Search results for: Itinera Spiritualia in All Content

The Role of the Species and the Immediacy in the Intellectual Knowledge of the Singular in Matthew of Aquasparta

Rôle de l'espèce et immédiateté dans la connaissance intellectuelle du singulier chez Matthieu d'Aquasparta

Author(s): Ana Irimescu / Language(s): French / Issue: 7-8/2009

The question of intellectual intuition in medieval philosophy is generally associated with names like John Duns Scotus and William Ockham whose major contributions to the development of the theory of intuition are well established. Nevertheless the way they approached this philosophical question is strongly related to the Franciscan tradition to which they both belonged so that an extensive comprehension of their theories of intuition requires the inquiry of their sources. As this paper means to show, Matthew of Aquasparta is one of John Duns Scotus’s most important sources in this matter and his treatment of both the questions of direct intellectual knowledge of the material individual and of the self-knowledge of the soul are important in order to understand the role of the intelligible species and the immediate character of intuitive cognition. While for Matthew of Aquasparta there is no contradiction between the implication of the species in intuitive cognition and its immediacy, John Duns Scotus and William Ockham both find a contradiction between these aspects of knowledge and therefore they both reject the presence of the species in intuitive cognition which is immediate. This paper will show the background of Matthew’s theory and the way he demonstrated that the presence of a species does not always qualify as mediation in knowledge and does not as such hinder the intuitive cognition.

The Gardens of Mary – Compositions of the Place and Plant Filler. An Outline of the Iconography of the Motif of Madonna Against the Backdrop of the...

Ogrody Maryi − kompozycje miejsca i roślinne wypełnienia. Zarys ikonografii motywu Madonny na tle ogrodu

Author(s): Małgorzata Żak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 04/2006

Keywords: garden; rose bower (garden house); iconography; Mary; plants; rose; symbolism; symbolical elements

The garden as a space related and ascribed to woman has almost always been, in each culture and religion, linked with nature, and in medieval art belonged to Mary. It was identified with Madonna and ascribed to Mary, and thus became a picture equivalent of Her features. In medieval chants, hymns, and prayers Mary was compared to a garden, extolled as the most beautiful flower and the most precious rose of the garden. In painting, She became “Mary in the garden,” the Bride in hortus conclusus. The exegeses of the Song of Songs have affected the semantic and plastic dimensions of Marian gardens. (…) Interpreting the icons of Mary in the garden, the complex problem how the two dimensions of the presented world interpenetrated is many times omitted; in this space only the inconographic equivalent of the mystic hortus conclusus was perceived. The symbolical layer of the garden dominated over the real, realistic surface which was particularly strongly encoded and combined by the Netherlandish artists, defined – following Panofsky – as “hidden symbolism.” In the case of the Italian artists or the Germans from the first half of the 15th century representing Madonna in the Garden we easily feel and notice the superior symbolic element, noticed against the golden background, in almost bodiless, immaterial figures, floating angels or the Persons of the Holy Trinity, popular in the Nadrenia tables, then in the Netherlandish artists the reality and symbol become concepts and transparent qualities. In Stefan Lochner’s or the anonymous masters’ tables from Cologne and the Rhineland, the painter of the Frankfurt Paradise Gardener the elements in which the real world existed were accumulated plants. In their species and morphological variety the earthly world was reflected, nevertheless as a complete juxtaposition of real and at the same time ideal forms, the gardens acquired an extreme and supernatural dimension. It is otherwise with the Netherlandish masters. In their wooden flower beds and ceramic pots typical plants grow, and the paintings are not specially selected. Their symbolical character has almost imperceptibly been emphasised, Mary is placed near to whiter lilies and rose ascribed to Her.

Non-Sites. An Introduction to Anthropology of Super-Modernity (fragment) (trans. Adam Dziadek)

Nie-Miejsca. Wprowadznie do antropologii nadnowoczesności (fragmenty) (przeł. Adam Dziadek)

Author(s): Marc Augé / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2008

Keywords: Postmodernism; Non-Sites; Experience of loneliness; Anthropology of Space.

