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Концептуализацията на образите на Св. Св. Кирил и Методий в иконографския модел на зографа Никола Василев от Шумен

Author(s): Rostislava G. Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

This research aims to identify the unique model of representation of St. St. Cyril and Methodius Equal to the Apostles in the artistic work of Nikola Vasilev - the most famous iconographer from Shumen during the Bulgarian National Revival Period. The chronological evolution of his interpretation of the subject is revealed trough a comparative study of twelve icons made between 1869 and 1896 AD. Special attention is paid to the setting of the scene with Baptism of the Bulgarian Tsar by St. Methodius in the midst of the composition as a means of emphasizing the personal relationship between the Bulgarian royal court and the Holy Brothers’ deeds. It is also noted that Nikola Vasilev preferred to name the two saints “Bulgarian Enlighteners” instead of “Slavic Enlighteners”, and had never stopped adding more and more typical Bulgarian elements into the icons’ iconographic scheme. The text examines the probable connection between some historical events and social conditions in Bulgaria, and the gradual evolution of the Nikola Vasilev’s model. Altogether, these features demonstrate the artistic value of the work of the zographer from Shumen, his extremely high national and local patriotism, and his public commitment and sensitivity to one of the most important cultural concepts for the Bulgarian national self-consciousness at that time - the Bulgarian roots of the Christianization and Enlightenment of the whole Slavic world.

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Ортография на своето. Кирил и Методий в читанките и в българската периодика за деца от първата половина на ХХ век

Author(s): Mladen Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the topic of Cyril and Methodius in the Bulgarian primary school reading books and children’s magazines of the first half of XX century. The analysis shows that the topic appears occasionally and is related to the yearly celebrations, dedicated to the apostles of the Slavonic alphabet, having as its main aim patriotic education of children. The alphabet created by the Holy Brothers is used to mark the boundaries of our native space, which undergoes manipulation with any major political change in the country.

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Възрожденската идея за езикова чистота сред южните славяни

Author(s): Nadka Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The paper compares the rise and growth of purism in Southern Slavic countries (Serbia, Slovenia and Croatia) and Bulgaria during the National Revival Period. This comparison helps to identify the features of Bulgarian purism, as well as the reasons for the tendencies and results which characterise the formation and development of the literary Bulgarian language at the time of the National Revival and later. The analysis shows that Bulgarian purism has similarities with the language development in other Slavic countries. However, in most cases Bulgarian revival idea of language purity is different from the ideas of Serbs, Slovenians, and especially Croats.

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Характерни езикови особености, отразени в поезията на будителя Константин Миладинов

Author(s): Aneta Tihova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article offers a systematic overview of the language of Konstantin Miladinov’s poems, based on the original first editions of the texts. The poems fall into three groups: poems published in the journals Bulgarski knizhitsi and Bratski trud, and the newspaper Dunavski lebed. The poems’ graphic and spelling features are reviewed, as well as some phonetic, morphological and lexical phenomena, and finally, similarities and differences amog the poems are summarized. A conclusion is drawn that the language of Konstantin Miladinov’s poetry reflects the author’s native the Struga dialect.

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„Сочувствие единоверия и единоплеменности”. Славянский вопрос в понимании славянофилов 1840 – 1850-х гг.: публицистический и поэтический дискурсы

Author(s): Elena I. Annenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article deals with the perception of the Slavic question in the 1840s - 1850s by the early Slavophiles (A. S. Khomyakov, I. V Kireevsky, K. S. Aksakov, I. S. Aksakov, Yu. F. Samarin). The analysis is based on Khomyakov’s thoughts about the Slavs in his notes on world history; the studies of Aksakov, devoted to the ancient way of life and culture of the Slavs, and the correspondence of the Slavophiles Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov. Particular attention is paid to the events of the Crimean War, the relations between Russia and the West during this period, and the Slavophil interpretation of these events. The key concept in the interpretation of the Slavic theme is brotherhood; the main theme in the journalistic articles and letters of K. S. Aksakov, A. S. Khomyakov, and later I. S. Aksakov is the protection of Slavs. In his letters K. S. Aksakov discusses the spiritual relations between Russia and the Slavic countries.The Slavic question becomes the subject of reflection not only in the scientific and journalistic works of the Slavophiles, but also in their poetry. The analysis of Khomiakov’s , Aksakovs’ poems shows a generalisation of historical issues presenting them as confrontation between good and evil. There is a convergence of political thought and poetry; ethics and aesthetics, which gives both theoretical constructs and artistic texts greater analytical depth.

