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Publisher: Analitika – Centar za društvena istraživanja

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Recommendations for Public Procurement System in BiH Improvements
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Recommendations for Public Procurement System in BiH Improvements

Preporuke za unapređenje sistema javnih nabavki u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; system; recommendations for improvement;

Javne nabavke u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) čine značajan udio u ukupnoj budžetskoj potrošnji. U periodu od 2010. do 2014. godine, javne institucije na različitim nivoima vlasti potrošile su 15,5 milijardi KM za nabavku roba, usluga i radova. S obzirom na to da na taj način dolazi do transfera značajne sume novca iz javnog u privatni sektor, javne su nabavke izuzetno podložne korupciji i zloupotrebama. Bosna i Hercegovina u tom smislu ne predstavlja izuzetak. Prema istraživanju koje je 2014. godine proveo Centar za društvena istraživanja “Analitika”, 20% ispitanika od ukupno 511 navelo je da je od predstavnika njihove kompanije traženo ili očekivano da daju mito, poklon ili protuuslugu kako bi dobili posao u postupku javnih nabavki. Također, od ukupno 2.500 anketiranih predstavnika poslovnog sektora, 88,2% ispitanih smatra da je korupcija u obliku mita ili druge vrste zloupotrebe javnih ovlasti za ličnu korist prisutna u javnim nabavkama u BiH. Prema odgovorima većine ispitanika, kompanije su prisiljene učestvovati u koruptivnim radnjama kako bi opstale na tržištu, a za dobijanje poslova u javnim nabavkama potrebno je imati političke i lične veze.

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The Development of an E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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The Development of an E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Development of an E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Ivan Kutleša / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; e-procurement system; development;

The establishment of a single portal for e-procurement (www.ejn.gov.ba) in late 2014 is a good basis for the development of an efficient e-procurement system in BiH. However, so far, approximately one half of the functional modules needed for a completed system of electronic public procurement have been implemented, and important formal-legal preconditions, primarily bylaws from the Law on Electronic Signature and the Law on Public Procurement, are missing. Those bylaws would enable electronic submission and bid evaluation. All of this indicates the electronic procurement system is still in an early developmental phase. That is why it is crucial that all elements of an electronic public procurement system are established as soon as possible, because they can significantly contribute to the improvement of transparency, efficiency and cost-effectiveness in public procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Analysis of the E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Analysis of the E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Analysis of the E-Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Ivan Kutleša / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; E-procurement system; analysis;

Development of new technologies and growing access to the Internet created conditions for the transformation of the manner in which public government functions. That resulted in the implementation of electronic government (hereinafter: e-government), which is based on the utilisation of information-communication technologies for better and more efficient provision of public services. Used in a wider sense, the term e-government implies total reorganisation of management in the public sector in order to increase efficiency, transparency and citizens’ participation in decision-making, using the advantages of information-communication technologies. An important segment of development of e-government is the establishment of an electronic public procurement system, which is used as a tool for the improvement of the efficiency of the procurement process for goods, services and works, and for savings in the public sector. Electronic procurement (hereinafter: e-procurement) is the universal name for the application of electronic means of communication in public procurement procedures, as a substitute for procedures that are based on paper documents. More concretely, e-procurement implies the introduction of electronic processes as support for different phases of the procurement process, and they are comprised of following modules: l e-notification, which implies notifications on procurements, l e-tendering, which implies publication and takeover of tender documentation, submission and evaluation of bids and documentation, e-awarding, which incorporates contract awarding or ordering, invoicing and payment. Along with the modules, e-procurement is complemented with different mechanisms and tools. One of them is the e-catalogue, which implies an electronic form of the bid for certain types of procedures. E-auction is a mechanism used for completing the procedure of e-procurement (an open, limited, negotiation procedure with publication of procurement notification and competitive request for bid submission). E-procurement is not just an important segment of e-government reform within the European Union, but its development and level of compliance are also subject to monitoring and evaluation report on the progress of the transition of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) towards membership in the EU. In the BiH Progress Report for 2015, it is emphasised that the information system for e-procurement was put into function in late 2014 but that it is still in the very early stages of development. This early phase implies that conditions for application of e-notification are realised, since notifications on procurement referred to in Article 35 of the Law on Public Procurement are published on a single portal for public procurement (www.ejn.gov.ba/), and also that a basis for development of e-tendering was created in a manner that electronic access to tender documentation is enabled for certain procurements. However, there still remains a lot to be implemented in order for BiH to have a fully functional system of e-procurement. Starting from the above, the main purpose of the paper is to give a systematic analysis of the current level of development of electronic public procurement in BiH. The aim of the study is to provide an answer to the questions, what challenges are there in the development of e-procurement in BiH and what improvement is possible in this field so the system of e-procurement will completely take hold. Finally, the objective of the analysis is to offer a detailed overview of the key aspects of the e-procurement system and thus create a basis for progress monitoring in the sector and define clear guidelines for improving the functionality of the e-procurement system in BiH. In order to provide answers to research questions and make an assessment of the level of development of the e-procurement system in BiH, this report relies on analytical categories and standards for assessment of e-procurement development from the study “e-Procurement, Golden Book of Good Practice”, which, among other things, defines a series of parameters for public procurement system assessment and points out numerous good practices in European Union Member States. In this context, the structure of the paper will consist of an overview of the situation of e-procurement in the European Union, with presentation of legal sources, the current state of development and challenges faced by the European Union in this area. After that, the paper will present a development path for e-procurement and the current legal and institutional framework in BiH. Later on, the study analyzes the degree to which the e-procurement system corresponds to the principles and standards of good practice identified in “e-Procurement: The Golden Book of Good Practice”. After comparison, the study yields conclusions and recommendations for further development of e-procurement in BiH.

