Search results for: Itinera Spiritualia in All Content

The Scenes of Pilate’s Court in the Monastery of King Marko

Сцене Пилатовог суда у Марковом манастиру

Author(s): Marka Tomić Đurić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The group of scenes of Pilate’s Court in the Monastery of King Marko represents the most developed example of this iconographic theme in the fresco painting. It consists of seven episodes. They are part of the Passion cycle and are painted in the third register of the western wall of the naos. The first scene illustrates the verses of John 18:33–38, Matthew 27:11, Luke 23: 3, Mark 15:2 : ‘Are you the King of the Jews?’ The second is described in John 18:38 and Luke 23:5. Pilate says to the Jews: ‘I find in him no fault at all.’ The third scene is also according to John 19:10, describing Pilate when he said to Jesus: ‘Are You not speaking to me? Do You not know that I have power to crucify You, and power to release You?’.The fourth depicts the moment when Pilate said to the Jews, "You take Him and judge Him according to your law," (John 18:31). In the fifth scene Pilate brought Jesus out and sat down in the judgement seat in a place that is called ‰TheŠ Pavement, but in Hebrew, it is Gabbatha (John 19:13). For the previous scenes there are no analogies which could enrich the iconographic analyses. They demonstrate a narrative attitude and a close connection to the Gospels — their textual source. The most prominent iconographic elements are the depictions of Domus Pilati, Gabbatha and Lithostraton, which indicate the interest in the Loca sancta of Jerusalem. The next scene is the Flagellation of Christ. Its iconography extends over the limits of the textual sources of the Gospels and Apocrypha. The closest parallel is the depiction of the Flagellation in the Church of St. George in Re~ica, near Ohrid. The key motive of the scene is the the coloumn of Christ’s Flagellation. If we compare this type of composition with three figures, it can be seen that it was disseminated in Byzantium as well as in Western Europe. Some of the examples which confirm this are: the icon with Passion scenes from the Vlatadon Monastery (c. 1370), the diptych with miniatures of the Passion from the Chilandar Monastery (beginning of the 14th c.), the engraved scene at the bottom of the Cross from the treasure of Conques (the first half of the 14th c.), the triptych in Namur (c. 1320–1330) etc. The last scene is Pilate washing his hands (Mattew 27:24–25). The most important elements of the iconography are the depiction of the table and implements for writing. According to the Late Roman and Early Byzantine sources, such as Notitia Dignitatum and John the Lydian, these elements represented the insignia of the governmental authorities. This is well illustrated in the Trial miniatures in the Rossano Gospels. Their depiction in the Byzantine monuments of the Palaiologan period is founded on the iconographic experience of the Early Byzantine examples, as well as their administrative context during the Middle Byzantine period and also on contemporary practices. Pilate’s Court in the Church of St. Demetrius reflects the strengthened interest in the trial process. It is represented according to the elements of the Roman juridical process-cognitio. Another important question concerns the reason for devoting so much attention to the Trial scenes in the fresco programme of the Monastery of King Marko. In an attempt to come closer to the answer, we found it useful to bear in mind what the image of Pilate was in Byzantine tradition. The second part of the paper is devoted to the comments and characterization of Pilate in the historical, dogmatic, hymnographic and juridical sources. The subject also included the categories and meanings of the law and justice. The elaborately presented scenes of Pilate’s Court in the Monastery of King Marko are an isolated instance, which, in the absence of analogies, raises numerous questions about the establishment and development of the iconographic themes. However, its contents indicate that the persons, who were responsible for designing the fresco programme, had a knowledge of the doctrinal, historical, political and legal significance of this topic.

The Idea of a Knight-Monk and Its Justification from St. Bernard of Clairvaux’s Perspective

Idea rycerza-zakonnika i jej uzasadnienie w ujęciu św. Bernarda z Clairvaux

Author(s): Jacek Kwosek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: St. Bernard of Clairvaux; knight-monk; Knights Templar; Christian knight

The article is devoted to the idea of a knight-monk and its justification presented by St. Bernard of Clairvaux in In Praise of the New Knighthood. First, we are following St. Bernard’s argumentation, and then, a broader theoretical context is outlined. The central problem is: how to reconcile the evangelical imperative of loving enemies with the acceptability of leading crusades or, more broadly speaking, armed combat in defense of faith. It has been argued that this problem is just an extreme example of a more universal problem inherent in Christianity, namely the tension between perfection, which, according to the Gospel, man ought to achieve, and his actual imperfection.

The Tyrant with His Back to the Wall

The Tyrant with His Back to the Wall

Author(s): Ulrich Gotter / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Nero;poetry;

Why Nero, actually? Truly, he has already had an unprecedented reception as a prototypical tyrant of the ancient world. Today if one were asked to name any three villains of antiquity, Nero would most certainly be one of them. Under such conditions, it is also consistent to include him as the only “classical” example among the poet-despots of modern times, as a sort of paradigmatic opener. On second look, however, his privileged association with the grand poet-criminals of the twentieth century is more of a cliché, with only a narrow foundation in reality.