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Идея славянской взаимности в сказке Александра Вельтмана „Троян и Ангелица”: некоторые особенности воплощения

Author(s): Olga Ivanovna Timanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the idea of Slavic reciprocity in the poems of the Slovenian author Jan Collar and the Russian author Alexander Veltman, created the context of the socio-political factors which initiated the cultural consolidation of Slavic peoples in the first half of 19th century. The analysis takes into consideration the literary doctrines of pan-Slavism characterised by ideological and artistic intersections of Slavic mythology, history and culture.

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Наука и идеология в книге Юрия Венелина „Древние и нынешние болгаре...”

Author(s): Strashimir Tsanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article is devoted to Yuriy Venelin’s first book The old and today’s Bulgarians in their political, ethnographic, historical and religious relations to the Russians. The article’s object of study is the influence of Slavophile ideas on the scientific observations and conclusions of Yuriy Venelin. Venelin’s first book is analysed as a scientific text of enormous ideological significance for the Bulgarian national revival.

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Славянофилските идеи в България през 20-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Mariyana Nyagolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article focuses on Slavophile ideas in Bulgaria in 1920s. The analysis and conclusions are based on publications in the Slavonic voice review, published by the Slavonic Charity Organization. The general context of the political relations among Slavonic countries was determined by the political climate and the consequences of World War I and the Peace Treaty of Versailles. Cultural collaborations and freindly relations among countries are influenced by the ideas of Neoslavism and the development of the Slavonic consciousness. Bulgarian slavophils and slavicists from this epoch made great investements in supporting and increasing communication among the Slavonic peoples.

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Истини и мистификации в дискурса за славянска принадлежност в Средна Европа и на Балканите

Author(s): Antoaneta Balcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The study is an attempt to analyze the complex discoursive amalgams in which gives rise to the ideology of Illyrism, the Czech philological Slavism, the Polish romantic messianism, and the Russian Panslavism, deeply rooted in the Bulgarian and Croatian historiography, literature and folklore. The imaginary realm of the Slavic mutuality is placed in the context of European identification strategies as a framework for cultural identities and the formation of new geopolitical realities. The study traces the Illyrian model focused on the narrative of ancient origin, territorial boundaries, linguistic unity, national mentality, geography, national authorities and local saints. A special reference is made to the intermediary role of the different ideologemes for transforming existing traditions into permanent ethnonationalist identities, as well as the emergence of contradictory ideas of center and periphery in the historical fate of the Balkan peoples.

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Иллюзии „деревенского философа” о России. Политика Екатерины ІІ 1760-х гг. глазами Валентина Жамре Дюваля (1695 – 1775)

Author(s): Angelina Vacheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the idealized image of Russia and the positive perception of Catherine II‘s domestic and foreign policy during the first stage of her reign as described in the correspondence of the French philosopher Valentin Jameray Duval with the empress’ lady-of-waiting Anastasia Sokoloff (De Ribas). Covering thirteen years (1762 - 1774), the correspondence reflects all the significant events and legislation during Catherine’s reign. Duval showed interested in all innovations in the field of education and science, cultural life, Economics, health, social and religious policies. His assessment of the present of Russia is based on his good knowledge of Russian history and his interest in the main documents of Catherine’s reign - the statutes of orphanage and the Smolny Institute, the „Nakaz” (“Instruction”), and the court sentences. The Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774 occupies a central place in the correspondence between Duval and Sokolova, which fits into the common European Enlightenment discourse of condemnation of the Ottoman Turks as „barbarians“. The idealized image of Russia and Catherine II in the correspondence raised a question of the authenticity of the letters. The publication of the correspondence by the diplomat in the Russian service F. A. Koch was clearly intended for the Western readers and had to convince them in the civilizational progress of the Northern Empire.