Non-sites are anonymous spaces of our daily life: motorways, railway stations, airports, supermarkets, cars, planes, in short – means of mass transportation. It is in non-sites that we experience a particular form of ‘entirely new loneliness’, which describes the status of each individual in our contemporary world. Today’s use of the term ‘space’ is unclear and blurred, and it unambiguously leads to experiencing non-site as the main feature of super-modernity.

Duchowość a uczciwość intelektualna. Esej

Spirituality and Intellectual Honesty. An Essay

Author(s): Thomas Metzinger / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2013

Keywords: duchowość; uczciwość; uczciwość intelektualna; religia; nauka

Znajdujemy się na początku historycznego okresu, który będzie miał na wielu poziomach silny wpływ na nasz obraz samych siebie. Ten coraz szybszy rozwój stanowi dla nas poważne wyzwanie. Kluczowe pytanie brzmi: Czy „zsekularyzowana duchowość” jest możliwa (lub choćby pojmowalna), czy nowoczesna i duchowa koncepcja siebie oddaje sprawiedliwość tej historycznej zmianie w naszym obrazie samych siebie i jednocześnie pragnieniu (ważnej nie tylko dla profesjonalnych filozofów) intelektualnej uczciwości?

Les répercussions de la grande invasion mongole de 1241–1242 sur l’espace carpato-danubien reflétées surtout dans les oeuvres des chroniqueurs italien

Les répercussions de la grande invasion mongole de 1241–1242 sur l’espace carpato-danubien reflétées surtout dans les oeuvres des chroniqueurs italien

Author(s): Victor Spinei / Language(s): French / Issue: 61-62/2002

Information about the Polish-Lithuanian Church Hierarchy. Excerpts from the Diaries of Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł [...]

Wiadomości o polsko-litewsko-ruskiej hierarchii kościelnej. Z diariuszy Karola Stanisława i Michała Kazimierza Radziwiłłów oraz Józefa Juliana [...]

Author(s): Krzysztof R. Prokop / Language(s): / Issue: 64/2014

Keywords: Old-Polish diaries (18th cent.); the Catholic Church hierarchy in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (prosopography)

The prosopography of the Church élites of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth still remains hardly explored, in spite of the importance of this subject. The members of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church (and, to a lesser extent, of the Orthodox one) not only shaped the religious life of the old Polish society, but also strongly influenced its politics, culture, and economics. Therefore, they were among the most prominent figures of that age. Nevertheless, the lives and deeds of only a few of these people have yet been covered in monographs. Likewise, relatively few sources for their biographies have been published in print. Many of these sources have not been discovered so far, and their factual contents remain unknown to the authors of subsequent publications in this field. This edition, despite being but a contribution, enriches the present state of knowledge with valuable information concerning the biographies of the representatives of the Catholic Church hierarchy (above all of the Roman rite and, to a lesser extent, of the Uniate one) in the territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the last decade of the seventeenth century and of the first six decades of the eighteenth. These materials are excerpts from the diaries of Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1669–1719), his son Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł (1702–1762), Józef Julian Sapieha (1708–1754), and Antoni Sebastian Dembowski (1682–1763), the last two of which were bishops themselves. It is because of the social position of the authors of these diaries in the socio-political, religious and cultural life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that the written testimonies which they left to posterity deserve to be carefully studied by specialists in that period and covered in a complete critical edition. The present publication, instead, is no more than a thematically oriented selection of excerpts from these diaries, edited with a scholarly commentary whose aim is to give the reader an overview of the present state of knowledge. It also should be added that most of the testimonies included in this publication were originally written in Polish, whereas only some of them, in Latin.

