1923 Nüfus Mübadelesine Mizah Penceresinden Bakmak: Zümrüdüanka

Author(s): Nuray Firindioğlu Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2017

The Greek- Turkish 1923 population exchange has played an important role in Turkish history both politically and socially. Since about 2 million Greeks and Turks were ousted from their homelands, this issue has quickly become problematic due to some main concerns and conflicts over its form and instruments, the definition and the scale of the refugees, and the legal status of their left property. These problems led the refugees to experience a number of tragic incidents from the start of the implementation of the exchange almost until it is completed. This study reviews the Greek- Turkish population exchange that has been engraved in collective memory in every respect by analyzing the texts and caricatures in the comic book, Zümrüdüanka, that reflect its idiosyncratic sense of humor.

Скандинавският Север и Европа – взаимодействие през вековете (VIII – XXI век)

Author(s): Vera Gancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The Scandinavian North is first presented as an important and wide space in Europe, comprising five independent countries and self-governing territories belonging to Denmark and Finland. The lecture makes extensive use of the concept of Norden, which has already gained wide popularity, including in Bulgaria, as a way of designating this part of the European continent not just in a geographic sense but, equally, as a signifier denoting the historical and civilizational links between Nordic nations. It emphasizes the complex Nordic identity, which European identity amplifies and lends a specific character to. The reasons for this tremendous interest are explored in detail – weaving them to an extent into a mythological narrative – with the Norden depicted as a corner in the periphery of Europe that has always been actively involved in the historical events that have gone into shaping present-day Europe. A somewhat obscure yet interesting fact is that in 1730 a Nordic scientist, the Carolean Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, suggested the Ural mountain range as the border separating Europe and Asia – a proposition that continues to stand firmly today. However, the lecture explores other important contributions of the Norden to the development of Europe, such as the application of concepts, such as democracy, consensus and egalitarianism in daily, social and political practices, which goes back to the turbulent Viking era (850 – 1060) that brought dynamic changes to most parts of the European continent, broadened the communication paths linking its various parts and engendered an intrinsic and valuable culture resting on a firm foundation of a multitude of European achievements and emulation models. The reasons why Nordic countries consistently come on top in some of the most renowned global rankings for quality of life, innovation, education, healthcare, low levels of corruption, and even happiness are explored. The strongly pronounced attitude of tolerance and aptitude for cooperation, seeking national consensus on the essential issues of social development in all countries in the area, the high value of their reputation and authority in the global arena – jointly and individually – resulting from the consistently pursued policy and ideology of the so-called ‘Middle Way’, of building and nurturing a welfare State, which has proven its capacity to drive economic and cultural progress without remaining static over time but continuing to develop and adapt to contemporary needs and demands, are strongly emphasized.

Митрополитският храм „Св. Неделя“ в София 1820–1821 г.

Author(s): Nadya Manolova-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2017

The article examines the history of the 1820–1821 rebuilding of the Orthodox church of St. Sunday, the seat of the Metropolitan in Sofia. The author uses information from the church chronicle as well as from a preserved document of the expenses made in connection with the construction. The analysis of the cost account shows that the construction took place in two stages: from the beginning of August until the end of September 1820 and from mid-November to the spring of 1821. A church was built, which for the most part was wooden. The documents allow the author to track not only the construction but also to highlight the conditions under which it was carried out, as well as to reveal the peculiarities of the very society which undertook the construction. The text of the construction bill is applied at the end of the article.

Pomník generála Gablenze v Trutnově jako místo paměti lokálního významu

Author(s): Tomáš Korbel / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

In this article, changes in the meanings attributed to and local relations with General Gablenz's memorial – a local monument and reminder of the 1866 Prussian-Austrian War – are observed over the period from its construction to the present. First, the role of the memorial in memory studies is presented (Nora’s concept of places of memory) in terms of its semiotic-content structures and three basic functions of festivities that establish its social significance. Second, the use of historical consciousness or local cultural memory is considered as a methodical concept for the study of this monument, which fulfilled a social role not at the national level, but only in the regional context within the collective memory of the local community. Third, the concept of local culture memory is applied and described from the point of view of various actors (subjects of memory places) of commemorative practices (military associations, city leaders, etc.) during the ceremonial inauguration of the monument in 1868, during the solemn deposition of General Gablenz’s relicts in the monument in 1905, and during the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the deposition of those relicts in 2005. It is obvious that the significance of this monument as a place of memory has been shaped by the local community, but at the same time it itself became an important source of identity for this society because of its ability to preserve his living memory.

