Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

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From the Tops of the Alps... Swiss Drama and Theatre in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Ze szczytów Alp… Dramat i teatr szwajcarski w XX i XXI wieku

Author(s): Carola Hilmes,Isabel Hernández,Mario Saalbach,Marta Famula,Joanna Jabłkowska,Anna Gręda-Kowalewska,Barbara Pogonowska,Paulina Kobus,Ewa Mazurkiewicz,Dorota Sośnicka,Robert Rduch,Richard McClelland,Artur Pełka,Karolina Sidowska,Monika Wąsik,Lukas Linder,Dariusz Komorowski,Joanna Firaza,Ján Jambor,Corinna Hirrle,Maria Janus / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Swiss theatre;Peter Stamm;Lukas Linder;Urs Widmer;Lukas Bärfuss;Friedrich Dürrenmatt;Max Frisch

One could safely wager that in Poland the Swiss drama and theatre is uncharted territory, that the Polish audience rarely associates its representatives with the Swiss culture, identifying them primarily through language – as German-speaking artists.Consequently, the perception of the Swiss drama and theatre is extremely limited and leads to consolidating the canon, as if the Swiss theatre rested only on the shoulders of Friedrich Dürrenmatt and Max Frisch.This book was born of the need to introduce the Polish reader to an array of Swiss playwrights with whom the Polish and European theatre has little to no familiarity.Reflections on the nature of the Swiss drama and theatre are also an attempt to show the reception – not always orthodox – of Swiss authors in Europe, certain aspects of the organization of the theatrical production system in Switzerland, and – last but not least – they are to lead to a fresh reading of literary tradition currently interpreted by new dramaturgy. From The Introduction

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90 Years of Łódź Economics

90 lat łódzkiej ekonomii

Author(s): Czesław Domański,Witold Kasperkiewicz,Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: SGH;Warsaw School of Economics;Free Polish University;Łódź economics;history of economic thought;Łódź economists

The beginnings of economics in Łódź date back to the 1860s, when the first financial and economic institutions were founded. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, economic knowledge was popularized in the so-called everyman’s universities, where lectures were given by leading economists and economic historians such as Natalia Gąsiorowska-Grabowiecka, Michał Hertz and Stanisław Koszutski. Michał Kalecki, Edward Rosset, Leszek Kirkien, Mieczysław Kołtoński and Edward Grabowski published their first articles in local magazines. In the interwar years, the first private colleges were founded in Łódź, including the University of Social Sciences and Economics (1924-1928) and the Free Polish University (1928-1939). The activities of economic and financial institutions, such as the Stock Exchange, the City of Łódź Credit Society, and the Department of Statistics of the City of Łódź also had a significant impact on the consolidation of the economic environment. The industrial, commercial, scientific, didactic and organizational ventures presented in the publication have contributed to the comprehensive development of economic sciences at the University of Łódź and translated into achievements that have become known both locally and internationally.

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Family as a value. Psychological analysis of family values

Rodzina jako wartość. Analiza psychologiczna wartości rodzinnych

Author(s): Katarzyna Walęcka-Matyja,Iwona Janicka / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: family values; familism; communal orientation; family support; health

The family is at the heart of any society. An integral dimension of the family is community, the source and effect of which is family support that guarantees satisfaction of many needs necessary for health. The family is a life goal, a striving, a desire due to the specific qualities that define it. The natural and most important need for every human being is to be in a family and have a family. The monograph provides family criteria, which include new forms of living together that authorize the identification of a group of people as a family. The characteristics of four unchanging values of the family - cultural, functional, structural and pro-health - are presented. A model was proposed to represent the family as family value and values, and the effect of family values was indicated. On the other hand, my own research concerned family values. 400 adults participated in the study. The following research tools were used: Familism Scale, Sense of Stress Questionnaire, Adult Siblings Questionnaire, Depression Measurement Questionnaire, Scales Measuring Agency and Communion, Short Scale of Materialism and a questionnaire. The analysis of the results was included in three operational models, which included: assessment of the differentiation in terms of the dimensions of family values depending on the selected socio-demographic variables; psychological correlates of dimensions of family values; the moderating role of the dimensions of family values in relation to the relationship between the dimensions of the interpersonal relationship and experiencing stress and depression. The presented psychological perspective of family values turned out to be significant for the proper functioning of a human being, as well as his environment.

