Симболиката и култната примена на каменот и земјата прикажани преку примерот на спанчевските фигуринки (Релации со обичаите и верувањата зачувани кај шопите)

Author(s): Ilinka Atanasova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 16/2018

There is one group of findings, discovered at the shrine of St. Atanas in village Spanchevo that includes anthropomorphic and zoomorphic repre¬sents made of mix of dirt (soil) and stones, known under the general term “figurines“.Such represents are characteristic of the Eneolithic period in Macedo¬nia and in the wider Balkan area. Alongside their aesthetic role, they also had a more practical and protective one; they protected the area, people, crops, fertility and good hunt, or to be more precise, they protected the core values from any kind of “evil“.Their undisputed cult affiliation is already accepted in science. How¬ever, we use basic comparative examples in the interpretation of their in¬sufficiently defined role, and we add the observations made on the choice of material and embossed decoration as an addition while trying to recon¬struct their ritual and magical meaning and the definition of the role they had in the community.In this presentation we will focus on the material, iconography and symbolism that is transferred by the figurines, using more sophisticated comparative examples preserved up till nowadays in the cultural group of the Shopi and the region they inhabit. We provide religious and ritual manifestations characteristic of the Shopluk region, in addition to previously confirmed magical-religious function of the figurines, despite the obvious temporal and cultural diversity. These similarities enable com¬parison of beliefs, symbols and images in cultures, which although differ in time, have geographical overlap.

Архангел Михаил – закрилник на градот Виница

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 16/2018

Most of terracotta reliefs in the collection from the early Christian period found at the archaeological site Vinica’s Fortress in Vinica, are whole or fragmented pieces with motifs of Archangel Michael. The cult of this saint persists in Vinica and Vinica’s area up to this day. The biggest church in the town is dedicated to the Archangel Michael.It was originally built in 1850, but later enlarged and upgraded. The feast of Saint Michael the Archangel (in the Orthodox Church celebrated on November 21 ac¬cording to Julian calendar ) is popularly known as Arangel, and many families glorify it as their family’s patron saint and it is a general belief that it is one of the major saint feast days.

Следи от критско и венецианско влияние в историята на Бачковския манастир

Author(s): Teodor Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

Bachkovo monastery is a subject of research interests over the years of a number of Bulgarian and foreign scientists. A part of paintings in the parvis of the main church was restored in May 2016. We have better opportunities for precise observations in frescoes because of that. This was one of the most important occasions for writing this material. Un¬known and very qualified painter signed the walls with images of almost unknown Saints. There are items related to Crete and Venice in the monastery museum collection in the same time. There is a church and chapel devoted to the most respected Cretan icon in the town of Asenovgrad, etc. All these facts lead us to the idea of the existence of links between the Bachkovo monastery and the island Crete, whose residents have long time been under Venetian domination.

О metodach rekonstrukcji modelu obrzędu (Na przykładzie obrzędu sobótkowego)

Author(s): Tomasz Rokosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

The subject of the article concerns the reconstruction of the Midsum¬mer Night’s ritual. The author gives answers to the questions: What is a ritual? How should it be studied? What should be the methodology of description and interpretation of its complicated morphology? Regional variants of the rite are analysed and on the basis of them a model ritual (its invariant) is reconstructed. The article is based on archive materials and accounts collected personally by the author, mostly in Poland, in the years 2009–2014. The period of the most intense activity of the sun, falling on the second half of June, was generally regarded as extraordinary time in the folk tradition. The culmination of ritual activities took place on the night preceding the holiday of the nativity of St John the Baptist, usually celebrated on the 24th of June (also on the 7th of July in the Orthodox tradi¬tion). This time was marked by many ritual practices resulting from the system of traditional beliefs and views on the world. The article discusses the relics of beliefs and ritual behaviour connected with the summer solstice and their most important functions (magical, protective, purificatory, courtship and matrimonial, conveying beliefs, in¬tegrative and ludic). Furthermore, the article presents the main causes of disappearance, degradation and simultaneous modernization of the sum¬mer solstice rites.

Възможни етнокултурни взаимодействия, съхранени в епоса „Веда Словена“

Author(s): Dennis Isaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2018

If we observe classical art of Ancient Greece, we should know surely that for their creator is not art, including for those who contemplate it. For them all it is cosmogonic expression of ideas. The proposed text presents the opportunity to recover cosmogonic notions of traditional, non-literary communities through the plastic expression. In this sense, for traditional culture from antiquity to today’s it is better not to talk about art, but for the visual expression. By means of the plastic language may be bound the cosmogonic thinking with living antiquity and/or with the relict reality, and even with all substantial sources. The plastic expression gives opportunity for the expression of the cosmological structure stored in ethnical culture. Cosmological structure does not allow fully understand while attempting to do so. This kind of expression announce possible cosmogonic model, which also directly formed social interactions. In any sense, the Cosmogonic model is also mythological but the mythology is ideological system, and even we can feel some synonymity between mythology and ideology. Therefore, in principle it is necessary to have two main object for the study of the non-literally reality – the songs and customary-ritual com¬plexes, but only in their unity. This unity is embodied in ritual perfor-mances, whose elements are liable to analyzed. Through that rather analyze we can observe and the social interac¬tions.