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Towards Greater Transparency of Public Procurement Contracts in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Towards Greater Transparency of Public Procurement Contracts in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Towards Greater Transparency of Public Procurement Contracts in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Stanka Pejaković / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; contracts; transparency; legislation;

The question of publishing public procurement contracts in BiH is partly aligned with the requirements of the public procurement directives, but there are still some normative shortcomings, especially when it comes to completeness and functionality. This brief analyses the provisions of the Law on Public Procurement which regulate the publishing of public procurement contracts in BiH, and detects problems which undercut the principle of transparency. The main findings unambiguously indicate that thorough legislative reform is needed, and to that end the brief offers specific suggestions aimed at improving some of the legal solutions.

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When can Disparate Treatment be Justified? Exceptions to the Principle of Equal Treatment in the Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the light of Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Rights of the European Union
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When can Disparate Treatment be Justified? Exceptions to the Principle of Equal Treatment in the Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the light of Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Rights of the European Union

Kada se različito postupanje može opravdati? Izuzeci od principa jednakog postupanja u pravu Bosne i Hercegovine u svjetlu jurisprudencije Evropskog suda za ljudska prava i prava Evropske unije

Author(s): Vanja Kovač / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; law; disparate treatment; justification; EU legislation; ECHR;

Donošenjem Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije 2009. godine, Bosna i Hercegovina je napravila značajan iskorak u zaštiti ljudskih prava. Ovaj je zakon, najvećim dijelom prateći relevantne direktive Evropske unije, definirao standarde u oblasti zaštite od diskriminacije i predstavlja jedan od značajnijih uspjeha politike uslovljavanja Evropske unije. Pored činjenice da je diskriminacija u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) zabranjena Ustavom, kao i nekim drugim aktima, Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije, kao značajnu novinu, uveo je definicije svih oblika diskriminacije, te osigurao vrlo važne proceduralne mehanizme zaštite. Istovremeno, imajući u vidu da se član 14. Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama, kao i Protokol broj 12 uz Konvenciju, koji predviđa opću zabranu diskriminacije, prema slovu Ustava BiH primjenjuju direktno i prioritetno u BiH, to bi i u primjeni ovog zakona praksa Evropskog suda za ljudska prava trebala biti jedna od osnovnih vodilja. U skladu sa Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije, diskriminacijom se smatra svako “različito postupanje, uključujući svako isključivanje, ograničavanje ili davanje prednosti utemeljeno na stvarnim ili pretpostavljenim osnovama prema bilo kojem licu ili grupi lica na osnovu njihove rase, boje kože, jezika, vjere, etničke pripadnosti, nacionalnog ili socijalnog porijekla, veze s nacionalnom manjinom, političkog ili drugog uvjerenja, imovnog stanja, članstva u sindikatu ili drugom udruženju, obrazovanja, društvenog položaja i pola, polnog izražavanja ili orijentacije, kao i svakoj drugoj okolnosti koja ima za svrhu ili posljedicu da bilo kojem licu onemogući ili ugrožava priznavanje, uživanje ili ostvarivanje na ravnopravnoj osnovi prava i sloboda u svim oblastima javnog života”. Međutim, ne predstavlja svako različito postupanje diskriminaciju. Zaista, ukoliko ne bi postojala mogućnost opravdanja različitog tretmana u ovom kontekstu, dešavale bi se apsurdne situacije. Tako je, npr., općeprihvaćeno da je za obavljanje određenih poslova potrebna odgovarajuća stručna sprema ili odgovarajuće vještine, te bi malo ko različito postupanje prema osobama koje nemaju takve kvalifikacije smatrao diskriminacijom. Isto se odnosi na uslove za zaključivanje braka ili uslove za stupanje u neke ugovorne odnose za maloljetnike, odnosno osobe mlađe od 15 godina, utvrđivanje prava iz oblasti zaštite majke i materinstva i druge. Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije definirao je pod kojim se uslovima različito postupanje neće smatrati diskriminacijom. U članu 5. Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije utvrđeni su opći uslovi za opravdanje različitog postupanja, kao i lista konkretnih izuzetaka od zahtjeva jednakog tretmana. Stoga bi u razmatranju svakog pojedinačnog predmeta, Institucija ombudsmana za ljudska prava BiH, sudije ili voditelji upravnog postupka morali utvrditi postojanje elemenata različitog tretmana, a potom i to da li bi takvo različito postupanje moglo biti opravdano u skladu sa članom 5. Zakona. Naš je zakonodavac odlučio utvrditi listu konkretnih izuzetaka koji ipak trebaju zadovoljiti dodatne uslove na strani legitimnosti cilja i proporcionalnosti primijenjenih mjera u odnosu na cilj koji se njima nastoji realizirati. Na ovaj je način Zakon ostavio široko polje diskrecione ocjene prilikom definiranja dodatnih elemenata opravdanja različitog tretmana. S pravom se, međutim, postavlja pitanje u kojoj će mjeri donosioci odluka u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije imati potrebna znanja, odnosno relevantne informacije o pravilnoj primjeni člana 5. Zakona. Naime, koliko god da je ponekad izazov razumjeti sve pojavne oblike diskriminacije i utvrđivati postojanje njenih Zakonom utvrđenih elemenata, toliko je, ako ne i više, komplicirano razumjeti granice mogućeg opravdanja različitog postupanja. U tom kontekstu, osnovni je cilj ove analize ukazati na ključne pristupe razumijevanja izuzetaka od jednakog tretmana, odnosno opravdanja različitog postupanja u skladu sa dva, za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, značajna izvora prava: Evropskom konvencijom o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama i relevantnim direktivama Evropske unije. Analiza će prezentirati neke od izazova sa kojima su se susretali Evropski sud za ljudska prava i Evropski sud pravde u pokušaju da utvrde granice različitog postupanja u svojoj jurisprudenciji. Konačno, sugerirat će se i mogući izazovi u BiH u primjeni člana 5. Zakona, te će se ponuditi prijedlozi za daljnje djelovanje bazirani na naučenim lekcijama iz prakse dva evropska suda.