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Sibi, suisque et Patriae ornamento. Artistic foundations of Koniecpolski family in the 15th-17th centuries

Sibi, suisque et Patriae ornamento. Fundacje artystyczne Koniecpolskich w XV – XVII wieku

Author(s): Zbigniew Bania / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: sacral architecture; residences; fortifications; Koniecpolski; Baroque art; Polish art

The subject of the book is a study of the artistic patronage, with emphasis on architectural investments, of the Koniecpolski family. Published studies of the magnate's patronage of old Poland were usually limited to selected individuals, such as Elżbieta Sieniawska or Jan Klemens Branicki, or to members of one generation of the magnates, such as the Pacas family in the 17th century or the Radziwiłłs in the 18th century. The activities of the representatives of the Koniecpolski family are presented, with an extensive presentation of the undertakings of their most prominent figures at the time: Przedbor and Jan Koniecpolski, Chancellor of the Polish Kingdom in the mid-15th century. The history of the family in the sixteenth century provides an introduction to a discussion of the patronage of Anna Koniecpolska and, above all, the numerous undertakings, both in Central Poland and in the Borderlands, of the most eminent representative of the family in the seventeenth century, Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski. The book ends by presenting the artistic realisations of the last representatives of the family, whose history is closed by the death of Jan Aleksander Koniecpolski in 1719. The artistic foundations discussed in the book have been subjected to a detailed formal analysis, and the history of these undertakings has been presented in the context of the political, social and economic changes in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish Nobility from the early fifteenth to the late seventeenth century.

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12.00 €

The Serbian Ethnos. The Period of Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta (1726–1748)

Etnos serbski. Czasy patriarchy Arsenija IV Jovanovicia Šakabenty (1726–1748)

Author(s): Piotr Kręzel / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Serbian literature; history of Serbia; Serbian Orthodox Church; Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta; migration; Ottoman–Habsburg wars

The main purpose of this monograph was a multiperspective look at the fate of the Serb population in a time, when patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta (1726–1748) was its undisputed leader. It was a crucial moment in the history of the Serbs, due to the shift of focus in their spiritual and political life from Peć to Karlovci. For the Serbian community, who did not have its statehood then, it was undoubtedly a particularly significant event. The problems of the Serbs in the first half of the 18th century have been presented against the background of crucial events of the general history of the period. These include, among others, “the Tulip Period” in the Ottoman Empire (1718–1730), the Austrian-Turkish war (1737–1739) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). The monograph is based on the lesser known sources which were collected during archival and library research in Serbia, Austria, Croatia and Russia.

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Supportive Assessment in Building Up Quality of School’s Educational Practice

Ocenianie wspierające w budowaniu jakości praktyki edukacyjnej szkoły

Author(s): Michał Kowalewski / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: school assessment; school’s educational practice; verbal communication; evaluation; supporting pupils’ development

The monography is devoted to school assessment in supporting pupils' development and orienting educational activities to properly use pupils' abilities and potential, which remains a determinant of the quality of the school's educational practice.The theoretical and empirical study is addressed to teachers and students of pedagogical faculties and readers who perceive supporting pupils' educational development and the quality of school's educational practice as important and worth a reflection. The theoretical part of the study discussed the concept of quality in the context of school's educational practice, as well as an the concept of school assessment and the process of evaluating pupils' achievements (taking into account various assessment models present in modern educational systems). The author explains the fundamental issues related to the supportive assessment of pupils' educational achievements and the role of supportive assessment in building up the school's educational practice quality.The empirical part of the study presents the author's concept of quantitative research and an analysis of the obtained results concerning the assessment process, which in the context of the model assumptions of supportive assessment are present in school’s educational practice. The issues mentioned above were extended by comparative methodological studies (comparison of the research results in schools where the quality of the implemented educational practice is varied). The study also describes the discrepancies in the realization of the supportive assessment model diversified by different subjects of school education.