Пламена Стоянова. Циганите в годините на социализма. Политиката на българската държава към циганското малцинство (1944–1989). София, 2017 г.

Author(s): Lyubomir Ognyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

L’influence grecque sur le roumain

Author(s): Marius SALA / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2018

Suite aux rapports de longue date avec le monde grec, le roumain s’est enrichi de nombreux emprunts lexicaux, qui ont été adoptés à différentes époques de son histoire. Aucune autre langue romane, sauf les dialectes italiens méridionaux, n'a jamais eu des relations tellement étroites avec le grec, qui a joué un rôle extrêmement important dans le sud-est de l’Europe.La plus ancienne couche de mots grecs en roumain provient du grec... ancien: il s’agit des mots entrés en roumain par l’intermédiaire du latin (1er-6es.). Ces hellénismes latins, qui se sont conservés en roumain jusqu’au d’aujourd’hui, représentent deux catégories distinctes: des hellénismes latins généralement romans (biserică „église” < basilica,(a) blestema „maudire” < blastemare, (a) boteza baptiser” < baptizare,etc., 42 mots au total) et des hellénismes adoptés oralement dans le latin danubien (broatec „rainette verte”, frică „peur”, mic „petit”, proaspăt „frais”, spân „glabre, imberbe”, stup „ruche”, sturz „grive”, trufă „arrogance”).Il est difficile de préciser si les emprunts appartenant à la deuxième couche, c'est-à-dire à la période byzantine (7e-14es.), datent vraiment de cette époque ou bien de l’époque néogrecque. Au début du 11e siècle la frontière de l’Empire byzantin touchait le bord du Danube. Les noms des villes - ports danubiennes – Sulina, Calafat, Maglavit –constituent un témoignage important de l’activité de la flotte byzantine sur la rive roumaine du Danube. C'est probablement à cette date que sont entrés en roumain, sans intermédiaire,des mots comme (a) agonisi „épargner”, cort „tente”, folos „profit”. Par l’entremise des langues slaves le roumain a aussi acquis des mots, tels que busuioc „basilic”, cămin „foyer”, corabie „navire”. La culture byzantine n’a pas pénétré dans le milieu rural.Les éléments néogrecs sont entrés en roumain notamment à l’époque dite «phanariote» (1711-1821), mais L. Galdi a constaté que sur environ 1200 emprunts seulement 100 - 150 sont fréquents aujourd’hui encore (agale „lentement”, alandala „pêle-mêle”, anapoda „à rebours”, calapod „embauchoir”, etc.).Mon maître, le professeur Al. Graur, avait sélecté 17 mots d'origine grecque qui faisait partie du lexique fondamental du roumain à la moitié du siècle passé.Trente ans plus tard, dans un ouvrage collectif coordonné par moi, sur la liste des mots d'origine grecque appartenant au vocabulaire représentatif du roumain il y avait 22 mots.

Aspects de la politique bulgare dans les Balkans dans le contexte de la préparation et l’exécution de CSCE

Author(s): Irina Grigorova / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/2017

Despite the popular feature of Bulgaria as the most faithful satellite of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Sofia used cleverly different mechanisms to attract Moscow’s support to ensure national security. One of them was the emphasis on the image of the most loyal Soviet ally, and in the practice of Bulgarian diplomacy one could see the subtle impact by referring to common goals with the global strategic plans of the USSR. The article highlights some of the outstanding issues on the Balkans and follows the arguments that the Bulgarian political leadership handled, as well as the acceptable compromises it was willing to make to ensure Soviet support in favor of national interests in the years of the preparation and conduct of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Отношения и взаимодействия между Асирия и Новохетските царства в епохата на Ашурназирпал II

Author(s): Zozan Tarhan / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 23/2018

The present paper aims at research of relations between Assyria during the reign of Ashurnasirpal II and three Neo-Hittite kingdoms – Carchemish, Patina and Kummuhu, situated in North-western Syria and neighbouring parts of Turkey. The first part of the study is dedicated to the political events in the relations, marked by the campaigns of the Assyrian ruler in the first half of IX century BCE. The analysis here is based mainly on written sources – Assyrian royal inscriptions, which describe events in terms of campaigns, subjugation and tributes, received from Neo-Hittite kings. The second part of the study is dedicated to the cultural interaction between Assyria and the three kingdoms mentioned above, as result of their subjugation. Here the analysis is based on artifacts, mainly stone slabs with reliefs and some cylinder seals. Some new observations on the chronology of the monuments and their scenes are added, as also some new conclusions on the direction of influence in some artifacts and their elements. The question about the role of Assyria in the process of cultural interaction is especially discussed in the light of new observations. It is concluded, that the cultural interaction in this period is a bilateral process with long-term consequences in the art and politics.