About some Polish travels to Italy in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century

Su alcuni viaggi in Italia polacchi tra la seconda metà del Novecento e l’inizio del ventunesimo secolo. O niektórych polskich podróżach do Włoch drugiej połowy XX i początku XXI wieku

Author(s): Joanna Ugniewska / Language(s): Polish,Italian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Polish-Italian diplomatic relations; Italian film; Italian literature; Fiat; Polish-Italian relations

Bilingual volume published in cooperation with the Embassy of Italy in Poland and with the Italian Institute of Culture to celebrate the centenary of the Italian-Polish diplomatic relations (1919–2019).Texts by the renowned Italian and Polish authors (translated from Italian to Polish or vice versa) are divided into two parts: “Diplomacy, economy, history” and “Art, film, literature, theatre”. Such division allows to follow the Polish-Italian bonds in different fields, from translation and performance of the Italian tragedies on the Polish stages, to cooperation with the FIAT company. There is also reflection on the Polish-Italian relations in the difficult interwar period and during the Second World War. In this context one text has exceptional significance - that of Vincenzo Mario Palmieri, Italian anatomic pathologist and a member of the international commission that examined the Katyń massacre in 1943.The volume not only for the Italophiles but also for all those interested in the history of the 20th century and in the issues of the international relations.

Juror Books in Old Warsaw 1453-1535

Księgi ławnicze Starej Warszawy z lat 1453-1535

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish,Latin

Keywords: juror books; Old Warsaw; the middle class; the end of Middle Ages; the Early Modern Period; Warsaw citizens

The publication encompasses four Warsaw juror books, which include the minutes of the office and document life of Old Warsaw inhabitants at the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Early Modern Period. The collected material allows detailed research into the city populace, its intellectual and material culture as well as its space and economic life.

The Empire of the Levant. History of the Eastern Question

L'Empire du Levant. Histoire de la Question d’Orient

Author(s): René Grousset / Language(s): French

The history of the Eastern Question does not begin, as is too often believed, in the seventeenth century. To be intelligible, it must go from the Hellenic period to current events. // In this perspective, I have sought to follow the evolution of the borders - spirituals and politicals - between Europe and Asia. // I define Europe: all the countries heirs to Hellenic culture. The first time that the European spirit became aware of itself, it was in Greece, in the fifth century BC. It arose by opposing the Asians in these days of Marathon and Salamis who, by consecrating the liberty of Hellas, were found to have assured for eight centuries the independence of the Greek genius, that is to say, the appearance of the European spirit. Since then, the notion of a Europe has continued to expand and expand, without, however, the initial data changing too radically. The Roman Empire was the integration of Latinity and, through it, of the entire Western world into Greek civilization. Medieval Christianity was the accession to this same culture of the Germanic world and the Slavic world. The nearer times, finally, represent the return of the civilization thus elaborated to its spiritual sources, the rebirth of the Greek scientific spirit in modern science.

The Death, Funeral and Commemoration of a Polish Queens in the Late Middle Ages

Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie polskich królowych w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Bożena Czwojdrak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Polish queens; the Middle Ages; burials; death; commemoration

The funeral of Polish rulers, one of the most important royal ceremonies, is fully described with reference to the period from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. As far as the 14th and the 15th centuries are concerned, our knowledge is limited to chronicles of that time. It was after Sigismund I the Old died, when the need to formalise the ceremony was acknowledged. Samuel Maciejowski wrote “Ordo pompae funebris serenissimi Sigismundi Regis Poloniae”, which became the model for preparing funerals of Polish rulers. Against this background, the lack or only laconic descriptions of the funerals of Polish queens are particularly striking. There was no due ceremonial until the end of the Commonwealth of Poland, the course of the funerary ceremony is not known, the annalists record deaths of the queens very shortly, not mentioning the ceremonies themselves. This is why the article analyses the deaths, burials and commemoration of late medieval queens, the wives of Władysław Jagiełło: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Anna Cylejska, Elżbieta Granowska and Zofia Holszańska, as well as Elżbieta Rakuska, the wife of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Helena Moskiewska, the wife of Aleksander Jagiellończyk.

A space for dialogue with tradition Christian paideia in the sermons for the day of Pentecost - Marcin Polak, Peregrin from Opole and Mikołaj from Błonie

Przestrzeń dialogu z tradycją Chrześcijańska paideia w kazaniach na dzień Pięćdziesiątnicy – Marcina Polaka, Peregryna z Opola i Mikołaja z Błonia

Author(s): Katarzyna Janus / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

Starost's documents from the 1770s

Dokumenty starościńskie z lat siedemdziesiątych XIV w.