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Книгите на кирилица в библиотеката на Духовната семинария на остров Халки (Хейбели) в Мраморно море

Author(s): Hüseyin Mevsim / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The paper is the first attempt in the description of the print books in the library of the Ecclesiastical Seminary on the Halki (Heybeli) island, one of the Prince islands in the Sea of Marmara. The library was founded in 1844 on the premises of the Holy Trinity monastery to train Orthodox clergy with the intention of withstanding Catholic and Protestant propaganda. The books are analized in regard to language (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian), subject-matter, time and place of publication.

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Мифологизация русско-болгарской языковой близости в русской поэзии ХХ века

Author(s): Dechka Chavdarova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

A poet has inherent an acute interest in language, the matter of poetry. Therefore poetry often contains conceptualisation of a language, own or other. The role of language is also very important in communicating with the Other. In 20th-century Russian poetry, a kinship is mythologised of Russian and Bulgarian peoples, expressed in language in accordance with the ideologeme/mythologeme of “brotherly camaraderie”. The mythologisation of Bulgarian language is manifested in the following poetic concepts: idea of the unnecessity of translation (in support of which it is often resorted to poetic manipulation, contrary to linguistic fact); discovery of an Old Slavonic linguistic layer in Bulgarian language, thus recognising in a foreign language the history of the native; aestheticisation of the sound of Bulgarian names of Slavic origin, detecting proximity of their semantics to the semantics of Russian words of the same root (e.g. “Svetlin”, “svet”), and the metaphorisation of these semantics; idea of mutual understanding without the help of language, through soul kinship and love (when differences are discovered between both languages). Observations imply that Russian poet, when coming to Bulgaria, does not encounter something new and unknown, but seeks what is coherent with an image of Bulgaria and Bulgarian already formed within him by historic memory, texts of culture, and ideology.

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Към въпроса за концепта вино в българския и в словашкия език (върху материал от фразеологията и паремиологията)

Author(s): Daniela Konstantinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The article focuses on some characteristics of wine as a concept (from a linguistic point of view) based on idioms and proverbs. Bulgarian and Slovak expressions, idioms and proverbs with components meaning ‘wine’ have been selected and their figurativeness and semantics have been analyzed. Some conclusions about the role and significance of the concept of wine in Bulgarian and Slovak languages and cultures are drawn.

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Typ uporządkowania roku liturgicznego a sposoby identyfikacji niedziel (bułgarski, prawosławny kalendarz liturgiczny i polski, katolicki kalendarz liturgiczny)

Author(s): Patryk Borowiak,Andrzej Sieradzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The subject of the study presented in this article are the methods of identifying Sundays, justified on the one hand by arrangement of timespace in a particular calendar (locative phrases), and on the other hand, by cultic and didactic practices adopted in the Orthodox Church and in the Catholic Church (proper names). The study is based on two present-day liturgical calendars: the Orthodox Liturgical Calendar made in Bulgarian and Catholic Liturgical Calendar made in Polish. Sundays are presented as elements located in a specific type of timespace, which is the space manifested in the order of each liturgical calendar. We are interested in the connection between the order of the liturgical timespace in a particular calendar and the structure of a syntactic phrase relating to Sunday located in a specific space in the Sunday cycle. In both calendars Sundays are identified in particular periods not only by relativizing the locator, but also by using names. In the latter case, we justify each name. These two methods of identifying Sundays, by location and by name, may be combined in one syntactic phrase. Most Sundays in the Orthodox liturgical calendar are identified by locative phrases. They are present even in those phrases which contain a name as an additional indicator. In isolated cases Sunday is identified by its name itself. Locative phrases definitely dominate also in the Catholic calendar. Locative phrases are not present, apart from one exception, where names of a particular Sunday appear.