The book collection of the Bernardine Monastery in Kadyny in the Elbląg Library

Księgozbiór klasztoru bernardyńskiego w Kadynach w zasobach Biblioteki Elbląskiej

Author(s): Wojciech Zawadzki / Language(s): / Issue: 102/2014

Keywords: Kadyny; the Bernardines; book collection; antique books; dissolution; the Elbląg Library

Cyprian Norwid Library of Elbląg includes the collection of the former Elbląg City Library before 1945. Among them are 124 volumes (including 12 bound together), which were once owned by the Library of the Bernardine Monastery in Kadyny. The Bernardine Monastery in Kadyny was erected 18 August, 1683. At the beginning of the eighteenth century it became a known sanctuary of St. Anthony of Padua in the region. In 1826 the monastery was dissolved by the Prussian authorities. Before the dissolution the monastic library stored 1327 volumes. In a separate cabinet, outside the library, the Bernardines had 29 volumes of libri prohibita. In April 1830, part of the book collection of Kadyny was included in the library of the Lower Secondary School of Elblag, and then it was transformed to the Elbląg City Library. An unspecified number of books from the library of the Bernardines in Kadyny, in the nineteenth century, were taken over by the Chapter of Warmia in Frombork, and currently they are stored in the Library of “Hosianum” the Seminary of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn. Among the 124 cataloged volumes of Kadyny in the Library of Elblag, by far the most of them concern the subject of theology and asceticism. The oldest book in the analyzed collection of Kadyny is Lombardica historia by Jacob de Voragine, published in Nuremberg in 1501, the newest one is Veritas Christianae Religionis by Idzi Smukalski released in 1788 in Poznań. Overall, 31 volumes come from the sixteenth century, 54 volumes come from the seventeenth century and 39 volumes come from the eighteenth century.

The Mongols’ Hunting during the Conquest of Eurasia

Vânătoarea la mongoli în epoca marii expansiuni în Eurasia

Author(s): Victor Spinei / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XXXIII/2015

Keywords: Hunting; Mongols; Eurasia; Golden Horde;Middle Ages;

Comme presque toutes les ethnies de la mappemonde, les peuples nomades des steppes de l’Eurasie se sont constamment livrés à des préoccupations ayant trait à la chasse. La chasse des animaux sauvages contribuait à compléter les ressources alimentaires, tout en protégeant par là la faune domestique à ne pas être sacrifiée. Les informations écrites concernant la pratique de cette occupation jusqu’au seuil du II-e millénaire de l’ère chrétienne sont généralement modestes. Ce n’est qu’à peine pour les Mongols qu’on détient des données plus nombreuses et concrètes concernant la pratique de la chasse dans le milieu nomade eurasiatique, fait explicable par l’intérêt à part suscité partout par un peuple qui s’était propulsé de manière intempestive sur la grande scène de l’histoire, et qui avait remporté des succès éclatants suivis de conquêtes, d’une envergure sans précédent dans des régions étendues d’Asie et de l’Europe Orientale. L’excédent d’informations sur les Mongols comparativement à celles se rapportant aux tribus de migrateurs des périodes antérieures peut être expliqué par le fait qu’aux XIII-XV-e siècles, quand les premiers jouent la carte des valences militaires, l’historiographie avait progressé substantiellement face à celle du premier millénaire, du point de vue quantitatif et qualitatif également. Notre appréciation vise non seulement les chroniques des pays européens, mais aussi celles dressées dans les pays orientaux: chinoises, arabes, persanes, arméniennes etc. Nous considérons qu’une rétrospection des sources concernant les exploits cynégétiques des tribus mongoles au cours du Moyen Âge pourrait être opportune, d’autant plus que la littérature scientifique élaborée jusqu’à présent, méritoire d’ailleurs, a hésité de traiter certains aspects connexes à la problématique en question. Les pratiques de chasse ne sont pas restées immuables durant l’évolution de la société mongole au Moyen Âge. Les réalités politiques parues après l’unification des tribus de steppe et après la création de l’Empire de Gengis-Khan se sont soldées avec des répercussions surtout au niveau des élites. Les actions de chasse collective ont pu se déployer dans des territoires de beaucoup plus étendus, avec le support d’un nombre imposant de participants et dans un plus grand laps de temps. Cependant, par l’adoption d’un armement plus perfectionné emprunté aux populations soumises, ayant un niveau de culture élevé, l’efficience pour abattre et capturer le gibier fut augmentée. Le niveau de vie plus élevé des élites et l’accroissement de son autorité sur le plan social et politique ont permis la création de réservations destinées à la chasse. En revanche, dans les territoires ancestraux des Mongols, situés dans les steppes centrales asiatiques, tout comme dans les zones de périphérie de leur empire pluriethnique, pour les préoccupations liées à la chasse se sont maintenues les anciennes traditions, puisqu’on gardait des réticences quant à adopter des éléments novateurs. Une extension de la perspective sur l’occupation de la chasse chez les tribus mongoles est en mesure de projeter une prospection de l’armement dont elles étaient munies. Les sources disponibles ne se rapportent pas de règle aux armes dont on se servait pendant les entreprises cynégétiques. En revanche, elles offrent certaines informations concernant les armes utilisées par les Mongols tout au long de leurs expéditions guerrières. Il est à supposer que l’équipement destiné aux campagnes militaires, à l’exception de celui affecté aux opérations spéciales, était en grand similaire à celui utilisé dans les actions cynégétiques.A ses débuts la chasse était vouée seulement à contribuer à l’acquisition de la nourriture et des vêtements, de même qu’à entraver les dégâts causés par les espèces faunistiques en vue d’un déroulement satisfaisant du mode de vie des entités anthropiques. Avec le temps, au fur et à mesure que l’évolution de l’univers humain s’est inscrite dans une dynamique polyvalente, entraînant des corrélations matérielles et spirituelles complexes, cette occupation gagna d’autres valences aussi. La chasse fut une modalité d’entraînement et d’instruction non seulement dans les affrontements avec les bêtes sauvages, mais aussi avec les collectivités humaines. Pour les catégories sociales privilégiées elle a représenté, cependant, un sport viril, un élément de détente, souvent dur et dangereux, impliquant des risques pour l’intégrité corporelle de ceux qui le pratiquaient, qui devaient maintes fois payer pour leur ambition et détermination excessives. Tout comme les sports modernes, qui propulsent des héros qu’on glorifie partout, la chasse devenait alors un spectacle avec des accessoires définitoires, un spectacle à dénouement imprévisible, qui conférait à ses actants distinction, gloire et légitimation.