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Towards a More Transparent Public Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina via Publishing of Contracts A Legal Framework Analysis
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Towards a More Transparent Public Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina via Publishing of Contracts A Legal Framework Analysis

Towards a More Transparent Public Procurement System in Bosnia and Herzegovina via Publishing of Contracts A Legal Framework Analysis

Author(s): Stanka Pejaković / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; system; contracts; legal framework; analysis;

Public procurement contracts result from the need to use budget funds efficiently and to bolster free market competition. They are an instrument of the realisation of public procurement. Concluding a public procurement contract marks the beginning of a new stage of public procurement realisation (post-tender stage), in which abuses that adversely affect the efficiency of the public procurement system may appear, like in any other stage. That is to say, adverse economic impacts, such as corruption, nepotism or favouritism, are not necessarily connected with the pre-contract stage, they can also appear in the post-tender stage. Such abuses should be prevented by appropriate legal norms. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), public procurement contracting is regulated by the Law on Public Procurement (hereinafter: LPP), which regulates public procurement implementation procedures. However, it does not regulate public procurement contracts fully, thus many issues related to the conclusion and execution of contracts remain out of regulatory reach. For this reason, relevant provisions of the Law on Obligations are applied to public procurement contracts as subsidiary law. As a result, we see the problem of application of the disposition principle, as one of the fundamental principles of civil law, that is, the autonomy of the will of the parties in concluding and executing the public procurement contract, the application of which principle in public procurement processes should be limited by imperative legal provisions. The publishing of public procurement contracts is one of the questions which should not be left to the discretion of the parties but rather regulated by imperative provisions of the LPP. Although provisions on the publishing of the public procurement contract have been included in the LPP, these provisions are neither sufficiently clear and precise, nor sufficiently harmonised with the existing European standards. Such regulation brings into question the proper implementation of the transparency principle, as one of the basic principles of public procurement. Previous research in this field also indicates that the transparency of public procurement contracts is a sore spot in the public procurement system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using the facts outlined above as a point of departure, this study sets out to analyse thoroughly the question of the publishing of public procurement contracts with a view to strengthening the transparency principle, which does not figure very significantly in the valid legislation in BiH. The study is primarily based on the analysis of primary and secondary legislation which regulates the publishing of concluded public procurement contracts, as well as the publishing of changes to such contracts. At the same time it examines the issue of limiting the transparency principle by invoking the principle of trade secret protection. It analyses the provisions of the LPP which are regulated by imperative norms on account of their specific nature, but also the relation of these norms to the civil law norms grounded in the general regulation, i.e. the LO. Despite the tendency to see public procurement contracts through the lens of civil law contracts, the nature of the specific contractual relations inherent in the public procurement contract dictates a somewhat different approach to the execution of the public procurement contract, and a completely different approach to the publishing of the public procurement contract. Relevant European Union (EU) legal standards are also discussed herein, as well as examples of best practices from member states. The study goes on to give an overview of the main debates in the field, focusing on the wider significance of ensuring transparency of public procurement contracts, keeping in mind at all times the instrumental nature of this principle. In the part devoted to the publishing of public procurement contracts, it overviews international standards focusing on relevant EU regulations, as well as on a comparison of experiences of member states which stand out as examples of good practices, especially countries from the region (Croatia and Slovenia) which have joined the EU. The study analyses the legal framework which regulates the publishing of public procurement contracts and the changes to such contracts in BiH, with a view to highlighting the key aspects – the positive sides of these contracts and their lack of transparency. It also discusses possible restrictions to the application of the transparency principle to the protection of confidential information of entrepreneurs – economic operators engaged in public procurement processes. The conclusion sums up the results of the analysis, and goes on to offer suggestions for the improvement of the existing normative framework to the publishing of the public procurement contract and the changes to it in the course of its execution.

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Commentary on the Draft of Human Rights Ombudsman Law
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Commentary on the Draft of Human Rights Ombudsman Law

Komentari na Prijedlog zakona o ombudsmanu za ljudska prava BiH

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; human rights; Ombudsman Law; draft; commentary;

Aktuelne aktivnosti na donošenju novog Zakona o Instituciji ombudsmana za ljudska prava BiH nužan su i dobrodošao korak u pravom smjeru – jačanja statusa i nezavisnosti Institucije. Tekst Prijedloga, koji je formuliralo Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice BiH, predviđa značajna unapređenja, ali otvara i brojna pitanja te ostavlja mnogo razloga za zabrinutost. Tekst u ovoj formi i sa ovakvim rješenjima umnogome ignorira preporuke relevantnih međunarodnih tijela (naročito Međunarodnog koordinacijskoga komiteta državnih institucija za promoviranje i zaštitu ljudskih prava – ICC-a – i Venecijanske komisije), vodi slabljenju Institucije i neadekvatnom odgovoru na izazove vršenja njenih sve brojnijih nadležnosti, te gotovo izvjesnom gubitku “A” statusa prema međunarodnoj klasifikaciji državnih institucija za zaštitu ljudskih prava, koji imaju sve takve institucije koje u potpunosti djeluju u skladu sa međunarodnim standardima u ovoj oblasti.

