access to information to public Czech and EU service

Právní úprava zpřístupňující informace orgánů veřejné správy ČR a EU elektronickou cestou a formou Open Data

Author(s): Jiří Kolman / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 10/2014

Keywords: Freedom of Information; Open Data; Electronic Access; Czech Public Service; Institutions of the European Union; Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 regarding public access to EP; Council and Commission docum

The article focuses on Open Data form and the electronic means providing access to the information of Czech and EU public institutions. Both legislations are derived from similar ideas of state of law and documents of Council of Europe. Even though we can see apparent differences either in legislation itself (mainly in Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents and Czech The Act No.106/1999 Coll. on Free Access to Information) either in application of these legislative acts. Comparison of the both legal acts and legal practise thus brings inspiration and useful hints de lege ferenda.

The Struggle over Women’s Bodies in the Global Beauty Industry

The Struggle over Women’s Bodies in the Global Beauty Industry

Author(s): Anna Rybová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: review; beauty; body

Review of book Jha, M. R. 2016. The Global Beauty Industry: Racism, Colorism and the National Body. New York: Routledge.

3D Printing and Beyond: Intellectual Property and Regulation. Mendis, D.; Lemley, M.; Rimmer, M. (eds.).

3D Printing and Beyond: Intellectual Property and Regulation. Mendis, D.; Lemley, M.; Rimmer, M. (eds.).

Author(s): Pavel Loutocký / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Review of: Mendis, D.; Lemley, M.; Rimmer, M. (eds.). (2018) 3D Printing and Beyond: Intellectual Property and Regulation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 432 p.

The loan-to-value ratio as a macroprudential tool and assessment of real estate in the post-crisis period

The loan-to-value ratio as a macroprudential tool and assessment of real estate in the post-crisis period

Author(s): Aleksandra Pisarska,Natalia Wasilewska / Language(s): English / Issue: 09-10/2020

Keywords: Loan-to-Value (LTV); Nonperforming Loan (NPL); Macroprudential Instruments; Creditworthiness; Enterprise; Assessment of Real Estate; Mortgage; Lending; Liquidity; Profitability;

For more than a decade, banking systems of many countries around the world have been trying to recover from the effects of the global financial crisis. The dynamics of one of the most important indicators of the effective operation of the banking sector - the level of fulfilment of loan obligations by the debtor - is analysed in the present paper. A nonperforming loan ratio (NPL) more than doubled in the EU in the period from 2008 until 2012, and the value of this indicator increased more than 20 times in the period from 2008 until 2017 in Ukraine. Many countries worldwide have focused on activities that aim at minimizing the risks associated with lending. The experience of more than 4,000 banks in 46 countries shows that one of the most effective macroprudential tools used by European central banks for mortgage loans is the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). According to research, central banks have recommended lowering the level of LTV. Thus, in Poland, the loan-to-value ratio used to be 100% and even higher, but from 2017 the maximum level should not exceed 80%. In China, the LTV level has dropped to 40% for the secondary real estate market. In Germany, the maximum loan-to-value ratio is 80%, and mortgages with LTV of less than 60% are financed at more favourable conditions by banks. Using macroprudential policy has made it possible to stabilize the situation in the banking system, therefore in 2020 the average level of non-performing loans in the EU decreased to 2.8%. In Poland, the level of NPL is slightly higher and is 6.2%, however in Ukraine the figure remains high and reaches 41%. This study aims to identify the dependence between the adequacy of fulfilment of the collateral and the debtor’s loan obligations, which is extremely important in order to stabilize and increase the liquidity and profitability of banking institutions. The obtained results are based on the assessment of 200 loan cases for which the execution time has come.

The Song of Songs - one book, different interpretations

Das Lied der Lieder - ein Buch, unterschiedliche Auslegungen

Author(s): Teodora Țugui-Caraba / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Song of Songs; Hohelied; Salomo; Bibel;

The Song of Songs is a well-known but not so well understood book in the Old Testament. There are eight chapters full of love poems. Hardly any other writing of the Old Testament has experienced as many interpretations and only a few texts were so formative for the culture of the Abendland. The considerable solidarity between Jewish and Christian scholars makes one thing clear above all: Judaism and Christianity fall back on the same sources! The Song of Songs teaches its readers the value and dignity of love as an indispensable link between man and woman, as well as between believers and Jesus Christ.

Letter to the Office of the High Representative

Letter to the Office of the High Representative

Author(s): David Pettigrew / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

We are writing to you about a matter of grave concern. Within the entity of Republika Srpska, convicted perpetrators and others who committed atrocities are routinely glorified while survivors are prohibited or strongly discouraged from installing memorials to the victims. It is crucial, as a matter of the rule of law, restorative justice, and reconciliation to defend the human right to the truth 1 and the human right to memorialization.