„Not a proper Bird, but a Pinioned Angel…” Angels, Birds and the Dawn in the Archaic Folk Prayers

„Nem szép madár, szárnyas angyal…” Angyalok, madarak és a hajnal az archaikus népi imádságokban

Author(s): György Takács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: archaic folk prayers; bird (as a figure of an angel); Old Testament; Book of Malachi; angelic bodies

The Hungarian archaic folk prayers are traditionally said mostly at dawn or at dusk, facing eastward. Beyond ’pagan’ sun worshipping, turning to the east was also typical in early Christian prayer saying and baptism rites. Dawn is the symbolic time of creation. In certain archaic prayers there is ’a celestial bird’ flying over the raddle sky. In other prayers that bird is identified with an angel (’Not a proper Bird, but a pinioned Angel’). That metaphor, perhaps coming from the Book of Malachi (Malachi 4:2), might have been written in the 15th–18th centuries, probably by a scrivener. That is suggested by the typically scholastic antithesis involved in the text, and the fact that the prayer part was written in a meter, which was used from the 15th-16th centuries. The bird-angel metaphor can also be related to the dispute concerning the angelic bodies, running between the 2nd–17th centuries. That dispute became even stronger between the 12th–13th centuries, when the genre of archaic folk prayers took shape in Europe as well as in Hungary.

JESUIT MISSIONS IN THE NOW BOLIVIAN AMAZON BASIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY

FRANÇOIS-XAVIER EDER : RÉDUCTIONS MOXOS ET BAURES : MISSIONS JÉSUITES D’AMAZONIE BOLIVIENNE

Author(s): Joseph Laure / Language(s): French / Issue: 3-4/2004

Keywords: Amazon basin; Amerinds; Baures; Bolivia; Brazil; 18th century; Jesuit missions; Moxos; Reductions; Spanish colonies;

This article is a transcript and French translation of the five first chapters of Book 1 of the Latin manuscript by the Jesuit F. X. Eder on the missions or reductions in the Amerindian nations of the Moxos and Baures. It is the continuation of the first article entitled Lima, Peru, and their inhabitants in the 18th century.