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Open Public Data in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Idea to Realization
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Open Public Data in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Idea to Realization

Otvoreni javni podaci u Bosni i Hercegovini: Od ideje od realizacije

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; public data; availability; transparency;

U Bosni i Hercegovini ne postoje politike kojima se regulira pitanje proaktivne transparentnosti i otvorenih podataka, kao ni pitanje njihove ponovne upotrebe u komercijalne i nekomercijalne svrhe. Nadležnosti za izradu politika, tehničku podršku inicijativama otvorenih podataka te za pravnu zaštitu u ovom domenu nisu jasno definirane. Također, nedostaju portali otvorenih podataka koji bi korisnicima olakšali pristup javnim podacima. Stoga, ovaj policy brief sadrži niz preporuka o tome kako unaprijediti politike i prakse u domenu otvaranja javnih podataka u BiH.

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Open Data Guide for Public Institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Open Data Guide for Public Institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vodič za otvaranje javnih podataka u javnim institucijama u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Tomislav Vračić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; public institutions; open data; guide;

Javne institucije posjeduju velike količine podataka koji se u današnje vrijeme sveopće informatičke revolucije smatraju novim gorivom za stvaranje ekonomskoga rasta i novoga zapošljavanja. Iz tog razloga za takvim podacima vlada veliki interes od strane: privatnog sektora (posebno manjih i inovativnih poduzeća koja mogu brzo stvoriti nove usluge i proizvode na tržištu te otvoriti nova radna mjesta); donatora, zaklada, međunarodnih organizacija i organizacija civilnoga društva (njihov je interes praćenje rada javnih institucija i uporaba podataka za javno dobro); akademske i istraživačke zajednice (interes vide u povećanju kvalitete istraživanja u cilju postizanja boljih znanstvenih rezultata); medija (u interesu im je analiza i obrada podataka radi povećanja broja gledatelja, slušatelja, čitatelja...) te pojedinaca (npr., u interesu civilnih hakera je razvoj aplikacija i vizualizacija podataka). Pritom je nužno da javne institucije prepoznaju svoju vrlo važnu ulogu proizvođača podataka te da postanu aktivan sudionik u ovom procesu i omoguće stvaranje svih očekivanih društvenih i gospodarskih koristi. Stoga bi ovaj dokument trebao poslužiti kao vodič za one javne institucije u Bosni i Hercegovini koje dosad nisu imale nikakvu praksu u području otvorenih javnih podataka kao i za one institucije koje su već dosad imale praksu objave otvorenih javnih podataka. Cilj je da institucije uz pomoć ovoga dokumenta mogu usporediti svoje dosadašnje aktivnosti u objavi otvorenih javnih podataka te da posljedično omoguće ostvarenje društvenih i gospodarskih koristi u Bosni i Hercegovini koji proizlaze iz korištenja otvorenih javnih podataka. Dokument je strukturiran na sljedeći način: u Poglavlju 2 govorimo o definiciji pojma otvoreni javni podatak te o društvenim i gospodarskim koristima koje stvaraju otvoreni javni podaci. U Poglavlju 3 govorimo o trenutačnom regulatornom i političkom okviru Europske unije u usporedbi s Bosnom i Hercegovinom. U Poglavlju 4 govorimo o prijedlogu aktivnosti implementacije koje bi bilo potrebno napraviti u Bosni i Hercegovini u cilju provedbe inicijative otvorenih podataka s naglaskom na aktivnosti koje bi trebale provesti same javne institucije te konačno u Poglavlju 5 govorimo o aktivostima koje trebaju uslijediti nakon objave podataka, u vidu promocije, suradnje s dionicima te mjerenja uspješnosti u procesu objave otvorenih javnih podataka.

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Strategic Litigation as a Tool Against Discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Theory and Practice
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Strategic Litigation as a Tool Against Discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Theory and Practice

Strateško parničenje u borbi protiv diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini: Teorija i praksa

Author(s): Aleksandra Ivanković / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; strategic litigation; discrimination; theory; practice; courts;