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The Potential of the Banking Sector Lending in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Credit-crunch Perspective

Potencjał działalności kredytowej sektora bankowego w obliczu pandemii COVID-19. Perspektywa credit crunch

Author(s): Iwona Dorota Czechowska,Czesław Lipiński,Joanna Stawska,Wojciech Zatoń / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: fiscal burdens; banking sector regulations; loans; non-performing loan; interest rates; capital adequacy; COVID-19; credit-crunch

The main purpose of the study is to analyze credit availability. New premises related to the change in the conditions of operation of economic entities following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the taking up of this topic. In mid-2020, the following phenomena were observed in Poland, for the first time since 2009: a decrease in the credit debt of the non-financial enterprise sector, greater than during the global financial crisis, a declaration of the banking sector regarding a tightening of lending policy. In such circumstances, the question arose about the possibility of excessive reduction of credit supply by banks in connection with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects of the pandemic increase the likelihood of problems related to timely debt service. The trend of limiting the supply of credit is known as the credit crunch. Answers to the research question whether there is a risk of credit crunch in Poland were searched for on the basis of a literature review and empirical research. Considering the great importance of corporate credit financing for their investment activity, the importance of credit availability is particularly important in times of crisis. The conclusions resulting from the presented analytical material provide the basis for the conclusion that the credit crunch phenomenon does not occur in Poland. The theoretical considerations and empirical analysis of lending activity in Poland showed that the concerns about the collapse on the loan supply market have not been confirmed. The situation of the banking sector in mid-2021 looked quite optimistic in the short term (apart from the unresolved issue of housing foreign currency loans and its consequences), but in the long term, an important role will be played by the diagnosed trap of low structural credit availability and the chronically weak crediting of the Polish economy. Combined with the low profitability of the sector, resulting mainly from high fiscal burdens, this will be an important factor hampering the development of the banking sector in Poland. Changing this state requires a significant revision and consistent implementation of the economic strategy for Poland through the intensification and promotion of investment projects. On the other hand, a rational (e.g. flexible depending on the economic situation) approach to the fiscal burden on the banking sector is desirable.

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Russia pivot to (Southeast) Asia. Russia’s Policy Towards Southeast Asia in the 21st Century

Russia pivot to (Southeast) Asia. Polityka Rosji wobec Azji Południowo-Wschodniej w XXI wieku

Author(s): Małgorzata Pietrasiak / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: International relations; Russia; ASEAN; Southeast Asia; multilateral and bilateral diplomacy

The title of the book refers to a slogan that emerged in the political debate at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. The slogan is provocative because, on the one hand, it paraphrases the American return to Asia (US pivot to Asia) and, on the other hand, it recalls not only Russia’s geographical but also political presence in Asia. For Russia, the region of Northeast Asia remains the most important for security reasons, but in the second decade of the 21st century, the region of Southeast Asia became increasingly active. The ASEAN countries developed rapidly and implemented a number of measures to promote closer integration. The growing importance of Southeast Asia has prompted Russia to develop a strategy for this sub-region. It is part of Russia’s broader geopolitical game and must be seen in terms of establishing a balance between the major regional powers of the US, China, Japan and India on the one hand, and seeking a place of its own on the “chessboard. ” The main areas of cooperation with ASEAN are security and arms trade, energy and energy raw materials. Despite all the declarations, economic and trade cooperation has been slow. An example of the latest initiative proposed by President Vladimir Putin is the Greater Eurasian Partnership. I consider the initiative to be unrealistic at this stage, particularly given Russia’s economic constraints, even though diplomatic efforts are under way. In this case, the Chinese factor remains uncertain, as Greater Eurasia refers geographically to the Chinese Belt and Road Project. Russia’s most important partner in the region remains Vietnam, while Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia are among the major trading partners. The analysis was based on international developments up to the end of the second decade of the 21st century.