Rhetorical and Socio-Rhetorical Reading of New Testament Texts. Part I: Rhetoric and the New Approach to Oral Tradition

Retoryka i socjoretoryka w lekturze tekstów Nowego Testamentu. Cz. 1: Retoryka i nowe podejście do tradycji ustnej

Author(s): Marcin Kowalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 63/4/2016

Keywords: retoryka grecko-rzymska; Nowa Retoryka; retoryka semicka; oralność; tradycja ustna; tekstualność; krytyka retoryczna; dispositio; sytuacja retoryczna; Greco-Roman rhetoric; New Rhetoric

In the present article, the author argues for the usefulness and importance ofrhetoric and socio-rhetoric for the reading of the New Testament texts. Part I is dedicatedto the rhetorical approach. The point of departure are the remarks of the Pontifical BiblicalCommission on the questionable rhetorical education of biblical authors, on may kindsof rhetoric, and on the limited applicability of rhetoric to the analysis of biblical text.The author answers the objections raised against the rhetorical method and argues forthe use of Greco-Roman rhetoric as the compositional instrument closest to the culturalmilieu of the New Testament authors. The Greco-Roman rhetoric presents itself as thebest tool to explore the texture of biblical writings characterized by high residual orality.To substantiate it, the author shows the recent change of paradigm in the approach to theoral tradition and textuality in the Bible. Part I of the article finishes with the elaborationand exposition of the basic steps of rhetorical analysis proposed by George A. Kennedy.

ON THE EDGE OF “ANOTHER WORLD”: THE BALKANS AND CRIMEA AS CONTACT ZONES BETWEEN THE CUMAN-QÏPCHAQS AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD

ON THE EDGE OF “ANOTHER WORLD”: THE BALKANS AND CRIMEA AS CONTACT ZONES BETWEEN THE CUMAN-QÏPCHAQS AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD

Author(s): Konstantin Golev / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Cuman-Qïpchaqs; Crimea; Balkans; nomads; sedentary societies; Byzantine Empire; Second Bulgarian Empire;

The article surveys in a comparative perspective the presence of the Cuman-Qïpchaqs in Crimea and the Balkans. The available historical and archaeological material is examined in the theoretical framework of the concept for the contacts between the nomads and the outside world. On the basis of general typology of the contact zones between the Cuman-Qïpchaqs and the surrounding sedentary societies, the specific place of Crimea and the Balkans is emphasized. The initial appearance of the Cuman-Qïpchaqs on both peninsulas is traced and the profile of their further behavior is chronologically examined. The parallel analysis demonstrates that in Crimea the nomads were interested in commercial activities and even imposed their political supremacy over a significant part of the settlements along Crimean littoral, while in the Balkans they were attracted mainly by the opportunities for raiding. The higher priority of Crimea for the Cuman-Qïpchaqs is highlighted and juxtaposed to the priorities of the Byzantine Empire, for which the Balkan hinterland of its capital remained of primary importance.

The conservative in Constantin Rădulescu-Motru's time.

Conservatorul în epoca sa: Constantin Rădulescu-Motru

Author(s): Ioan Stanomir / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2003

Keywords: Conservative; intellectual; political thought; Constantin Rădulescu-Motru;

The aim of this paper is to explore the roots, and to identify the main trends of Constantin Rădulescu Motru's political thought, as it evolved between 1901 and 1934. The choice of this intellectual and philosopher is highly significant, since he was during in his early days a fully-fledged conservative, and later changed his political allegiance, joining the ranks of the National Peasant Party. This apparently inexplicable metamorphosis is to be placed in the context of a Romanian political and cultural background deprived of a credible conservative party after 1922/1923: hence, the paradoxical condition which compelled Rădulescu-Motru to seek a political force able to express his early opinions, and his attempt to maintain his profoundly conservative views about mankind and society.