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Medzi h Hungarizmom a Slavizmom (formovanie kolektívnej identity slovákov v časoch osvietenstva na prelome 18. a 19. storočia)

Author(s): Peter Káša / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2018

Slovakia (Slovak Landscape, Slovak Land, “Ober Ungarn”) has been for centuries only an imaginative ethnic community without its own political and state institutions and a single economic base. The Slovak national movement began to form during the period of enlightenment. Since the middle of the 18th century, the Slovak elites, who continually defended the autochthonity of Slovak ethnicity, their own tradition, culture and language, have also been respected by the traditional and functional imperial and royal institutions: the Viennese religious laws and the Hungarian legal system. The open dialogue of cultures turns into strong national monologues and emphasizes national unity and exclusivity. The language of the ethnic communities atomized, differentiated and delimited according to the principle, “We (ours) and Thy (strangers)”. The common and codified language has created collective standards and has been transformed into a symbol of national unity, collective selfdetermination and self-confidence.

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„Древняя болгарская песня об Орфее“ в русском переводе Райко Жинзифова (к вопросу о литературной взаимности славянства)

Author(s): Olga Ivanovna Timanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2018

The article discusses the circumstances of the first European publication of the Ancient Bulgarian song about Orpheus from the collection of S. Verkovich (Moscow: V. A. Dashkov, 1867. Translation into Russian language by R. Jinzifov ) from the point of view of the problem of literary reciprocity in Slavic literature. The generic features of the work are analyzed, which offers support for the idea of a common cultural mythological heritage of the Slavic peoples, in particular Bulgarian and Russian.

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Концепт „спящий народ/спящий герой“ в чешской и польской культурах/литературах

Author(s): Dechka Chavdarova,Racho Chavdarov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2018

The concept of “dormant nation”, implying the connotation of “awakening”, is characteristic of the Еnlightenment era and actualises in a context of national or political slavery. In Slavic cultures, the concept becomes constant, its specifics linguistically expressed in the emergence of the word “buditel” (“one who awakens others”) – absent in other European languages. The „dormant nation“ concept links with that of the „dormant hero/leader“, ambiguous in a sense that it either keeps up the faith in liberation, or suggests problematism in the mission of nation-awakening. In the national mythology in Czech and Polish culture, an important place has the image of dormant knights from folklore, awaiting their time to lead off a battle for national liberation. ‘Dormant knights’ legends are a constant in these cultures, given they actively function at present. In Czech literature, in Ian Neruda’s work, the image of the dormant nation is interpreted in evangelical code, through the identification of the nation with the dormant child Jesus, the future Savior. In Polish literature, the image of the dormant national leader finds also a satirical depiction, in works by Jan Kochanowski, Wacław Potocki, Juliush Słowacki and Stanisław Wyspiański. The observations over texts of Czech and Polish culture suggest closeness, as well as specifics in the interpretation of the concept. A Bulgarian gaze would in turn catch the specifics of Bulgarian “dormant nation” concept (satirical depiction of the dormant nation of slaves, the motif of God’s sleep as an expression of the doubt in God’s justice).