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Novgorod the Great: economic and social development and decline

Nowogród Wielki: rozwój gospodarczo-społeczny i upadek

Author(s): Natasza Duraj / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Eastern Slavs; Novgorod the Great; Sviatoslav; Yaroslav the Wise; Alexander Nevsky; Old Russian state; Novgorod republic

The main goal of the monograph is to present the genesis of the creation of the feudal republic – Novgorod the Great, the peak of its power and its fall under the pressure of the growing Muscovite Russia, as well as to describe the economic and social development of this city. The book is addressed to a wide group of readers interested in both the history of the economic and social development of Novgorod the Great and Russia. It may be helpful for students of such fields as economics, sociology, history or Russian studies.

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Evolution of the compound verb forms of the subjunctive mood in Latin American Spanish between 1701 and 2023

La evolución de los tiempos compuestos del modo subjuntivo en el español de América entre los años 1701-2023

Author(s): Witold Sobczak / Language(s): Spanish

Keywords: compound tenses of the subjunctive mood; Spanish tense system; Latin American Spanish; history of the Spanish language

The main objective of the book is to analyze the evolutionary path of the forms haya cantado, hubiere cantado and hubiera~-se cantado in the period between 1701 and 2023 in Latin American varieties of Spanish. The monograph consists of three chapters. The first two present the history of the compound tenses of the subjunctive mood from Latin to 21st -century Spanish, while the third investigates in detail the frequency of its use between the 18th and 21st centuries in Latin American Spanish. Thus, the first chapter, which covers the period up to the Golden Ages, revolves around the creation of compound tenses whose origin is found in the Latin construction epistulam scriptam habeo. In the second chapter, after familiarizing the reader with the periodization of Latin American Spanish, the use of compound tenses of the subjunctive mood in different Spanish varieties in Latin America between the 18th and 21st centuries is examined, that is, in the period corresponding to modern Spanish. The most typical contexts of use of haya cantado, hubiere cantado and hubiera~-se cantado are analyzed, and it also offers some observations on the frequency of their use in Latin American countries. Chapter three analyzes the frequency of use of haya cantado, hubiere cantado and hubiera~-se cantado between 1701 and 2023, based on data collected in the CORDE, CORDIAM, CREA and CORPES XXI corpora. Likewise, the frequency of use of cantara~-se is examined, which, as indicated on several occasions, primarily competes with haya cantado.The work ends with concluding observations that concisely and briefly summarize the main ideas.

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Public interest and customer protection in bank resolution

Interes publiczny i ochrona klienta w przymusowej restrukturyzacji banku

Author(s): Andrzej R. Stopczyński / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: bank failure; bank resolution; BRR directive; loss absorption; public interest premise; customer protection in the financial services market

The book, entitled Public interest and customer protection in bank resolution, attempts to assess the forced restructuring mechanism in the European Union from the perspective of its causes (public interest) and potential consequences for the customers of failing banks. The research presented is based on a review of banks assessed as failing or likely to fail in the European Union between 2015 and 2022, after the adoption of the BRR Directive. In particular, the decisions activities of the Bank Guarantee Fund concerning the Polish cases of bank resolution are presented and assessed.The book presents an analysis of the identification of the public interest as a premise triggering resolution, as well as the impact of the resolution mechanism on the protection of failing bank’s customers. A substantial part of the research was conducted using quantitative methods.The results suggest that the local character of the bank may be an important factor influencing the positive assessment of the public interest premise by national resolution authorities. Furthermore, it was shown that an important criterion for choosing the resolution path was to preserve the highest possible asset value of the restructured bank. The theoretical model developed by the author with a cost-based utility function provides strong arguments for the universality of this conclusion.The objectives identified in the BRRD seem to coincide with the demand to protect customers of failing or likely to fail banks, although this demand does not appear directly in the text of the directive. However, there is a possibility that unclear provisions on the assessment of the public interest rationale may result in attempts to contest the resolution authority’s decision.