Dux ambulans: Prince Sigismund Jagiellon and the modalities of presentation of personal and dynastic authority in Silesia and Lusatia at the end of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age

Dux ambulans: Princ Zikmund Jagellonský a modality prezentace osobní i dynastické autority ve Slezsku a Lužicích konce středověku a počátku raného novověku

Author(s): Petr Kozák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: Sigismund I Jagiellon; itinerary; mobility; adventus ducis; Silesia; Lusatia; Poland; Hungary; late Middle Ages;

The study is aimed at analysing the itinerary of Prince Sigismund Jagiellon from the time when thisfuture Polish-Lithuanian monarch acted as one of the Silesian territorial princes and governor representing his brother Vladislav in Silesia and Lusatia. The centre of interest was mobility as one ofthe tools of the power representation of the late-medieval ruler.

PLAGUE IN ISTANBUL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 18TH CENTURY ACCORDING TO REPORTS OF EUROPEAN CONTEMPORARIES

KUGA U ISTANBULU SREDINOM XVIII VEKA PREMA IZVEŠTAJIMA EVROPSKIH SAVREMENIKA

Author(s): Marija V. Kocić,Nikola Samardžić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 38/2019

Keywords: kuga; terapeutika

Konstantinopolj – Istanbul zauzima važno mesto u istoriji pandemija kuge. Njegova lokacija na istorijskoj mapi pandemija stoji u vezi sa njegovom geografskom pozicijom i složenim sanitarnim uslovima. Istanbul je jedan od najvećih evropskih gradova, koji delimično leži i na azijskoj obali, dok ga sa Afrikom vežu snažne ekonomske veze. Međutim, epidemije kuge koje su sredinom XVIII veka izbijale u Osmanskom carstvu nisu dovoljno istražene. Stav vlasti i društva prema epidemijama i bolesti je generalno bio takav da ih je smatrao Božijom kaznom, koju je potrebno mirno i trpeljivo izdržati. Shodno tome, lekari u Osmanskom carstvu nisu posmatrali kugu ko medicinski fenomen, tako da nisu ostavili dovoljno zapisa o njoj. U ovom radu se služimo izvorima evropske provenijencije, pre svega pismima doktora Mordaha Mekenzija (1712–1797), koji je u prepisci sa svojim kolegama u Londonu izneo zapažanja u vezi sa kugom u Istanbulu 1848-1762. U tim pismima se nalaze vredne informacije o njegovoj lekarskoj praksi, kao i uvid u manifestacije i lečenje kuge u Istanbulu sredinom XVIII veka.

The pope, the Hunyadis and the wallachians: The curious case of Pius II

The pope, the Hunyadis and the wallachians: The curious case of Pius II

Author(s): Alexandru Simon / Language(s): English / Issue: 30/2020

Keywords: Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini); John Hunyadi; Matthias Corvinus; Vlad III the Impaller (Dracula); Mehmed II; crusading; humanism; state-building; identity; corruption;

One of the political letters, deemed worthy to be cited and copied by Pope Pius II (olim Enea Silvio Piccolomini) in his Commentaries, was the message allegedly sent by Vlad III the Impaller(Dracula), voivode of Wallachia, to Sultan Mehmed II on November 7, 1462. The missive was the textual embryo of Book XI, chapter 12 (Iohannis Dragule immanis atque nefanda crudelitas, eiusque in regem Hungarie deprehensa perfidia, et tandem captivitas), covering over a fifth of the chapter. The Dragula chapter was placed between the depiction (in chapter 11) of the Viennese conspiracy against Albert VI of Habsburg, the rival brother of Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg (April 1462), and the emphatic presentation (in chapter 13) of the royal anti-Ottoman request sent by Stephen Tomašević, the new king of Bosnia, to Pius II (roughly a year earlier, in the late summer of 1461, a date the pope failed nevertheless to mention, though he extensively quoted both the oration of Tomašević's envoys and the subsequent papal response). The case of John Dragula explicitly linked chapters 11 and 13. Frequently overlooked, the chapters bordering the infamous deeds of the voivode of Wallachia formed its logical political context, founded on Matthias Corvinus. The son of John Hunyadi, who had executed John Dragula's father, Vlad II Dracul (just Dragula according to the pope), was (as recorded also by Pius II): (1) the overlord (i.e. suzerain) of John Dragula, (2) the archrival of Frederick III, and (3) the challenged suzerain of Stephen Tomašević. Prior to the Dragula issue of 1462, Pius II had loyally served Frederick as his secretary and envoy (from late 1442 until he was elected pope in August 1458) and had sent a crown for Stephen Tomašević's royal coronation on Christmas Day 1461 (against the opposition of Matthias, whose Bosnian rights Pius II claimed however, in his Commentaries, to have defended). Starting with the case of John Dragula, the most famous Wallachian in Enea's/ Pius' writings, the study focuses on the actual case at hand: that of humanist/ pope and his designs for an continent and a faith in turmoil.