Letter to the Office of the High Representative

Pismo uredu visokog predstavnika

Author(s): David Pettigrew / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Office of the High Representative

Obraćamo Vam se pismom u vezi s pitanjem od velike zabrinutosti. U entitetu Republika Srpska osuđeni počinioci i drugi koji su počinili zlodjela se po pravilu glorificiraju dok se preživjelima zabranjuje ili se energično odvraćaju od postavljanja spomen obilježja žrtvama. Ključno je, u smislu vladavine prava, restorativne pravde i pomirenja, braniti ljudsko pravo na istinu 1 i ljudsko pravo na memorijalizaciju.

Preventive Proceedings of Commissions for Combating of Anti-social Acts among Under Age and Minor People

Превантивни дейности на комисиите за борба с противообществените прояви при малолетни и непълнолетни

Author(s): Lyubka Atanasova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 8/2022

Keywords: local and school commission; anti-social acts; education; extracurricular activities; out-of-school activities

This article presents a detailed analysis of the activities of the local commissions for combating anti-social behavior in minors and the activities of school commissions for combating anti-social behavior in minors. The purpose of the study is to establish which of the components of the content of education are represented in the preventive activities of the commissions and to what extent they satisfy the goals and objectives of the respective component of the content of education. The connection between the correctional activity and the set goals of the re-education process is also sought, according to the Theory of Education. Seven action plans of the local commissions for combating anti-social behavior in minors and seven action plans of school commissions for combating anti-social behavior in minors were analyzed. After the analysis of the already mentioned plans, the connection between the set activities and the goals and objectives of health education is proved, as well as the connection between the participation of students in extracurricular and extracurricular activities and the prevention of anti-social behavior.

INEQUALITY AND CONCETRAТION OF CAPITAL

INEQUALITY AND CONCETRAТION OF CAPITAL

Author(s): Nikolce Runcev,Trajanka Makrevska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: inequality; capital; income; wealth; profit; concentration

Inequality in capital, property and income is a major determinant of modern society. An enormous concentration of the capital is accomplished.The number of the rich, and extremely rich, is increasing. On the other hand are those who have less and the poor. There is also an increase in the number of global plutocrats. Growth dynamics is slowing down. The future is uncertain. The purpose of this paper is to see the growing social inequality as a problem nowadays. Historical, deductive-inductive, structural and comparative analysis are applied. The distribution of wealth is one of the most debated issues today. But do we know enough about its long-term development? Does the dynamics of accumulation of private capital inevitably lead to a strong concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few? Do equalization of growth rate, competition and technical progress lead to less inequality and greater stabilization in the advanced stages of development? What do we know about income and wealth development and what lessons can we learn from it?The history of the distribution of wealth is always deeply political and cannot be reduced to pure economic mechanisms. The history of inequality depends on the way economic, social and political actors see what is unfair and what is not, as well as on their relative power and the resulting common choices: distribution is a common product of all actors.The dynamics of wealth distribution reveal powerful mechanisms that alternate between convergence and divergence, so there is no natural spontaneous process that would prevent destabilizing, non-egalitarian tendencies from permanently prevailing.We start with the mechanisms that move towards convergence, i.e. towards reducing inequality. The main force of convergence is the process of disseminating knowledge and investing in training and education.The law of supply and demand, as well as the mobility of capital and labor, which is a variant of that law, can be equally relied upon in that direction, but the impact of this law is less powerful than the spread of knowledge and skills and is often ambiguous and contradictory. The process of disseminating knowledge and skills is a key mechanism that simultaneously enables general productivity growth and reduction of inequality.From a strictly theoretical point of view, there are potentially other forces moving towards greater equality. Technological rationality should automatically lead to the victory of human capital over financial capital and real estate, capable managers over shareholders, skills over nepotism. Somehow it would automatically lead to democratic rationality.The issue of wealth distribution will always have a subjective and psychological dimension. The answers offered are always imperfect and unfinished.Changes are logically possible and to some extent real, but their impact is far smaller than we can imagine.

ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AS A RIGHT SOCIAL TO AN ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING

EL ACCESO AL AGUA POTABLE COMO DERECHO SOCIAL A UN NIVEL DE VIDA ADECUADO

Author(s): Sedano Padilla Mariana Guadalupe / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: water; social right; right of access to water; adequate standard of living;

Water is a fundamental natural resource for life, so access to safe and affordable drinking water has been recognized as a human right that is essential for people to be able to enjoy other rights, for example: to life, to health, a suitable environment, food, among others. Having safe drinking water for the satisfaction of personal and domestic needs is a requirement to have access to an adequate standard of living, therefore, it is the State's obligation to design the appropriate guidelines and strategies to protect and safeguard this social right, mainly for the most vulnerable groups in society, who to date are the ones with the least water coverage.