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Costs of social responsibility in the State Forests. Identification and measurement

Koszty społecznej odpowiedzialności w Lasach Państwowych. Identyfikacja i pomiar

Author(s): Joanna Piłacik / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: State Forests; forest farms; non-productive functions of forests; accounting system; costs of social responsibility of forest management

The present study addresses the issue of identifying and measuring the costs associated with the social responsibility of State Forests. The author points out that the current accounting system of this entity does not provide sufficient data on this topic, which hinders effective cost management and decision-making. There is also a lack of comprehensive proposals in the literature for measuring and valuing activities related to the social responsibility of State Forests, creating a research gap that this study aims to fill. The objective of the work is to improve the accounting system of State Forests, particularly in the managerial aspect, by proposing a model for identifying and measuring the costs of social responsibility. To achieve this objective, a number of specific goals have been formulated, such as analyzing the role of the accounting information system, the specifics of the operation of State Forests, and evaluating the current accounting system. The main research thesis indicates the inability to generate information about social responsibility costs within the current accounting system of State Forests. The author argues that there is a need to expand this system with management accounting elements, which will allow for more precise monitoring and analysis of the effectiveness of actions undertaken by State Forests in the area of social responsibility.

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Implementation of the MREL requirement in the banking sector

Implementacja wymogu MREL do sektora bankowego

Author(s): Iwona Dorota Czechowska,Czesław Lipiński,Joanna Stawska,Joanna Stępińska,Wojciech Zatoń,Marcin Borys / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: MREL requirement; stock exchange banks; TLAC requirement; prudential requirements; CRR regulation; EU directives

The monograph is a compendium of knowledge in the field of broadly understood finance, on the essence and mechanisms of the functioning of the banking sector and the problems associated with them. The subject of the analysis is the minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) introduced in the banking systems of EU countries in order to ensure the resilience of individual financial institutions to the negative effects of changes in the economic environment, by maintaining capital reserves at a level that allows for covering potential losses and recapitalization. The publication describes the issue of the justification for applying MREL requirements in practice. The scope of the publication covers the banking sector in Poland, in particular the group of banks listed on the WSE, as well as a comparison of MREL levels in the banking sector in Poland with levels in the banking sectors of other EU countries. The aim of the study is to estimate the needs related to fulfilling MREL and to present practical aspects of this process, including the type of instruments used, costs incurred and possible risk factors. The monograph sought answers to the research questions: What is the scale of the needs in terms of obtaining own funds and eligible liabilities of banks? What instruments are used to meet the MREL requirement? Is it possible to significantly increase the risk of financial stability threats if individual institutions invested in MREL instruments? The importance of the MREL problem is extremely important, especially in periods of crisis. In the study, the authors presented the essence of the MREL requirement and the characteristics of prudential requirements, described the principles of its calculation, presented trends and detailed phenomena in the scope of MREL, presented an analysis of the experience of other countries, as well as costs, risk factors and practical problems of implementing this requirement. In previous studies, attempts at an in-depth analysis of the requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities in the banking sector have rarely been made. The originality of this publication is the collection of all information on MREL and the presentation of this issue in the perspective of its implementation. This is one of the first publications to present such issues in such a synthetic and at the same time detailed way on the publishing market in Poland.

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12.00 €

Birth of the New Dominion. The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921.

Narodziny nowego dominium. Traktat brytyjsko-irlandzki z 1921 r.