Apophatic thought and annihilation in Benedict of Canfield

Apofatické myslenie a anihilácia u Benedikta z Canfieldu

Author(s): Ladislav Tkáčik / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Benedict of Canfield; Bonaventure of Bagnoregio; philosophy; apophatic thought; annihilation; imagination;

The study deals with apophatic theology, which in today's secular philosophical world, but also in theology, is experiencing something of a renaissance because it allows us to criticize our inadequacy in understanding God and, at the same time, brings us to the limits of the possibilities of knowledge. It is particularly concerned with the analysis of apophatic moments and the idea of annihilation, as discussed by the Capuchin Benedict of Canfield (1562 – 1611) in his Regula perfectionis, pointing out the affinities of thought with the works of Bonaventure, to whom the Capuchin reform returned in a special way, as its primary theological and philosophical authority. It also seeks to trace these apophatic moments in medieval and Renaissance Franciscan discourse.

Book Reviews

Recenzje

Author(s): Kalina Słaboszowska,Anna Kotłowska,Jan Prostko-Prostyński,Wojciech Graś,Paweł Żmudzki,Marcin Starzyński,Tomasz Walczak,Jarosław Nikodem,Adam Kozak,Patrycja Szwedo-Kiełczewska,Karol Łopatecki,Jakub Rogulski,Marek Konstankiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 59/2021

Keywords: History of emotions; Royal Towns of Medieval Hungary; Medieval Wallachia; Moldavia; Church of Jan Diakrinomenos and Teodor Lektor;

Review of: Kalina Słaboszowska - Sources for the History of Emotions. A Guide, red. Katie Barclay, Sharon Crozier-De Rosa, Peter N. Stearns, Routledge Guides to Using Historical Sources, Routledge, London–New York 2020, ss. 264, il. 10 Jan Prostko-Prostyński - Historie Kościoła Jana Diakrinomenosa i Teodora Lektora, tłum., wstęp i koment. Rafał Kosiński, Adrian Szopa, Kamilla Twardowska, Towarzystwo Wydawnicze „Historia Iagellonica”, Kraków 2019, ss. 579 Wojciech Graś - Najstarsze manuskrypty (IX–XVIII w.) i inkunabuły, oprac. Daniel Brzeziński, Grażyna Szumlicka-Rychlik, Zbiory Specjalne Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego, t. 1, Towarzystwo Naukowe Płockie, Płock 2019, ss. 289 Paweł Żmudzki - „Latopis nowogrodzki pierwszy” starszej redakcji. Unikatowy zabytek piśmiennictwa staroruskiego i jego polski przekład, oprac. Zofia A. Brzozowska, Ivan N. Petrov, współpr. Jan Morawicki, Series Ceranea, t. 5, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2019, ss. 2 nlb., XXX, 2 nlb., 402 Marcin Starzyński - Katalin Szende, Trust, Authority, and the Written Word in the Royal Towns of Medieval Hungary, Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, t. 41, red. M. Mostert, Brepols, Turnhout 2018, ss. 416, il. Tomasz Walczak - Mariana Goina, The Use of Pragmatic Documents in Medieval Wallachia and Moldavia (Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries), Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, t. 47, Brepols, Turnhout 2020, ss. XVII+329, tabl. 2, il. 26 Jarosław Nikodem - Sergiej Polechow, Itinerarium wielkiego księcia litewskiego Witolda: 4/5 sierpnia 1392–27 października 1430, „Rocznik Lituanistyczny”, 5, 2019, s. 9–120 Adam Kozak - Księgi ławnicze Starej Warszawy z lat 1453–1535, red. nauk. Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, [wyd. Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, Krzysztof Mrozowski, Maciej T. Radomski, Katarzyna Warda, Urszula Zachara-Związek], Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2020, ss. 1123 + 4 nlb., il. 8 Patrycja Szwedo-Kiełczewska - Najstarsze rachunki przemyskie (1472–1510), wyd. i oprac. Anna Łosowska, Michał Schmidt, Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, Przemyśl 2019, ss. 252, il. kol. 5 Karol Łopatecki - Marek Wrede, Itinerarium króla Zygmunta III 1587–1632, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii, Warszawa 2019, ss. 388, il. 3, map 15 Jakub Rogulski - Marek Górny, Potoccy herbu Pilawa w „Traktacie o familiach i koligacjach” Jana Stanisława Jabłonowskiego. Analiza pamięci genealogicznej magnata polskiego, Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, t. 3878, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław 2018, ss. 644, 2 nlb., il. Marek Konstankiewicz - Marek Adamczewski, Sfragistyka państwowa i samorządowa II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Geneza niektórych rozwiązań prawnych, Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2019, ss. 247, 1 nlb., il. 69