RESPECT FOR RESOURCES OR TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM IN EDUCATION IN ROMANIA

RESPECT FOR RESOURCES OR TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM IN EDUCATION IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Cornel Costea / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: crisis; school decision curriculum; sustainable development; respect; resources; sustainability;

In a world dominated, on the one hand, by the polysemantism of the notion of crisis, and on the other, by the irrational consumption of resources, in the frantic rush for material well-being, the introduction in some schools in Romania and the Republic of Moldova of the optional course Respect for resources aims to break new ground in the awareness of the role of sustainable development, both for current and future generations. From one year to the next, the propagation, among young people, of the 17 objectives of sustainable development (OSDs), will, in the long term, have a major influence in the transformation of mentalities at society level, going, this time, from the educable to the other age groups (adults and the elderly, respectively). The present study aims to highlight, in a critical but constructive manner, the steps followed in the establishment of this new integrated discipline, the specific competencies and operational objectives, the organization of the contents and their relevance, the growing impact on school communities in our country and the perspectives of implementation at school unit level in Romania and the Republic of Moldova. The success of the project depends, to an overwhelming extent, on the teacher’s awareness and knowledge to convince the decision-making factors of the school of the need to integrate such an optional course in the School Decision Curriculum or in the Local Development Curriculum, both at secondary school and at high school level.

Whatever is Inside is Outside: Do Nostalgic Memories Exist in Parallel Universes?

Whatever is Inside is Outside: Do Nostalgic Memories Exist in Parallel Universes?

Author(s): Samhita K / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2021

Keywords: nostalgia; memories; parallel universes; multiverse; arrow of time;

This paper explores nostalgic memories from an unconventional perspective and their complex relationship with parallel universes. The arrow of time is not necessarily linear, and nostalgic memories pertaining to the past or the future, be it in this world or in parallel universes, could be accessed in various states of consciousness. Whatever is inside (in the internal environment of an individual) is outside (in the external environment), which is in line with esoteric teachings and individualistic experiences. The Indian concept of Maya (illusion) that applies to the material world, acts as a hindrance to experiencing Brahman or the ultimate Truth. Until one is able to perceive the infinitely connected universe in all its gigantic underlying unity, it may be posited that nostalgic memories exist in parallel universes.

The Role of Digital Media in the Russian Language Classroom and Teacher Education Programmes

The Role of Digital Media in the Russian Language Classroom and Teacher Education Programmes

Author(s): Sonja Bacher / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Digital Media; Digital Media Literacy; Teacher Education Programmes; Russian Language Classroom;

The present study exemplifies the role digital media used to play in 2019-2020 in the Russian language classroom at secondary schools in Austria, Germany and South Tyrol (Italy) before the COVID-19-pandemic hit, whereby on which also current digitisation efforts are focused. The empirical baseline study aims at investigating the types of digital media and how frequently these are employed as well as the specific purposes they are used for in the Russian language classroom. Aside from addressing the positive effects that arise from working with digital media in classroom settings, also challenges that Russian language teachers face when implementing digital technologies are discussed. The data were collected in a mixed-methods procedure: quantitative data from online-questionnaires and qualitative data from face-to-face semistructured interviews. The data represent the teachers’ perspective on the one hand and that of the pupils on the other. The data from the online surveys were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics, those from the interviews with qualitative content analysis whereby also individual case studies were conducted. This paper presents major study results and closes with implications for teacher training programmes as well as for future research.

Reaction of the Philippine Stock Market to Domestic Monetary Policy Surprises: An Event Study Approach

Reaction of the Philippine Stock Market to Domestic Monetary Policy Surprises: An Event Study Approach

Author(s): Raluca Maran / Language(s): English / Issue: 78/2022

Keywords: event study; government policy responses; monetary policy surprise; Philippines; stock market returns;

This paper uses an event study analysis to assess how stock prices in the Philippines have reacted to domestic monetary-policy changes using data at a daily frequency from 2017 to 2022. A major contribution of this paper is the construction of a monetary-policy surprise measure for the Philippines, as the difference between the actual change in the monetary policy rate and the change anticipated by professional forecasters. My results are consistent with the literature, suggesting that unanticipated monetary policy changes exert a significant influence on stock prices in the Philippines. Overall, I find that an unexpected increase of 25 basis points in the monetary policy rate increases stock prices by about 1.09% on average. These results are robust to the inclusion of additional control variables in the baseline regression model, such as the implementation of restrictions to economic activity to curb the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak or revisions to macroeconomic forecasts released concomitantly with the monetary-policy rate announcement.

She wasn´t happy or she was unhappy?

Nebyla šťastná, nebo byla nešťastná?

Author(s): Milan Hrdlička / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: negation; double negation; meaning; parts of speech; propre name

The article addresses various types of negatives in contemporary Czech. Speakers have many options to express semantic nuances. Advanced foreign students of Czech shall learn which variant prevails in different communication situations and what is its communication effect.

Sociálny pedagóg v školách a školských zariadeniach

Sociálny pedagóg v školách a školských zariadeniach

Author(s): Milena Öbrink Hobzová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: reviews;

Review.