Author(s): Antonina Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Anglo-Irish Relations; History of Ireland; Irish War of Indenepdance

The dissertation consists of an introduction, six chapters of a problem-chronological nature divided into subchapters, and a bibliography. The first chapter is dedicated to discussing the political transformations in Ireland. It presents the genesis of the creation of Irish governmental structures alternative to the British administration and the birth of Irish diplomacy in the 20th century. The second chapter, titled International, Imperial, and Domestic Context of British-Irish Negotiations, presents the perspective of the British Empire, for which the Irish issue was just one of many pressing problems after the end of the Great War. The third chapter, titled Negotiations, focuses on discussing the most important stages of the peace process. It outlines the path to the ceasefire, profiles of negotiators and other politicians responsible for the course of talks on both the British and Irish sides, as well as the evolution of tactics of both delegations, contentious issues, and methods of reaching an agreement. The fourth chapter analyzes the content of the agreement reached and discusses individual articles in terms of their political, financial, and military consequences. The fifth chapter provides a detailed discussion of the process of treaty ratification in the House of Commons and the Dáil Éireann. The final chapter, meanwhile, is dedicated to research on the social reception of the agreement.

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Między ideologią a utopią. Deinstytucjonalizacja wybranych usług dla osób z niepełnosprawnościami w Polsce. Perspektywa socjologii wiedzy

Between ideology and utopia. Deinstitutionalization of selected services for people with disabilities in Poland. A sociology of knowledge perspective

Author(s): Zbigniew Głąb / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: deinstitutionalization; disability; sociology of knowledge; discourse; supported housing; personal assistance

The book explores the discourse constructed around the process of deinstitutionalization of social services for people with disabilities. The main perspective is the sociology of knowledge as formulated by Karl Mannheim in his work Ideology and Utopia. In this perspective, the assumptions of the medical model of disability are identified as the dominant ideology, while the contesting utopia represents the approach of the social and human-rights model. The parties using ideology and utopia were conventionally named conservative and reformist, respectively. Among the parties creating the discourses of deinstitutionalization, groups with specific experiences of disability constituting their socio-behavioral situation were identified: people with disabilities, their families, employees of support institutions, decision-makers building and implementing social policy and allies of people with disabilities. An additional factor, taken into account, is access to power understood as the ability to influence the formulation and implementation of social policy. The analysis is based on texts which reflect the discourses created by various experts between 2012 (ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by Poland) and 2022 (adoption of the Strategy for the Development of Social Services). The parties' conflictual functioning, “talking past one another” and making ad hoc alliances leads to the conclusion that deinstitutionalization is an endeavor that will never be finally concluded. The parties' separate sets of thoughts, based on different understandings of the same concepts, do not allow them to communicate effectively and thus to work towards a common deinstitutionalization project.

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Financing the economy by the banking sector. Event scenarios

Finansowanie gospodarki przez sektor bankowy. Scenariusze zdarzeń

Author(s): Iwona Dorota Czechowska,Czesław Lipiński,Joanna Stawska,Wojciech Zatoń,Joanna Stępińska / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: banks; banking sector; loans; financing the economy; event scenarios; credit risk

The monograph is a compendium of knowledge in the field of broadly understood finance, on the essence and mechanisms of the functioning of the banking sector and the problems associated with them. The subject of the analysis is the financing of the needs of the economy through credit action. The importance of this problem is extremely important, because the provision of funds is the main function performed by banks for the economy, as well as the basic source of banks' income. The aim of the study is to identify and assess the prospects of the banking system's ability to finance the economy in Poland. The publication describes the issue of the development of credit action in Poland, and scenario forecasts for the demand for credit are developed. The assumptions and results of forecast scenarios showing different variants of credit growth paths and the banking sector's demand for capital adequate to them are presented. The basis for the presented forecasts is the inflow of EU funds under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (KPO), as well as funds from the cohesion fund. In the individual scenarios, different assumptions were made regarding the formation of macroeconomic variables in the years 2024-2027. The assumption of different macroeconomic scenarios resulted from the need to test different credit growth paths related to them. The scale of credit growth was dependent on the adopted macroeconomic assumptions, but also on changes in the structure of investment financing by enterprises. The results of the scenarios are varied and lead to the final conclusions that in order to effectively support the economy with financing provided by banks, stable and predictable conditions for the functioning of this sector should be created. They should be based on transparent, long-term regulations and adjustment of costs incurred by banks to the role they should play in a developing economy. In previous studies, relatively rarely have attempts been made to conduct an in-depth analysis of the financing of the economy by the banking sector. The originality of this publication is the collection of all information on this subject and the presentation of this issue in the perspective of potential event scenarios. This is one of the few publications that present such issues in such a synthetic and at the same time detailed way on the publishing market in Poland.