Pored toga što predstavlja povredu principa jednakosti i dostojanstva svih ljudi, diskriminacija predstavlja i prepreku razvoju otvorenog, inkluzivnog društva, koje omogućava svim pojedincima da ostvare svoje potencijale. Diskriminacija zaista košta. Ukidanjem rasne diskriminacije, na primjer, u Sjedinjenim Državama mogao bi se ostvariti rast BDP-a za 20%. Rodna diskriminacija i neuravnoteženo učešće žena u ekonomiji uzrokuje gubitke prihoda od 10% u Evropi, i čak 27% na Bliskom istoku. Dakle, nije teško dokazati da se diskriminacija zaista ne isplati. Ipak, i dalje je sveprisutna u svakodnevnom životu. I ma kako da je svijest o pogrešnosti diskriminacije raširena i razvijena, malo je alata koje možemo da koristimo u nastojanju da je iskorijenimo. Mogu se organizovati kampanje, edukacije, razmjene iskustava, različiti oblici zagovaranja i podizanja svijesti. Ali rijetka su sredstva koja mogu da daju opipljive rezultate i da obezbijede konkretnu zaštitu. Kao jedan od tih konkretnih alata u borbi protiv diskriminacije, strateško parničenje je u posljednjih nekoliko godina dobilo na popularnosti i u Bosni i Hercegovini, barem na nivou stručnih rasprava. Ako shvatimo strategiju kao plan djelovanja koji vodi do ostvarenja nekog dugoročnog cilja, a parničenje u širem smislu kao pokretanje bilo kojeg zakonom ili međunarodnim aktom predviđenog postupka, onda strateško parničenje kao pristup predstavlja primjenu induktivnog metoda u ostvarenju društvene promjene. Naime, u iniciranju promjene od pojedinačnog ka opštem, jedan predmet će, pažljivim biranjem klijenta, argumenata i organa pred kojima će se postupak voditi, u dugoročnom periodu dovesti do željene transformacije u društvu. Shvaćeno kao legitimno sredstvo za postizanje legitimnih ciljeva, strateško parničenje se razvilo u anglosaksonskoj pravnoj tradiciji kao odgovor na velike izazove društva 20-og vijeka: diskriminaciju i zaštitu životne sredine. I mada je u anglosaksonskoj pravnoj tradiciji, u kojoj je presuda sama po sebi izvor prava, lakše bilo postići da se standardi iz jedne presude uvedu u pravni poredak kao pravilo koje valja primijeniti u svim sljedećim sličnim slučajevima, sama ideja je prenesena u kontinentalnu Evropu sa dosta uspjeha. Ne treba ići daleko da bi se identifikovali predmeti strateške litigacije u kontinentalnoj tradiciji. U mnogim evropskim zemljama, poput, na primjer, Njemačke, brojne su presude u kojima se utvrđuje diskriminacija nad ženama ili etničkim manjinama. Kod prve grupe obično se radi o pravima iz radnog odnosa, a kod druge o oblasti stanovanja. Praksa Evropskog suda za ljudska prava obiluje strateškim predmetima kojima se potvrđuju prava lica sa invaliditetom, žena, nacionalnih manjina. Vrlo svjež primjer strateške litigacije je i presuda koja je potvrdila da i u Hrvatskoj, koja je nejednakost istopolnih partnera referendumom uvela u Ustav, istopolni partneri, premda nemaju pravo na brak, imaju pravo na porodični život. Ovom uspjehu je prilično doprinijela i činjenica da je Evropski sud za ljudska prava, kao vrhovni autoritet u tumačenju evropskih ljudskih prava, začet na načelima precedenta i da, bar u teoriji, presuda donesena u jednom predmetu protiv bilo koje od 47 članica, ima da se, mutatis mutandis, prenese i primijeni u svih preostalih 46 država. Naravno, za stranke koje su uključene u postupak, svaka je parnica strateška. Ipak, sama gola suma strategije i parnice ne čini parničenje strateškim. Neophodno je u računicu dodati i elemenat opšteg dobra, odnosno zajedničkog cilja kojem teži određena društvena snaga. Tako shvaćena strateška parnica je donijela značajne uspjehe u posljednjih nekoliko decenija. Presudom u predmetu Brown protiv Odbora obrazovanja, ukinuta je rasna segregacija u američkim školama, Erin Brockowich je zaustavila zagađenje vode u Hinkleyu, a u Bugarskoj je pokrenuta promjena pravnog sistema starateljstva i lišenja poslovne sposobnosti kao posljedica presude Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetu Stanev protiv Bugarske. Ipak, čini se da su prepreke za uspjeh strateškog parničenja brojne, a nevjerne Tome će reći čak i nepremostive. Što je veće društveno zlo protiv kojeg se borimo, na primjer podređenost žena u društvu, biće potreban veći društveni pokret da ga iskorijeni. A kako je zlo protiv kojeg je borba usmjerena toliko ukorijenjeno, mnogima postaje nevidljivo i “normalizovano”, te borba protiv njega za mnoge postaje ne samo nepotrebna, nego i opasna po postojeće vrijednosti. Druga prepreka je u lingvističkim ograničenjima. Naime, i kad parničenje dovede do naoko dobrog rezultata, često je na drugima da tumače izreku suda. A ti drugi su skloni da tumačenjem rezultat razvodne do beskorisnosti. U skladu s tim, postavlja se pitanje da li je entuzijazam s kojim se u Bosni i Hercegovini prišlo strateškom parničenju opravdan.

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Intersecting Inequalities in Social Protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Intersecting Inequalities in Social Protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Intersecting Inequalities in Social Protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Tea Hadžiristić,Aida Malkić / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; social protection; inequalities; social welfare; minorities; administration;