Regionální identita jako základna konstrukce společné identity českých (československých) Němců ve vlastivědné produkci jizerskohorského regionu

Author(s): Jana Mezerová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this paper is to explore the transformation in the relationship of the German minority to the Frýdlant, Liberec and Jablonec regions in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, based on research into Heimatkunde (local culture and heritage studies). The paper picks out the way in which Heimatkunde was gradually appropriated by the nationalists, until it eventually became part of the “völkisch” trend. It was used to construct a shared identity amongst Sudetenlanders, as a political tool in the push for the minority’s autonomy. Regional identity developed into a platform from which the stereotyped elements that formed acceptable, effective points of identity for the entire German-speaking minority were drawn and gradually moulded, becoming the foundations for a common identity. Other modernisation processes also played a major role alongside nationalism: in particular industrialisation, urbanisation and the development of a civil society and self-government. From among the many areas that make up Heimatkunde which can be used to illustrate this process, I have chosen to focus in this paper on the relationship to the landscape. When one examines the physical aspects of the landscape, a clear progression can be observed in publications on Heimatkunde in which emphasis shifts from topographical descriptions to the use of local potential (industrial and also tourist potential). Against this backdrop, a stereotype emerged for the German minority of a hardy people who were able to prosper in harsh upland conditions through hard work and enterprise. The administrative aspect of Heimatkunde focused on the relationship between the periphery and the centre and on self-government, and was often linked with the issue of settlement. This led to increasing emphasis on the stereotype of the Sudetenlanders as bearers of culture and on the issue of the right of national ownership.

Албум 3618 – семейна история на половин столетие

Author(s): Elka Mincheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

In the centre of this study is an album kept in the archive of the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum – BAS. Its inventory number is 3618. The album contains eighty family photographs. The aim of the research is to reconstruct a family history by studying the memory of a Bulgarian kin in the period between 1870 and the 1930s. The fashion tendencies in clothing which stand out,the hair-styles and the studio accessories used for the photographs give information about the type of communication between relatives and friends. By summarizing the results of the analysis, the article attempts to define the social status of the individuals photographed. The aspiration of the author is by means of the photographs to look for and mark the changes which occurred in the family in the concrete period. The topic is examined in two aspects: technical – the technology of making studio and reportage photographs in this period (the paper, the photographic processes etc.); and ethnological – as a family history in certain space, time, family relations etc. Because of the limited size of the article, the emphasis is laid on the ethnographic aspect of the topic.

В търсене на „Семейство Стоянови. Изложба с намерена фотография“ от колекцията на Imaginary Archive

Author(s): Anna Gencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

Evliyā Celebi’s Seyāḥatnāme as a Source for South Slavic Linguistics

Author(s): Slobodan Ilić / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

In autumn and winter 1660, accompanying his patron Melek Aḥmed Pasha in an expedition against the Venetian fortifications in northern Dalmatia, the Ottoman traveller Evliyā Celebi (d. 1684) toured Serbia, Bosnia and Dalmatian rocky hinterland, leaving a meticulous description of towns, fortresses, public buildings, and peoples of the region, including samples from the local languages. Assumed as being of no interest for general Turkish reader, these linguistic specimens have been for the most part left out in abbreviated printed editions, and consequently, in contemporary translations in western languages, including Serbian and Croatian. Using an Ottoman manuscript generally accepted as the archetype, if not even the autograph of the related fifth part of the work (Topkapı Sarayı, Bağdat Koşku 307), the author introduces Evliyā’s Seyāḥatnāme (Book of Travel) as a work of linguistic, next to undisputed historical and literary significance.

Antimus, Bishop of Vratsa and Lovech and Metropolitan of Belgrade

Author(s): Nedeljko V. Radosavljević / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

This paper presents the biography of Antimus, bishop of Vratsa and later bishop of Lovech, who became the Metropolitan of Belgrade in 1827. After the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1831 he moved to the Kingdom of Greece. This article explains his background, and describes advancing through church structures of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Attention is also focused on his appointment to be metropolitan of Belgrade, his arrival in Belgrade and working in the new environment. The strengthen Serbian national government and more open practice of the Orthodox faith created specific circumstances for his spiritual mission that are highlighted. His relationship with Prince Miloš Obrenović, which was much better than in the case of his predecessor, is also pointed out. The data on the last months he spent in the Principality of Serbia are presented. Terms and time of his departure to the Kingdom of Greece, where he spent the rest of his life, are also known.