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20.00 €

‘To Restore the Importance of Satire’. Poznań Satirical Magazine ‘Kaktus’ in Censorship Interventions in the years 1957–1960

„Aby przywrócić rangę satyrze”. Cenzura wobec poznańskiego tygodnika satyrycznego „Kaktus” (1957–1960)

Author(s): Anna Wiśniewska-Grabarczyk / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: censorship of literature; archives of literature; satire; ‘Kaktus’ magazine; press in the Polish People’s Republic

‘Kaktus’ was one of the Polish satirical magazines that appeared on the wave of thaw. It was published from 1957 to 1960. The aim of the book is to answer the question to what extent the ‘escape’ into a satirical costume allowed the artists to avoid censorship interventions. The answer to the question is provided by the reconstruction of the hitherto unknown image of "Kaktus", emerging from the archival documents of the Voivodeship Office for the Control of the Press, Publications and Performances in Poznań (WUKPPiW). The comparative material consists of 174 issues of the periodical and a collection of cryptotexts, i.e. confidential censorship documents that evaluated the articles from the magazine. The collection is a valuable testimony to how the authorities dealt with the so-called anti-regime poetics that came to the fore after October 56. The file includes not only articles, essays, columns, cartoon jokes, satirical commentaries that have appeared in print, but – more importantly – their versions submitted for censors' evaluation. This allows me to compare the original versions with the published versions.

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12.00 €

The Course of the Chocim War (Second Edition, from the Czartoryski manuscript 2079)

Transakcyja wojny chocimskiej (redakcja druga, z rękopisu Czartoryskich 2079)

Author(s): Wacław Potocki / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Wacław Potocki; The Course of the Chocim War; Polish epic of the 17th century; the war of Chocim 1621; scientific edition

Available edition Transakcyja wojny chocimskiej by Wacław Potocki is known in two editions. The first was created in 1670 (manuscript of the Ossoliński National Institute, B.O. file no. 1622/II), the second in 1675 (manuscript of the Czartoryski Princes’ Library no. 2079). The current edition is the first edition of the text according to the second edition of this historical epic. The previous full edition based on the first edition edited in 1924 by Aleksander Brückner. The supplementary edition of the introduction and transcription of the text contains historical and linguistic commentaries, a dictionary and an index of persons. The work is a poetic catastrophe from the course of the Chocim War, which in 1621 was fought by the armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the effect of the Cossack armies led by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, and after his death by Stanisław Lubomirski and the multinational army of the Ottoman Porte, led by Sultan Osman II. The struggle for a truce and the retreat of the Turkish troops, which is considered a victory of the Republic. The work was created to awaken the knightly spirit in the modern. Initially, the rebirth of the war took place under the scepter of the Piast king, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who, however, was not sent to the network in it. Successes from the next successive ruler, Jan III Sobieski, defeating the Turks first at Chocim in 1673, and then at Vienna 10 years later.