Recently ranked as the fifth poorest country in Europe by the World Bank, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) faces a number of serious socio-economic challenges. According to World Bank estimates, 17.9% of BiH’s population lived below the critical poverty line in 2011. In 2014 the unemployment rate was 27.5%, among the highest in Europe. The gender gap in employment is substantial, with women making up only 37.1% of those employed in 2014. Youth unemployment (ages 15-24) was the highest in Europe and recorded at a rate of 62.7% in 2014. Educational attainment of the working population is low, with 10.1% having completed higher, 48.7% secondary, and 41.2% primary education or lower in 2014. Compounding this poor socio-economic situation, the social protection system in BiH fails to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged among its citizens. Though the country spends 4% of its GDP on the social protection system – a comparatively high amount – only 17% of that funding goes to the population most in need. Estimates indicate that 72% of social benefits ‘leak’ to persons in far better socioeconomic positions, particularity due to the extraordinarily high level of war veteran benefits. While a large number of people in BiH became unemployed in recent years as a result of deindustrialization, failed privatization measures, and other economic turbulence related to transition to a market economy and postwar reconstruction, social protection has become less effective in responding to the needs of a growing number of social welfare beneficiaries. The current social protection system is marked by a number of deficiencies in both of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s entities (Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska) and Brčko District. One of the key problems in the country is inadequate distribution of the available benefits. Numerous studies suggest that adequate protection is lacking for the most vulnerable users and that the allocation of available resources is disproportionate. Most social work centers are overburdened and have inadequate capacities. This is an especially significant problem given that these institutions collect applications, apply the defined criteria, and decide on the allocation of funds in each specific case. Another problem is a lack of campaigns aimed at informing users on their rights by social work centers and other actors in the field. According to a study based on focus groups with beneficiaries of social assistance, they were not aware of their rights under the current system, which is associated with a lack of information provided by the centers for social work. Overly complicated legislation is an additional component which perpetuates the poor condition of the social protection system in the state. Both entities and the district have different laws in force, whereas competences in each entity are further devolved to local levels (cantons and municipalities in FBiH), leading to wide variations in service provision. In FBiH, the main laws regulating social protection are the Law on the Protection of Civilian War Victims, the Law on Protection of Families with Children, the Family Law, and the Framework Law on Social Protection. The latter establishes a minimum level of social support, leaving it to the cantons to adopt specific cantonal laws, which results in significantly different amounts of social assistance benefits in different cantons). In Republika Srpska, as well as in Brčko District, the main laws in the field are the Law on Social Protection, the Law on the Protection of Children, and the Family Law. For one to enter the social protection system(s) in BiH and exercise the right to social assistance one must be assessed as unable to work or have no other sources of income. The system is means-tested and consists of a series of noncontributory rights available to individuals or families. Available contributions include social assistance for the poor and disability benefits and cover various categories of users such as the poor (those receiving permanent social assistance), persons with non-war related disabilities, and civilian war victims. Supervision is performed by the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy in the FBiH, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection in the RS, and the Department for Health and Other Services in Brčko District, while social work centers perform key operational activities in both entities and Brčko District. In recent years, social protection has been on the government agenda in the context of austerity measures and rationalization of public spending, but a serious discussion on what sort of social welfare model BiH needs has yet to take place. Such a discussion seems more relevant than ever, especially as future reforms are targeted at tightening eligibility rules for social assistance based on need, without an emphasis on the development of important social services or other means of securing decent lives for a number of categories of current and future beneficiaries.

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Social Assistance System in BiH: The Neglected Potential of Active Social Policies
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Social Assistance System in BiH: The Neglected Potential of Active Social Policies

Social Assistance System in BiH: The Neglected Potential of Active Social Policies

Author(s): Amar Numanović / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; social system; potential of active social policy; labour market; EU trends;

The problem of insufficient coordination and integration of social policies with labor market policies, i.e. the insufficiently developed activation component of social measures, is what is largely neglected in present discussions on the disadvantages and the possible social protection system reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to present the existing European Union policies and trends in the field of social policies, remaining specifically focused on the dimension of the activation of these policies, and to analyze the existing state and institutional framework of BiH in this context. Several recommendations are given with the goal of advancing the existing social protection system in the direction of creating a basis for the realization of its inclusive functions and the implementation of active social policies.

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The Tax Wedge in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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The Tax Wedge in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Poreski klin u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; tax: tax wedge: labour relations; comparison to other states;

Poreski klin u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), prema ocjeni međunarodnih finansijskih institucija, EU i dijela stručne javnosti, prekomjerno je visok, što se, prema njihovom mišljenju, negativno odražava na potražnju za radnom snagom, guši privredni rast i pospješuje rast neformalnog tržišta rada.

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Employment Policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Employment Policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Politike zapošljavanja u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; labour relations; employment; policies;

Politike zapošljavanja u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) često se ocjenjuju kao neefikasne, neadekvatne i neusklađene sa aktuelnim međunarodnim standardima. Neki od ključnih nedostataka postojećih politika i prakse zapošljavanja u BiH su niska kapacitiranost i organizacijska neefikasnost službi za zapošljavanje, niska i loše prioritizirana potrošnja na politike zapošljavanja te nizak kvalitet, opseg i obuhvat mjerama zapošljavanja.

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Survey Results: The Trend of Citizens’ Distrust in Political Parties and Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Continues
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Survey Results: The Trend of Citizens’ Distrust in Political Parties and Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Continues

Survey Results: The Trend of Citizens’ Distrust in Political Parties and Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Continues

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; political parties; institution; citizens; distrust;

Similar to the research results from the years 2013 and 2014, the trend of citizens’ distrust in government institutions and political parties continues in the year 2015. As the results from the year 2015 (presented in chart 1) show, it is noticeable that several institutions stand out regarding the level of citizens’ distrust in them. Political parties are the most distrusted by most of the citizens: in 2015, 62.3% of citizens specified that they do not trust the political parties at all, while combined with the “I do not have much trust” attitude (14.9%), the total number of those distrusting the political parties amounts to 77.2%. The category encompasses a variety of other institutions towards which more than 50% of those surveyed have no trust at all: cantonal parliament (51%), cantonal government (52.2%), state government (52.8%), entity government (51.5%), state parliament (50.3%) and entity parliament (49.6%).