Читалища, селищни общности и фолклорна култура през Възраждането

Author(s): Stela Nenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The author studies the first years after the introduction of the chitalishte institution when these cultural centres appeared and established themselves in the dynamic sociocultural context of the local communities – first in some of the well-developed Bulgarian towns and later in many of the Bulgarian villages. Chitalishte is a cultural and educational institution and is thus studied in the context of the modernization, educational and nation building ideas pertinent in the 1860s and 1870s. At that time the institution developed its specific features (its local nature, complex functions, autonomous social form of governance). The article presents the decisive moments certifying for the institutional activity of the chitalishta with an accent on these issues which show close relations to the folk culture, which was as a need and as a type of communication dominant in the local culture.

Национална научна конференция с чуждестранно участие „Фолклористика и етнология в Средна и Югоизточна Европа“ в чест на 60-годишния юбилей на проф. д-р Владимир Пенчев

Author(s): Irina Kolarska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

60th Anniversary of Prof. Vladimir Penchev, PhD

Боримечката – мит, история, фолклор

Author(s): Konstantin Panayotov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The article analyzes the figure of Ivan Borimechkata (The Bear-Fighter) – one of the most famous heroes of April 1876 uprising – from the viewpoint of its hyposthases: as a literary character that gained popularity with Ivan Vazov’s novel “Pod Igoto“ [“Under the Yoke“]; as a historical personality with a concrete biography on whose basis Vazov created his literary character; as a mythical figure that found various representations in the national and local memory, in art, public discussions, etc.Analyzing comparatively diverse folklore and historical sources about Borimechkata, the article traces the processes of taking the concrete personality out of historical anonymity and turning it into a hero and a kind of myth. In the course of these processes, the historical indicators about the martyrdom of Ivan Borimechkata appear silenced by the voice of the heroic memories about him – ones created and affirmed through the character’s interpretation in literature, monumental representations,visual arts, and cinema. The article shows how the novel “Under the Yoke“ testifies not only of Vazov’s return to the “idealized epoch“ of the April 1876 uprising, with its ideas and heroes, but was also a powerful instrument in coining heroic characters and narratives connected with that time.

Вечерната проверка-заря: структура, символика, функция. 1. Основни символични действия и церемониален мизансцен

Author(s): Grigor Har. Grigorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The paper analyzes the symbolic layers in the major commemorative ceremony in Bulgaria – the roll-call. It is divided in two parts. The first one (Bulgarian Ethnology,2018, № 1) interprets the symbolic actions comprising the basic tools for producing ceremonial meaning: saluting and rendering military honors, ritual silence and lack of action, battle cry, ceremonial mise-en-scène (monument, guards of honor, etc.)– these are recognized as specific devices for removing symbolically the border between the living and the dead, between heroes and descendants. The second part(Bulgarian Ethnology, 2018, № 2) examines the ceremonial scenario as a prospectivelyun folding narrative – each symbolic action is interpreted as a successive move in the overall plot. This approach acknowledges that the ceremony is made up of three parts: preparatory, commemorative, and triumphal, whereas the scenario as a whole embraces the following logic: listing and honoring the heroes in the commemorative part is succeeded by their posthumous enwreathing and symbolic immortalization as stars in the night sky through the use of fireworks.

Трансформация на места на памет – местността „Паметниците“ при Свищов

Author(s): Iskren Velikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The preservation of the memory for the past is part of the system that forms identity.“The sites of memory“ (after Pierre Nora), which surpass the frames of the physical space of the event and also include the characters-participants and the event itself as a phenomenon, are building a symbolic construct, which is often comprehended bylocal communities as heritage. The present research examines the development and transformation of places of national memory in Bulgaria. Case-study of the report is the “Monuments“ Park of the town of Svishtov in Northern Bulgaria – the original site of the landing of Russian troops in 1877, the beginning of the Liberation War. Duringits 140 years of history, the “Tekir-dere / the Monuments“ area witnesses three stages of development. In the initial years following the Liberation the area is affirmed as a site for commemoration and homage to the bravery of the Russian soldiers. OnБългарска етнология, бр. 1 (2018) / 91occasion of the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the war, the narrative was expanded with the presentation of the Bulgarian volunteer troops in the process of achieving Freedom. In the beginning of the 21st c. the process of “acquiring“ the historical territory continues by introducing the revolutionary Filip Totyu and his detachment in 1867. With the expansion of the urban territory, the space also acquires the functions of a town park. Thus, despite the physical distance from the settlement,the area has turned nowadays into a place for relaxation and walk for the citizens of Svishtov, which is assisted by the activities for the socialization of the park.