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13.00 €

Stage forms of crime

Formy stadialne przestępstwa

Author(s): Agnieszka Liszewska / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: preparation; attempt; danger; legal good; criminalization

The presented study contains an analysis of the provisions of the Polish Penal Code regulating liability for the stages of crime on the theoretical, constitutional and normative levels. Theoretical considerations focus on the problem of the relationship of attempt and preparation to commit in connection with emerging views questioning the non-self-existence of the stages of crime. On the theoretical level, there were also considerations devoted to justifying the criminality of stages forms based on the category of danger as a preliminary condition for criminalization. This condition - derived from the constitutional principle of proportionality - means that criminalization is unacceptable in a democratic state ruled by law in the absence of the social harmfulness of the act, which is questioned in relation to an ineffective attempt and attempted crimes resulting from an abstract exposure to danger. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of the theoretical foundations of responsibility for the stages of crime also constituted a point of reference for the normative's analysis on attempts and preparation. The work assumes that since the stages do not exist independently, the illegality of the acts included in them must result from a violation of the same sanctioned norm that we read from the provision typifying the act. The presented study contains a diagnosis of the current legal status, which indicates a very wide scope of liability, not only for violating, but also for exposing to danger of legal good. However, this state of affairs should be changed primarily through legislative action and therefore the study constitutes a voice in the discussion on limiting the scope of liability before committing a prohibited act.

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Censorship’s literature lessons. Studies into the systemic control of language in Poland from 1945

Cenzorskie lekcje literatury. Studia o systemowej kontroli słowa w Polsce po 1945 roku

Author(s): Marzena Woźniak-Łabieniec / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: censorship in Polish People's Republic; „Nowiny Literackie”; Teodor Parnicki; Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz; Marek Nowakowski; Tadeusz Różewicz; Czesław Miłosz

The studies which form the body of this collection have been developed over nearly a decade. Their goal: to discuss how censorship operated in the Polish People’s Republic, a system that utilised the state-controlled party-dependent Chief Control Bureau for Press, Publications and Performances (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk – GUKPPiW) to monitor and influence writers and the shape of their works. Most of the studies have applied the method of archival research reviewing documents left by the Control Bureau now held by the Archive of Modern Records (Archiwum Akt Nowych) in Warsaw and by select State Archives, and confronting them with published texts. In the first part, which is an introduction into censorship mechanisms, I have discussed how the Control Bureau subliminally shaped the image of the reality, consolidating the new order (protecting the image of the governing party) without anyone noticing, and how it covered its traces even during the thaw period. The second part consists of an extensive study devoted to the Nowiny Literackie journal edited by Iwaszkiewicz. The weekly’s two years of existence offer an excellent record of how the functioning of literature changed within the period of 1947–1948. It clearly shows how politics (or history) unfolding before one’s eyes gradually yet emphatically increased its influence on the literary journal. The final chapter of the second part discusses the post-WWII relations between friends from the Skamander literary group Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz and Mieczysław Grydzewski, the latter being the editor of the London-based Wiadomości. The third part, the longest one, contains five studies of how five individual writers were censored, indicating the different extents of the censorship efforts and the reasons for specific interventions. In the case of Tadeusz Różewicz, I have traced the censorship reception and the public reception of his initial poetic collection Opadły liście z drzew. I applied a similar structure to the second chapter in this part, this time devoted to the novel Trampolina by Marek Nowakowski. In both cases I have focussed on a single original volume and reconstruct the story of its publication and reception. The third chapter is devised somewhat differently: we discuss censor reviews of subsequent collections of Teodor Parnicki’s prose in the context of his émigré biography, which was inconvenient for the governing party. The fourth chapter offers a chronological study of the interventions into the works by Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz, from minor “corrections” to the classicism programme due to his inspiration with Miłosz to more major ones, resulting from his particular use of the Romantic paradigm. The final chapter in this part is devoted to Czesław Miłosz. This time the focus is placed on the subsequent issues of the Tygodnik Powszechny, from its 1980 September issue, prior the Nobel Prize an-nouncement, to the July issue the following year, which contains the last ripples made by Miłosz’ visit in Poland. My selection of the studies was a result of, on the one hand, the fragmenta-tion of the GUKPPiW archives and, on the other, my intention to present interest-ing and sometimes surprising mechanisms of how censorship in Poland worked, mechanisms which become evident only when examined from up close.

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