The Stigma of the Old Spinster: The Evolution and Social Function of Literary and Journalistic Discourses on Unmarried Women in the Nineteenth Century

Piętno starej panny. Ewolucja i społeczne funkcje dziewiętnastowiecznego dyskursu literacko-publicystycznego na temat niezamężnych kobiet

Author(s): Agnieszka Szudarek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: stereotype of the old spinster; unmarried women in the nineteenth century; nineteenthcentury literature and journalism; social change in the nineteenth century; women’s history;

Szudarek explores the emergence of the negatively connoted figure of the “old spinster”among Europe’s privileged classes in the nineteenth century. She juxtaposes historicalresearch on unmarried women with literary and journalistic discourses and demonstratesthat the label of the old spinster, which stigmatised women and led to their exclusion,emerged in Western Europe along with bourgeois society at the turn of the eighteenthand nineteenth century. It responded to the need to subordinate women to the malehierarchies that came to dominate the public sphere. Works of literature carried figureof the old spinster to other geographical areas such as the Polish lands. The materialsexamined suggest that the marginalisation and exclusion of unmarried women from bothsociety and family structures was a literary or formal construct rather than a reflectionof actual social relationships.

Luxury tourism in the Alps at the turn of the century

Blicke von der Veranda: Luxustourismus in den Alpen der Jahrhundertwende

Author(s): Michael Wedekind / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: tourism; grand hotels; perception of nature; bourgeoisie

Grand hotels had first been a metropolitan phenomenon before they emerged in remote regions of the Alps between the 1880s and the 1930s. This essay explores how these semi-public spaces and early places of modernity engaged with alpine scenery and shaped the very industry of mountain tourism. It analyses the relationship between elite tourism and the natural and social environment of the Alps.The success of mountain grand hotels was tied to increasing industrialization and a new understanding of travel. Their thoughtful detachment from space, time, and society was an expression of a business as much as of social philosophy. Throughout the fin-de-siècle, mountains served as a backdrop for the narrative of the époque’s scientific and technical progress and became subject to rational interpretation and economic exploitation. Mountain grand hotels were not only a key component of tourism infrastructure, but also the bold expression of a presumptuous occupation of spaces set away for tourism. Natural space had widely been turned into social space for visual and leisurely consumption, raising questions of authority, priority, appropriation, and imposition.By mapping the perception of mountains along the history of mountain grand hotels, this essay studies the sites, gazes, and environments of mountain tourism at the fin-de-siècle. It examines how the history of the mountain grand hotel conflates with the forces of colonialism, and capitalism and showcases how these spaces reflect the socio-economic transformations that ultimately paved the way for mountain mass tourism.