„Посмъртната съдба“ на Христо Ботев през призмата на местата на памет

Author(s): Maria Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The article discusses the main indicators for perceiving Hristo Botev in the public space, by eliciting some of the debates and the attempts for appropriation of his figure. The ideas about the personality, which has in different periods been an occasion for diverse opinions and interpretations, are presented from the perspective of their significance in the culture of memory and of their role in explicating time and identity (Assmann 2001: 20). These notions diverge the figures of correlation to national parameters, but also to unrelated to the initial ideas trends, which is presented in the text with the theme about the appropriations and the popular uses of this character. Separate attention in the article is paid to the monuments dedicated to Hristo Botev in different periods and parts of the country and to the changing emphases in the commemorations to the national hero. The discussed examples outline a comprehensive presentation of different studies on the topic and raise new questions, which are important in view of future research.

Оръжието на революционерите в българските музеи като наследство

Author(s): Reneta Roshkeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The article discusses the weapons that are preserved until today in Bulgarian museums of the revolutionaries who participated in the struggles for political independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1867–1878. On the basis of observations made within the project “Traces of the Heroic Time,“ as well as of the experience with exhibitions dedicated to this topic, the article makes an overview of the weapons in Bulgarian museums that had belonged to participants in the national liberation struggles – of Georgi Rakovski, Vassil Levski, of the voevods Hadzhi Dimitar Assenov and Stefan Karadza, of Panayot Volov, of Petrana Obretenova, Rayna Popgeorguieva, etc.Raising the issues about the identification of the revolutionaries’ weapons and the interpretation of the facts around them, the author points out that these important artifacts for the construction of historical memory are insufficiently studied in Bulgaria. The article argues that – as materialized history, these weapons facilitate the heroization of the nationally important personalities. Regardless if being truly authentic or not, weapons – similarly to myths, are an important resource for construing the heroism of the national consolidation processes and for the creation and maintenance of the “big historical narratives.“

Conceptualizing Inter-religious Relations in the Ottoman Empire: The Early Modern Centuries

Author(s): Eleni Gara / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

This article presents the points of view from which interreligious relations in the Ottoman world have been approached in academic historiography, the frames of interpretation and concepts that have been used, and the critical reassessments and revisions that are currently underway. Conceptions about the position of the non-Muslims and the nature and forms of interreligious relations in the Ottoman Empire have changed perceptively over the last half century. The mosaic world of subjugated nations and self-governed religious communities (millets) that lived parallel and distinct lives gave its place, in the last two decades of the twentieth century, to the plural society of extensive interreligious interaction at individual or communal level. In tandem came the shift from an emphasis on the oppression of the non-Muslims to that on toleration. We are now in a new phase of revision which focuses on the forms, extent and limits of toleration and intercommunal interaction, and pays close attention to change over time.

Развитие на американистиката: от „национална“ към „транснационална“

Author(s): Simona Samuilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2017

The article summarizes the factors that influence the emergence and development of American Studies in the United States and Western Europe. The author identifies key trends and themes that shape the character of the scientific discipline on both sides of the Atlantic in the second half of the 20th century, and outlines current trends and directions of its development at the beginning of the 21st century.

Ще бъде ли разкрита „Българската Троя“

Author(s): Ivan Nenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

The ancient village Dospey, near Samokov, has a legend that before Bulgaria fell under the Ottoman rule, the local people “collected every¬thing from the other nearby churches and covered it completely with earth.” Another legend claims that manuscripts handwritten by Patriarch Euthymius, which were sent from Tarnovo to the Rila Monastery but never arrived at their final destination, are inside some of the buried sacred church vessels. The mound, which allegedly contains the hidden sacred vessels, exists to this very day. The author of this book strongly believes that it should be explored and urges the archeologists to conduct the needed research.

Ориентацията на ислямските надгробия – допълнителна възможност за етноконфесионални изследвания

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

If examined in detail – by means of archaeological excavations plus objective dating techniques – аt least 20 Islamic burials (direct task of ethnology and archeology) they will create a database. A database can serve as an additional heuristic tool in the field studies (reverse task of ethnology and archeology) that aim to clarify the various ethno-confes¬sional processes occurred during the last seven centuries when the Islam attended the Balkans.