Проф. Марин Стоянов Дринов – учен, общественик, държавник

Author(s): Milen Kumanov,Desislava Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 37/2018

Академик Петър Динеков и хуманитарната наука – идеи, позиции, концепции

Author(s): Anisava Miltenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 37/2018

Принос към изследванията на салафизма

Author(s): Yordan Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Book Review

Мила Маева. Българските емигранти в Англия – минало и съвременност. София: Парадигма, 2017

Author(s): Valentina Ganeva-Raycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

Book review

Lexikalische Identität zwischen thrakischen Hydronymen und Ethnonymen

Author(s): Svetlana Janakieva / Language(s): German Issue: 16/2006

Die thrakische Glosse Zibythides

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): German Issue: 16/2006

Rhesos of Thrace: The Transfer of Hero’s Bones. Its Political Implications and the Making of “History” in the Greek Polis

Author(s): Tsvete Lazova / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2006

Palaeo-Balkan Elements in Romanian and Southeast European Anthroponymy

Author(s): Adrian Poruciuc / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2006

Thracian Names Written Through Greek and Latin Letters: a Philological Approach

Author(s): Mirena Slavova / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2006

Orphica Magica I

Author(s): Alexander Fol / Language(s): English,Greek, Ancient (to 1453) Issue: 17/2007

Rom. Gard – un vechi germanism și implicațiile sale lingvistice și istorice

Author(s): Adrian Poruciuc / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2007

The author of the article “Romanian gard – An Old Germanic Loan and Its Linguistic-Historical Implications” aims to clarify the etymology of a much discussed Romanian term. About the origin of Rmn. gard (‘enclosure, fence, garden, wickerwork barrier for fishing’) three main etymological explanations have been proposed in course of time: (1) earliest of all, Diez considered that Gothic gards (‘house, household, family, courtyard’) could account for both Romanian gard and Albanian gardh (‘hedge, palisade, dam’); later it was only Scriban and Gamillscheg who were definitely in favour of an Old Germanic origin for Rmn. gard; (2) most other scholars followed Miklosich’s authoritative (but hardly credible) opinion according to which the Romanian word under discussion simply derived from Old Slavic gradъ (‘fortified settlement’); (3) and in more recent times, specialists like Russu and Brâncuş considered Rmn. gard to be a substratal (Thraco-Dacian) term closely related to Alb. gardh. The present author brings new arguments in favour of the Old Germanic etymology (which was credibly sustained in Gamillscheg’s Romania Germanica). One of the main arguments taken into account below is that O.Slav. gradъ itself is best explained as a very early borrowing from Germanic, that idea being archaeologically supported by the numerous traces of Old Germanic (even pre-Gothic) “enclosures” that have been found in now Slavic territories north of the Carpathians. In regard to phonetics, in Slavic (a satem language, like Thracian, for that matter), a word that etymologically corresponds to Phrygian -gordum (in Manegordum) and to Latin hortus ‘garden’ should have an initial z; and, in fact, Russian does contain such a native word: zorod ‘enclosure for haystacks’, a remote relative of Russ. gorod ‘city’ (the latter being an East-Slavic version of the Germanic loan gradъ). This author considers that, even before East-Scandinavian Vikings came to control East-Slavic territories that they designated as Gardar (on the Dniepr), earlier Slavs had come into touch with Old Germanic “enclosures” (as power-centres, and nuclei of cities to-be), of the kind designated by Goth. gards. Such a term also became known, independently, to pre-Roman ancestors of the Romanians (and to proto-Albanians) in Central-Southeast European regions controlled by one or another kind of Old Germanics (as Herrenvolk). That kind of early contact, which certainly preceded the Slavic expansion of the 6th–7th centuries, can account for the fact that Romanians have preserved the term gard with archaic-rural meanings, and (in form) without the specific Slavic metathesis, gar > gra (a feature that is manifest, for instance, in the Romanian term grădină ‘garden’, an obvious Slavic loan). So, Rmn. gard appears to come from pre-Roman substratal idioms (as several important scholars have assumed), but in those idioms such a term was an Old Germanic loan, a fact that is indicated by both its initial consonant g, and its vowel a (as regular Germanic development from an Indo-European o – cf. Lat. hortus). From the language of earliest Slavs (Sklavenoi) who moved south, Romanians subsequently inherited ogradă, grădină, and grădişte (themselves based on Old Germanic loans), but not also gradъ.