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Flexible Labor in an Inflexible Environment - Reforms of Labor Market Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in a Comparative Perspective
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Flexible Labor in an Inflexible Environment - Reforms of Labor Market Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in a Comparative Perspective

Flexible Labor in an Inflexible Environment - Reforms of Labor Market Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in a Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Amar Numanović,Mirna Jusić / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; labour market; institutions; reforms; flexible labour;

The labor market in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) faces serious problems: in 2014, the employment rate was at a very low 31.7%, and the unemployment rate for persons 15 and above was as high as 27.5%. Wartime destruction of industrial infrastructure, loss of business networks due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia, inadequate adaptation to the new business and technological environment, as well as unsuccessful privatization processes in the post-war transition period are some of the factors that have negatively impacted both the creation of new and the maintenance of existing jobs. The consequences of this state of affairs include a low labor force participation and high structural unemployment, migration of the working age cohort to other countries, the unresolved status of workers “lost in transition,” as well as social insecurity and a high poverty rate. Although there is consensus in BiH that the status quo is unsustainable, labor market reforms to date have been slow and partial, lacking a clear vision of the labor market model to be pursued. Recently, labor market reforms have found their way onto the agenda of decision-makers, primarily due to the obligations BiH undertook towards the International Monetary Fund (IMF) within the standby arrangement, as well as commitments under the “Reform Agenda,” which is “closely aligned with the aims of the EU’s new approach to economic governance in the Western Balkans.” The Agenda has been adopted by entity and state-level governments in the context of acquiring candidate status for membership in the European Union (EU). Reform proposals in this area have also been articulated within the “Compact for Growth and Jobs” (CGJ) initiative of the European Delegation to BiH, as well as the BiH Council of Ministers’ National Economic Reform Programme (NERP) for BiH for 2015. To encourage employment and creation of new jobs, reform proposals primarily focus on increasing the flexibility of working conditions by improving the labor law and changing collective agreements , but also by reducing the tax burden on labor. The proposed reforms are primarily concerned with increasing labor market flexibility, but to a lesser extent pertain to issues of protecting workers and their income security in the event of unemployment, and are only marginally concerned with the issue of employability (e.g. through lifelong learning, active employment measures, etc.), even though these are important aspects of the “flexicurity” policy in the European Union. In other words, the current discourse on policy change in the field largely disregards important elements of the labor market. This begs the question to what extent reform proposals have taken into account the existing institutional environment of the BiH labor market and how the flexibility of working conditions, as the key aspect of reforms, would affect labor market performance in interaction with the institutional environment. Concerning the above, this study rests on the assumption that different reform options should be considered in their wider institutional context. This would mean focusing not only on the impact of labor legislation on labor market performance, but also on the impact that institutions, such as collective bargaining mechanisms, policies, programs and the institutional framework for employment, social insurance policies, minimum wage, labor taxation and making work pay policies, as well as existing configurations of institutions, have on labor market performance. Based on insights into policies and practices in the labor market realm in other European countries, particularly the European Union, this study aims to contribute to an understanding of available reform needs and options, and their possible implications for BiH. In order to assess the state of the labor market and the reform path in BiH, the analysis is situated within a wider conceptual framework that defines the basic terminology, indicates important elements of the labor market and provides an overview of the main discussions and their implications for public policies in this field. A more detailed analysis is performed with respect to employment protection legislation, labor cost and taxation, collective bargaining mechanisms, and employment policies. Comparative experiences from other European countries are taken into account in order to consider possible reform paths, but also to understand the impact of different institutional and other contextual factors on labor market performance. European countries are used as points of comparison, not just because of their similar institutional environments and the European perspective of BiH, but also because current reform proposals heavily rely on EU standards and practices in this domain. In terms of methodology, this is a comparative study that combines multiple methods of data gathering: a review of secondary literature and available statistical indicators, an analysis of the institutional and legal framework in BiH and EU countries, and semi-structured interviews with representatives of organizations and institutions in BiH involved in different aspects of the BiH labor market or in labor market reforms. Given that this research is limited by the dearth of important statistical indicators about the BiH labor market, and also given the fact that it was conducted for the purposes of a study that aims to inform an expert debate in the context of public policy making in this domain in BiH, it is important to note that it does not aim to explain the impact of various contextual factors on the performance of the labor market in BiH. Such analyses would certainly be useful for a better understanding of the BiH labor market, but they fall outside the scope of this study. An overview of conceptual debates in the domain of the labor market and its institutions is given below. This is followed by an overview of BiH labor market dynamics and trends, various BiH labor market institutions in comparative perspective, and concluding remarks.

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The Specifics of Proving Mobbing in Civil Proceedings
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The Specifics of Proving Mobbing in Civil Proceedings

Specifičnosti dokazivanja mobinga u parničnom postupku

Author(s): Mario Reljanović / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; mobbing; court; civil proceedings; specifics;

Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije Bosne i Hercegovine mobing je prepoznat kao vrsta diskriminacije. Član 4. stav 3. ovog Zakona definiše mobing kao jedan od ostalih oblika diskriminisanja, i to kao “oblik nefizičkog uznemiravanja na radnom mjestu koji podrazumijeva ponavljanje radnji koje imaju ponižavajući efekat na žrtvu čija je svrha ili posljedica degradacija radnih uslova ili profesionalnog statusa zaposlenog”. Ovakvo određenje mobinga određuje i specifične mehanizme pravne zaštite kojima se žrtva mobinga može zaštititi. Jedan od njih jeste i pokretanje parnice povodom diskriminisanja. Ova parnica se vodi prema opštim pravilima parničnog postupka, na način uređen zakonima o parničnom postupku Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srpske, ali postoje i specifična rješenja koja su usvojena imajući u vidu karakterističan procesni položaj žrtve diskriminacije ili mobinga. Otuda se opšta pravila koriguju posebnim odredbama iz Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije. Neke od najvažnijih razlika odnose se na postupak dokazivanja diskriminatorskog, odnosno moberskog ponašanja tuženog. Prva specifičnost dokazivanja u postupcima povodom mobinga ogleda se u prebacivanju tereta dokazivanja na tuženog. Druga specifičnost predstavlja mogućnost korišćenja posebnih dokaznih sredstava, u zavisnosti od radnje mobinga.