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Спящее царство и константы культуры (тематизация концепта в русских идеологических контекстах)

Author(s): Denka Krysteva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2018

The article explores the concept of the sleeping kingdom in the Russian literary history and its conceptualization in the Moscow and Petersburg kingdoms in the light of ethnic stereotypes and myths of power. The image is consistent with the Slavic concepts of passivity, inertia, and contemplation. Its sources are traced to the European calendar mythology and Russian folklore, and the climate-related ideas about the culture of the North in European literature. The article discusses the myth generating nature of “the awakening of the earth from winter sleep after the kiss of the spring sun” (after A. Afanasiev), translated into the fairytale plot of the “sleeping beauty”. It is believed that the European concept is also manifested as a Russian one in the construction of Russian ethnic self-portrayal in the folklore tradition. The endorsement of the concept is manifested in the European stereotype of the sleepy Moscow kingdom, and later as a Russian auto-stereotype during the periods of subjective knowledge and search for a national identity: in 19th century poetry and novel, in the Slavophil concept (the play “Snegurochka” by Ostrovsky); in the pro-Western visions of Russia before its Europeanization following Peter the Great’s reforms. Its understanding as a Russian concept is indicative of the fact that it functions as an intertext in the ideological discussion of Russia’s destiny in the mid-century poetry and social novel. A summary of the conceptualization of passivity, contemplation, and laziness as exclusively Russian concepts can be found in the invention of specifically Russian imagery for them – the dream of Oblomov and the sleeping Russian Oblomovka in Goncharov‘s novel „Oblomov“. The image acquires social connotations in relation to the periods of slavery. In addition, political meanings of the concept are emerging in periods of national isolationist politics linked to a return to national culture or periods of stagnation: in the context of Nikolay I‘s scenario of „Fighting the Forces of Evil“ („Dörnroschen“ / „Sleeping Beauty“ by Zhukovsky); in the idea of the Russian monarchy and its connection with the village and the traditional culture at the time of Alexander III („Snegurochka“ by A. Ostrovsky and the eponymous opera by Rimski-Korsakov, as well as the „Sleeping Beauty“ by Tchaikovsky). The link of the concept of „the sleeping kingdom“ as inherently Russian is presented in connection with modern neoslavic philosophical attitudes in Russia (in the motifs of „Russia as enchanted sleeping beauty“, and „people sleeping in slave‘s obedience“): the opposition to the European model of development is presented in the image of an inert and submissive country enchanted to sleep for centuries. The persistent conceptualisation of the image of „the sleeping kingdom“ in the folklore model, literarypolitical thinking, social conceptualisations and ideological points of view related to Russia is a reason to believe that it is a constant of Russian culture.

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Идеята за славянския произход на българите в някои исторически и филологически съчинения през Възраждането

Author(s): Andriana Spasova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The paper analyses the problem of ethnogenesis and the ancient roots of the national identity in some Bulgarian historical and philological works of the XIX century. Establishment of national stereotypes passes through a historiographical mythical poetic narrative combining the scientific pretensions and national romanticism. The role of ancient cultural heritage can be read in its role of a common European cultural code beyond projects of national ideology. The focus of the study is the place of the concept of common Slavic origin and language in textbooks during the Bulgarian Revival. Some of the most recognizable historians, geographers and authors of antiquity (Herodotus, Tacitus, Polybius, Ptolemy, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, Homer, Aesop etc.) are important authorities who contribute to the formation of a foreign historical-philological narrative of national history. This is achieved through anti-Byzantine and Slavism of ancient and Byzantine celebrities.

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За едно изображение на княз Александър І Български (Батенберг)

Author(s): Sava Sivriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

In his book Stefan Stambolov and Our Latest History Dimitar Marinov tells about the historic events of 1885 related to the Union of Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. Prince Alexander I Battenberg accepts to head the Union. Dimitar Marinov repeats Stefan Stambolov’s story of the historic moment when Alexander I Battenberg standing on Mount St. Nicholas in Stara Planina decides to cross the border between the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. At that moment, Stefan Stambolov describes the prince as radiating holiness in his prayer to God for Bulgaria, as a martyr ready to sacrifice himself in a nation’s name. The portrayal is much like an icon. Such vision continues the spirit of the Bulgarian national revival, which presents the making of history through sacrifices and martyrdom. The fate of Alexander I Battenberg after the Union is that of a martyr and a victim of historical reality and truth.

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