Author(s): Andrzej Marzec / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: monarchy; medieval history; medieval society; Sławomir Gawlas

The volume contains 32 studies on the history of the full and late Middle Ages, dedicated to the outstanding Warsaw medievalist Prof. Sławomir Gawlas on the occasion of his jubilee. The works of Polish and foreign historians collected here, mostly in the chronological range from the 12th to the beginning of the 16th century, reflect the broad spectrum of the Jubilarian's research interests. Among them, particular attention should be paid to the issues of the social system and its medieval transformations, legal systems, economy and history of cities, as well as various forms of social identity and political culture of the middle ages.

Advocatia – defensio – cura fundationis. Church mayor in Poland XII-XII century

„Advocatia – defensio – cura fundationis”. Wójtostwo kościelne w Polsce XII-XIII w.

Author(s): Marcin Rafał Pauk / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: monarchy; medieval history; medieval society; Sławomir Gawlas

The volume contains 32 studies on the history of the full and late Middle Ages, dedicated to the outstanding Warsaw medievalist Prof. Sławomir Gawlas on the occasion of his jubilee. The works of Polish and foreign historians collected here, mostly in the chronological range from the 12th to the beginning of the 16th century, reflect the broad spectrum of the Jubilarian's research interests. Among them, particular attention should be paid to the issues of the social system and its medieval transformations, legal systems, economy and history of cities, as well as various forms of social identity and political culture of the middle ages.

“You did damage to the king and whole Crown of community”. Compromissum in Košice in 1419 and trial of W. Jastrzębiec during the assembly in Łęczyca in 1420 in light of contemporary Latin‑Polish document of M. Trąba and Annales of J. Długosz

„I uszkodziłeś króla i wszytką koronę pospólstwa”. Compromissum w Koszycach w 1419 roku oraz proces Wojciecha Jastrzębca na zjeździe w Łęczycy w 1420 roku w świetle współczesnego łacińsko‑polskiego dokumentu Mikołaja Trąby i relacji Jana Długosza

Author(s): Marek A. Janicki / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The article contains analysis of both: the circumstances of the summit of Ladislaus Jagiello and Sigismund of Luxembourg in Košice in May 1419 and accusation of Polish Kingdom chancellor and bishop of Cracow Wojciech Jastrzębiec of, so‑called today, high treason during assembly of the Polish Kingdom in Łęczyca in July 1420. Particular remarks aim to reconsider current view of historiography on these subjects, which arises from erroneous translation of Jan Długosz’s Annales in its new edition. The document of the king of Poland, which authorized the king of Romans to issue an arbitrary sentence in the dispute of Poland and Lithuania and Teutonic Order in Prussia (ultimately so‑called Breslau sentence passed on 6 January 1420), was prepared and authenticated by Wojciech Jastrzębiec, and dated in Košice, 8 May 1419. This document did not include entire content agreed by the king with his council and this resulted inter alia in loss of compensation offered by the Order already in 1414. Due to that in July 1420 in Łęczyca, the public trial of Jastrzębiec commenced. The course of the trial is known from contemporary document of primate archbishop of Gniezno Mikołaj Trąba as well as from significantly different relation of Jan Długosz. The Latin document of Mikołaj Trąba, analysed in the article, includes two extensive fragments in Polish, in which terms meaning political community and state interest, corresponding to their Latin equivalents, are defined and explained in the context of accusation.

Old and new. Religious identity of lay Catholics in the post-Tridentine Commonwealth

Dawne i nowe. Tożsamość wyznaniowa katolików świeckich w potrydenckiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Polish Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the basic paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of the renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of the Sarmatians' writings and the impact of these writings in the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the literature of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

Roberto Bellarmino (1542–1621) and the influence of his thoughts on the development of cultural and religious ideas in the Commonwealth

Roberto Bellarmino (1542–1621) i wpływ jego myśli na rozwój kulturowych oraz religijnych idei w Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Piotr Urbański / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

The Images of Nature in Prince Wladyslaw Vasa’s Reports on the Journey to West European Countries (1624−1625)

Obrazy natury w relacjach z podróży królewicza Władysława Wazy do krajów Europy Zachodniej (1624–1625)

Author(s): Bernadetta Puchalska-Dąbrowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Wladislaw Vasa; relation; travel report; landscape; fauna; meteorological conditions; Stefan Pac; Jan Hagenaw; Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł; court culture; spectacle; peregrination

The article discusses the image of nature present in Prince Wladysław Vasa’s reports on his journey to West European countries (1624-1625) by Stefan Pac, Jan Hagenaw and Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł. The analysed texts concern meteorological conditions, the elements of the landscape and fauna. The authors of the reports also observe nature set into the objects of everyday use and nature “directed” by man and shown as part of court spectacles. The narrative techniques used by the writers are various and depend on their involvement and the appeal of the event.