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Open Government Guide – "Open Government Data" and "Records Management"
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Open Government Guide – "Open Government Data" and "Records Management"

Vodič za otvorenu vlast - Otvoreni javni podaci, upravljanje zapisima

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: open government; guide; open data; data access; records management;

Ideja otvorenih podataka je sadržana u tome da podaci budu besplatno dostupni svima, za korištenje i ponovno objavljivanje bez ograničenja u vezi sa autorskim pravima, patentima ili drugim mehanizmima kontrole. Kada se informacije javnog sektora stave na raspolaganje javnosti kao otvoreni podaci, onda se oni nazivaju otvoreni javni podaci. Vlade i njihovi ugovarači prikupljaju ogromnu količinu kvalitetnih podataka u okviru svojih redovnih radnih aktivnosti. Rezultat toga je da država uglavnom uspostavi snažan monopol nad tim podacima tako da može strukturirati i homogenizirati interakciju između sebe i svojih građana. Ove su jednostrane interakcije skupe, ne odgovaraju na potrebe građana, a mogu i nepotrebno ograničiti aktivnosti vlade. Otvaranje javnih podataka uključuje politike i tehnička pitanja. Ako vlada učini podatke otvorenim, to može imati potencijalno velike koristi, uključujući: Transparentnost: U demokratskom društvu koje dobro funkcionira, građani trebaju znati šta njihova vlada radi. Zato moraju imati slobodan pristup javnim podacima i informacijama, analizirati ih i dijeliti s drugim građanima. Efikasnost: Omogućavanje bolje koordinacije i efikasnosti unutar vlade, lakšim pristupom podacima, analizama i objedinjavanjem podataka iz različitih ministarstava i agencija. Inovacija: U digitalno doba, podaci su ključni resurs za društvene i poslovne aktivnosti. Sve, od autobuskog prijevoza do ljekarskog pregleda, zavisi od pristupa informacijama, od kojih mnoge kreira ili posjeduje država. Otvaranjem podataka, vlada može doprinijeti razvoju inovativnog poslovanja i usluga koje imaju društvenu i komercijalnu vrijednost. Mnogi zakoni o javnim registrima i politike koje reguliraju pravo na informacije se tradicionalno oslanjaju na reaktivno objavljivanje, što znači da se javna informacija mora zatražiti prije nego što se stavi na raspolaganje, vlada koja je u potpunosti posvećena otvaranju podataka bira proaktivno objavljivanje informacija, a to znači da se javni podaci objavljuju odmah nakon prikupljanja i prije dostavljanja zahtjeva. Drugim riječima, vizija otvorenih podataka jest da informacije u posjedu vlade budu automatski otvorene. Otvaranje podataka ima brojne tehničke implikacije, posebno kada su u pitanju određeni formati koji se biraju za objavljivanje podataka. Otvoreni formati su strukturirani, nisu pod zaštitom i omogućavaju javnosti i vladi da maksimalno iskoriste podatke, sada i u budućnosti. Vlade širom svijeta navode razne razloge za pokretanje inicijative za otvaranje podataka, uključujući i povećanje transparentnosti i odgovornosti vlade, ubrzavanje stvaranja novih digitalnih usluga i aplikacija za građane, oslobađanje punog ekonomskog potencijala javnih informacija, te razvijanje usluga vlade za potrebe koje se očekuju u budućnosti. Iako je ovo interesovanje najviših nivoa vlasti novo, ima mnogo profesija i zajednica koje su uključene u dijalog, politiku i razvoj u ovom pogledu, uključujući vladine dužnosnike, novinare, programere, reformatore u oblasti transparentnosti, zagovarače i zainteresirane građane.

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Right to Information in BiH: Towards Effective Institutional Design
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Right to Information in BiH: Towards Effective Institutional Design

Right to Information in BiH: Towards Effective Institutional Design

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; information; access rights; information laws; institutions;

Implementation of the access to information laws in BiH has been largely undermined due to weaknesses in the mechanisms intended to ensure compliance with the laws. Based on this policy analysis, two sets of recommendations for improving the enforcement and oversight of access to information have been formulated. One of the proposals points to improvements within the current institutional set-up, while the second set of recommendations refers to creating a new institutional oversight mechanism as a potentially transformative solution to these problems.

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Transparent Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: New Solutions for an Old Problem
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Transparent Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: New Solutions for an Old Problem

Transparent Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: New Solutions for an Old Problem

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; public procurement; laws; solutions; problems; transparency;

Although the adoption of the Law on Public Procurement for Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014 introduced a series of new provisions aimed at improving transparency in the public procurement process, there are still significant limitations in this domain that can have significant negative implications in practice. Among other things, the legal framework has not ensured adequate availability of information on planned public procurement, given that public procurement plans are not published on the public procurement portal. The published procurement plans do not include procedures for lower value contracts, and decisions on these contracts are not published. There is a manifest lack of provisions that would contribute to publishing the contracts signed between the public sector and the suppliers. In addition, there are no guidelines developed for the application of tender evaluation criteria, especially criteria for the economically most favourable tender. It is, therefore, crucial to improve legal regulations to remove the identified shortcomings and ensure a significantly higher level of transparency in public procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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