Public Property and Roman-Law Aspects of Its Regulation

Публичната собственост и римскоправните аспекти на нейното регулиране

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka- Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Roman law; res publica; res privata; res extra commercio humani iuris; pecunia populi romani; res omnia communes; utilitas publica

The article is the first part of a more extensive work within a scientific project of the Law Faculty of “Paisiy Hilendarski” University of Plovdiv No. FP19 – UF – 003 on current aspects of the study of property relations in modern law, some of which are a reflection of Roman law institutions. It is devoted to the concept of public property and the corresponding classifications in Roman law sources as a basis of modern distinction between public and private property. These issues are introductory to the further study of the right of use, legal protection of public property and the transformations between public and private property - some of the most dogmatically discussed issues, which have a wide practical significance and raise many questions about the nature of the legal regulation of the borderline cases between public and private possession and use of property and goods.

Marcin Paszkowski and his books — read and published

Marcin Paszkowski i jego książki — czytane oraz publikowane

Author(s): Michał Kuran / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The poet’s imitating action situates in the circle of aemulatio and are overt or covert in nature.The reasons for source (un)coverage are worth attention. When emulating, Paszkowski made use ofthe means covering imitation: appositio, detractio, transpositio, immutatio, copia, brevitas.References, allusions, reconstructions and overtaking of a foreign text prove an outstandingknowledge of his time, as well as works published in the 16th century. He also used the Bible andmythology. But he did not refer to historical sources, including the achievements of the ancient writ‑ers. He knew the history thanks to the chronicles. Most willingly he would refer to the poetry, diaryprose, but also calendars and news preferring the official and highbrow literature in the end.Paszkowski revealed a compiliation nature when it brought about erudition. He hid borrowingswhen it came to one or two texts. He indicated the source of monoimitation when he competed withthe model. Entering into a dialogue with a well‑known poet (Jan Kochanowski), he left the recogni‑tion of the references to the author’s intelligence. Works by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic, AbrahamRożniatowski and Stanisław Grochowski were, on the other hand, treated as a foundation for hisown voice, however changing the situational context of derived text sequences. He totally hid thereferences to Maciej Stryjkowski.

Verbum de verbo sive sententia desententia

Verbum de verbo sive sententia desententia

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: translation; Latin theology; Byzantine theology; cultural model; Anselm of Havelberg; Gerhoh of Reichersberg

Two translation procedures from the 12th century are the subject of consideration in this critical essay: the way in which Anselm of Havelberg’s debates were translated in Constantinople in 1136 and the reading by Gerhoh of Reichersberg and his followers of the resolutions of the Synod of the Church in Constantinople in 1166. The aim of the analysis is to refute the widely held view that the nature of Latin translations in the 12th century was constantly the execution verbum pro verbo.

The Fate of Central Europe is Played Out in Sarajevo

Destinul europei centrale se joacă la Saraievo

Author(s): Frederic Mitterrand / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Central Europe; Sarajevo; Bosnia; Austria-Hungary;

Totul a început la Saraievo, pe atunci cetate a Austro-Ungariei. E extraordinar, de altfel, să vezi că istoria acestui secol începe cu drama de la Saraievo și se sfârșește în același oraș printr-o altă tragedie, din cauze și în împrejurări aproape similare. Toată istoria secolului pare înscrisă în această paranteză însângerată, ca și cum orașul acesta rezumă toate nenorocirile pe care Europa a putut să le cunoască.

Values and leisure

Hodnoty a volný čas

Author(s): Jiří Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech

Keywords: leisure; values; sociology; leisure pedagogy; social pedagogy

The book brings the results of a unique longitudinal study of values, leisure, and their interaction, conducted between 2009 and 2021 and is representative of the population of the Czech Republic. The interrelationships between the two phenomena under study are viewed from the perspective of social pedagogy and pedagogy of leisure. Leisure activities are divided into nine categories. For each category, the dependencies on socio-demographic factors as well as its interaction with terminal and instrumental values are examined. The resulting findings for each category are evaluated concerning their pedagogical implications.

Restrictions on ownership for urbanization purposes

Ограничения върху правото на собственост за градоустройствени цели

Author(s): Carmen Salcedo / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: restrictions; ownership; urbanization

The article is devoted to some problems of urbanization in ancient Rome which has been defined by Vitruvius Pollion as an activity regulated by the state in order to organize cities and achieve better living conditions, safety, hygiene and aesthetics as well as to establish clear rules for construction, reconstruction and location of private and public buildings. A distinction has been made between the requirements of Public works and the actual construction work in Roman cities. Special attention is paid to the limitations imposed on private property by a public interest - requirements for construction materials, distances between buildings, providing access for people and transport, regulated building height for individual districts, mandatory expenditures for repairs and maintenance of buildings ban for demolition for the purpose of selling construction materials, etc.